設(shè)計階段三大控制的關(guān)系研究

蘭州交通大學(xué)博文學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）摘要本設(shè)計主要從詳細(xì)論述設(shè)計階段進(jìn)度、質(zhì)量和成本管理控制基本理論的基礎(chǔ)上，對質(zhì)量、進(jìn)度和成本的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析研究，以實現(xiàn)業(yè)主的最大效益。無論是從工程質(zhì)量、工程成本和工程進(jìn)度,還是到建成后的運行成本,投資效益,工程設(shè)計都貫穿于整個工程項目始終,并起到舉足輕重的作用。進(jìn)度、質(zhì)量和成本，這三大控制目標(biāo)間相互制約，相互影響，形成一個相互關(guān)聯(lián)的、矛盾對立的統(tǒng)一體。三者共同構(gòu)成項目管理的目標(biāo)系統(tǒng)，某一方面的變化必然引起另兩個方面的變化。因此，如果任何一方面出現(xiàn)問題，都會影響三者關(guān)系的整體平衡，給項目帶來不利影響。關(guān)鍵詞：項目管理質(zhì)量控制成本控制進(jìn)度控制Abstract

Thisdesignmainlyfromthefoundationindetaildesignstagecontrolschedule,qualityandcostmanagementofbasictheory,toanalyzetherelationshipbetweenquality,costandschedule,toachievemaximumbenefitsfromtheowners.Whetheritisfromtheengineeringquality,constructioncostandconstructionschedule,ortothecostofoperation,afterthecompletionoftheinvestmentbenefit,theengineeringdesignthroughouttheentireprojectfrombeginningtoend,andplayadecisiverole.Schedule,qualityandcost,influenceandconstraineachother,thethreeofthethreecontrolobjectives,unityofoppositesinacontradictiontoformaninterconnected,Thethreetogetherconstitutethetargetsystemofprojectmanagement,changesontheonehandwillinevitablyleadtothechangeoftheothertwoaspects.Therefore,ifthereisaproblemwitheitherhand,willaffecttheoverallbalanceoftherelationshipbetweenthethree,andbringnegativeinfluencetoproject.key

word:

Project

managementQuality

Cost

Progress附錄一：淺析工程造價管理與投資控制工程項目建設(shè)的中心任務(wù)就是實現(xiàn)項目目標(biāo)。從客觀意義上講，投資目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)才是業(yè)主經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的真正體現(xiàn)；而工程造價的確定與投資的有效控制是工程建設(shè)管理不可缺少的重要組成部分，在項目建設(shè)管理中有著特殊的地位。隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的不斷深入，國民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展，怎樣加強(qiáng)工程造價管理，提高項目投資效益？這是當(dāng)前投資和造價改革的一個重大課題。造價和投資在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)活動中，有很多一致的地方，但不是一個等同的概念。從目的來看，搞好投資是為了使投下去的一定量的貨幣能保證回流，并實現(xiàn)增值；而搞好造價是為了使投資項目的工程價格水平控制在目標(biāo)額度之內(nèi)；從行為過程來看，投資的行為過程是資金投入+項目實施+項目控制+資金回收，造價的行為過程是造價確定（包括投資估算、設(shè)計概算、施工圖預(yù)算）+過程控制+竣工決算。投資的行為過程比造價的行為過程更長。同是資金運作過程，造價是使貨幣資金轉(zhuǎn)化為實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)額度內(nèi)的資產(chǎn)，而投資是使貨幣資金轉(zhuǎn)化為資產(chǎn)，并通過資產(chǎn)的使用又使貨幣資金回流。造價是投資的一個關(guān)鍵部分和主要內(nèi)容，它包括建設(shè)工程從建設(shè)籌備到竣工驗收所需費用的總和，它由建筑安裝工程費、設(shè)備工具購置費、工程建設(shè)其他費用、預(yù)備費、建設(shè)期貸款利息、固定資產(chǎn)投資方向調(diào)節(jié)稅和鋪底流動資金等項組成。價格機(jī)制是造價管理的核心問題，也是投資宏觀決策和提高項目投資效益的一個核心問題。要加強(qiáng)造價管理，提高投資效益，必須形成一個國家宏觀調(diào)控下，以市場形成造價為主的價格機(jī)制。傳統(tǒng)的預(yù)算定額制度在計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下，對加強(qiáng)計劃管理，減少投資浪費等方面起到了一定的積極作用。但隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的逐步建立和發(fā)展，現(xiàn)行預(yù)算定額制度與之越來越不相適應(yīng)：定額中“量”和“價”沒有分開，形成了“活市場”和“死單價”的矛盾，不能在市場中真實地、及時地、準(zhǔn)確地反映建筑產(chǎn)品的造價；現(xiàn)行預(yù)算定額中綜合程度較大，施工手段消耗部分統(tǒng)得較死，構(gòu)成工程實體消耗部分是由設(shè)計決定的，而施工消耗部分，如腳手方案、垂直運輸?shù)葍?nèi)容應(yīng)由施工企業(yè)在確保全面履行合同的前提下自行決定，現(xiàn)行定額中，把本應(yīng)屬于競爭的內(nèi)容凝固化了，不利于施工企業(yè)發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢，競爭取勝；現(xiàn)行預(yù)算定額帶有法定性質(zhì)和強(qiáng)制性質(zhì)，對預(yù)算定額直接費的取費標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，開發(fā)商和承包商都不得隨意改變，還是計劃定價為主；現(xiàn)行預(yù)算定額計價主要由直接費、間接費、獨立費、利潤和稅金構(gòu)成，除直接費外其余各項都以取費率的形式出現(xiàn)，取費固定化，不利于直觀地反映各項工程內(nèi)容的價格，并與國際報價方式差距也較大。為了有利于投資宏觀決策和提高項目的投資效益，必須把計劃形成工程造價的價格機(jī)制，改為國家宏觀調(diào)控下以市場形成工程造價為主的價格機(jī)制，也就是要在統(tǒng)一工程量計算規(guī)則和社會平均實物消耗量定額的基礎(chǔ)上，遵循商品經(jīng)濟(jì)價格規(guī)律，建立以市場形成造價為主的價格機(jī)制：一是全面實現(xiàn)“量價分離”。把政府發(fā)布量價合一的預(yù)算定額制度，改為政府發(fā)布工程消耗量定額，單價隨行就市，變目前發(fā)布指導(dǎo)價要大家執(zhí)行改為發(fā)布市場信息價進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)，從而使不斷變化的價格同相對穩(wěn)定的實物消耗量相分離；二是統(tǒng)一工程量計算規(guī)則。要逐步按照國際習(xí)慣，統(tǒng)一工程量名稱、計量單位、計算規(guī)則、項目編號等，既有利于指導(dǎo)市場，又有利于同國際接軌；三是將工程實體消耗和非實體消耗（施工措施性消耗）相對分開。這有利于承包商發(fā)揮各自優(yōu)勢，競爭取勝；四是簡化繁瑣取費?，F(xiàn)行定額中各子目的造價不能直接反映，必須重新計算取費后才能明了，各子目、各分項工程的造價與總價的關(guān)系模糊，簡化取費后，各分項及子目的造價與總價的關(guān)系變得清晰，有利于投資控制活動和分包及設(shè)計變更部分的計價；五是保留政府對重要生產(chǎn)要素價格進(jìn)行干預(yù)的權(quán)力。如對市場某種資源緊缺時實行最高限價，規(guī)定最低日工資水平和部分工種最高日工資限價等。造價確定與投資控制貫穿項目建設(shè)全過程，而對項目投資影響最大的設(shè)計階段。在建設(shè)項目的整個壽命期內(nèi)，項目的初步設(shè)計基本上決定了建設(shè)項目的規(guī)模、結(jié)構(gòu)形式、建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和使用功能，形成了設(shè)計概算，確定了投資的最高限額。施工圖設(shè)計完成后，編制出施工圖預(yù)算，準(zhǔn)確地計算出建設(shè)工程造價。因此，工程設(shè)計是影響和控制建設(shè)工程造價的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)和重要階段。長期以來，我們在工程造價管理中，普遍忽視設(shè)計階段項目的投資控制，而往往把控制項目投資和工程造價的重點放在實施階段，投入了大量的人力、物力去審查或計算建筑安裝工程造價，很少考慮如何才能達(dá)到投入合理的資金，獲得美觀大方、功能齊全適用、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的建筑產(chǎn)品。根據(jù)國內(nèi)外有關(guān)的統(tǒng)計資料表明：初步設(shè)計階段影響工程投資數(shù)額幅度的可能性為70％-90％，在技術(shù)設(shè)計階段（施工圖設(shè)計）影響投資的可能性為30％-75％；在施工階段（實施階段）的影響工程投資的可能性為5％-25％?；蛘呔唧w地說，設(shè)計階段影響工程投資的可能性為80%，而實施階段影響投資的可能性，充其量不會超過20％，即通過各種措施降低成本最大限度不外乎為20％以下。一般情況下設(shè)計圖紙一旦完成，“按圖施工”就是施工企業(yè)必須履行的原則，施工企業(yè)無權(quán)隨意變動圖紙，也沒有時間、精力及承擔(dān)風(fēng)險地去考慮優(yōu)化設(shè)計。而我國普遍存在著設(shè)計部門比較保守，有的設(shè)計只圖方便、憑經(jīng)驗而不作方案對比，甚至盲目追求安全度和設(shè)計收費，而至關(guān)重要的概預(yù)算控制則與設(shè)計院利益無關(guān)甚至違反，因此無從控制。工程設(shè)計和工程造價本來應(yīng)該是統(tǒng)一整體的相互配合、配合促進(jìn)的兩項工作，而在我們的實際工作中，卻如不同道路上奔馳的兩輛汽車，各行其道，互不關(guān)聯(lián)。設(shè)計部門只管設(shè)計質(zhì)量，一般不管工程造價的高低，給國家的建設(shè)資金造成了極大的浪費。要改變這種不良局面，在設(shè)計階段，必須加強(qiáng)工程造價和設(shè)計之間的橫向聯(lián)合，推行限額設(shè)計，逐步實行以“價”定“量”的設(shè)計方法，在項目的投資范圍內(nèi)，按照“安全”“經(jīng)濟(jì)”“適用”“節(jié)儉”的原則進(jìn)行工程設(shè)計，促使設(shè)計人員精打細(xì)算，精心設(shè)計，達(dá)到在設(shè)計階段有效控制工程造價的目的；要優(yōu)化設(shè)計方案，其目的就是論證擬采用的設(shè)計方案技術(shù)上是否可行、功能上能否滿足需要、經(jīng)濟(jì)上是否合理、使用上是否安全可靠。尤其是在經(jīng)濟(jì)上，設(shè)計的優(yōu)化是很重要的控制手段，新工藝的使用、新材料的投入、一些局部設(shè)計的改變等，這些因素的變化，往往使工程造價大幅度增減。據(jù)研究資料顯示，建設(shè)項目的建筑系靈敏、空間平面、層數(shù)和層高、結(jié)構(gòu)和材料的選擇、設(shè)計的選型等因素，直接影響著工程造價的高低。所以，要想在設(shè)計階段控制工程造價，就一定要做好設(shè)計的優(yōu)選工作，在設(shè)計階段進(jìn)行設(shè)計招投標(biāo)和設(shè)計方案的競選，并運用價值工程等手段對備選方案進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，還要進(jìn)行設(shè)計方案的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)評價，真正達(dá)到以最優(yōu)的設(shè)計、最經(jīng)濟(jì)的投資，建造最好的工程項目的目的。建設(shè)工程造價全過程控制，是工程造價管理的主要表現(xiàn)形式，是提高項目投資效益的關(guān)鍵所在，它貫穿于決策評估階段、設(shè)計階段、工程承發(fā)包階段、施工實施階段、竣工驗收階段等項目建設(shè)全過程?？茖W(xué)周密而有計劃地分階段設(shè)置投資控制目標(biāo)，可以通過目標(biāo)控制，在項目投資決策、設(shè)計、發(fā)包和實施階段，把投資發(fā)生額控制在批準(zhǔn)的限額以內(nèi)并隨時糾編，確保投資目標(biāo)順利實現(xiàn)，使投資估算、工程概算、設(shè)計預(yù)算、承包合同價更趨合理準(zhǔn)確，真實而客觀反映項目實際進(jìn)程發(fā)生額，有效防止概算超估算、預(yù)算超概算、竣工結(jié)算超預(yù)算這一“三超”現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生，最大程度地合理使用人力、物力、財力，從而取得較好的投資效益和社會效益。附錄二：ShallowengineeringcostmanagementandinvestmentcontrolProjectconstructioncentraltaskistorealizetheprojectgoals.Fromtheobjectivesense,investmenttoachievethegoalofeconomicbenefitisownerrealembodiment,Andprojectcostdeterminationandinvestmentofeffectivecontroloftheengineeringconstructionmanagementisanimportantandindispensablepartofprojectmanagementhasaspecialposition.AsChina'seconomicsystemreform,thenationaleconomycontinuestodevelop,howtostrengthentheengineeringcostmanagement,improvetheprojectinvestmentbenefit?Thisiswhatthecurrentinvestmentandcostreformamajorissue.Costandinvestmentinthedevelopmentofnationaleconomyandsocialeconomicactivities,havealotofconsistentplace,butnotaconceptequivalent.Judgingfromthepurposeistomaketheinvestment,improvetheamountofcastcurrencycanguarantee,andrealizevalue-addedbackflow,Andimprovecostistomaketheinvestmentprojectengineeringpricelevelcontrolattargetwithinthequota,Judgingfrombehavioralprocess,investmentbehaviorprocessiscapitalinvestment+projectimplementation+projectcontrol+capitalrecycling,thecostofthebehaviorprocessiscostsure(includinginvestmentestimation,designbudgetaryestimateandconstructiondrawingbudget)+processcontrol+thefinalaccountsofthecompletedproject.Investmentbehaviorprocessthanthecostofbehavioralprocesslonger.Withtheoperationprocess,costofcapitalismakemonetaryfundtransformforachievinggoalswithinthelineofassets,investmentismakemonetaryfundtransformforassets,andthroughtheuseofassetsandmonetaryfundbackflow.Investmentcostisacriticalpartofandmaincontent,itincludestheconstructionprojectfromconstructionpreparatorytocompletionacceptanceofthecostofcombined,anditconsistsofbuildingthecost,equipmenttoolsis,theengineeringconstructionotherfees,reserve,interestinterest,taxforfixedassetsinvestmentandthecurrentfundsandsoonacomposition.Thepricemechanismisthecoreofcostmanagementintheproblem,butalsoinvestmentmacrodecisionandimprovestheprojectinvestmentbenefitofacentralissue.Tostrengthenthecostmanagement,increasetheinvestmenteffects,mustformaunderthestate'smacroeconomiccontrol,takingmarketmainlyformedcostpricemechanism.Thetraditionalbudgetnormsystemundertheplannedeconomysystem,tostrengthentheinvestmentplanmanagement,reducewasteaspectshavecertainpositiverole.Butwiththesocialistmarketeconomyisgraduallyestablishanddevelop,thecurrentbudgetnormsystemandtheincreasinglydoesnotadapt:quotaof"quantity"and"price"noseparate,andformeda"livingmarket"and"deadunitprice",theconflictcan'tinthemarkettruly,promptlyandaccuratelyreflectingthecostofbuildingproducts,Thecurrentbudgetrationofcomprehensivedegreebigger,constructionmeansconsumepartisdead,stockingsconstituteengineeringentityconsumptionpartisdecided,andbythedesignofconstructioncostparts,suchasfeethandscheme,thecontentsuchasverticaltransportationshouldbebyconstructionenterpriseinensuringall-roundtoperformthecontractunderthepremiseofthemselves,thecurrentnorm,shouldbelongtothecontentsoftheNianguacompetition,tothedetrimentofconstructionenterpriseandadvantage,competitiontowin;Thecurrentbudgetnormwithlegalnatureandforcedpropertiesofbudgetrationdirectfeefeesstandard,developersandcontractorsarealteredarbitrarily,orplannedpricingfortheLord;Thecurrentbudgetquotavaluationmainlybydirectfee,indirectfee,independentfee,profitandtaxesconstitute,inadditiontodirectfeetotakeeverythingcorrectlyoutsidetherestrate'sform,andfeesimmobilized,goagainstintuitivereflecttheprojectcontentprice,andwiththeinternationalquotedpricewaygapbiggeralso.Inordertowhichinvestmentmacrodecisionandimprovethebenefitofinvestmentproject,musttheplanformationofengineeringcostpricemechanism,insteadofunderthestate'smacroeconomiccontrolbymarketmainlyformedengineeringcostpricemechanism,wasalsomustinunityquantitycalculationrulesandsocialaveragerealconsumptionquota,followthecommodityeconomybasedonthelawofvalue,establishmentofmarketmainlyformedcostpricemechanism:oneistofullyrealize"pricevolumeseparation.Thegovernmentissuedtheunityofquantityandpricebudgetnormsystem,insteadofthegovernmentissuedengineeringconsumptionquota,unitpriceforseven,becomecurrentlyissuedguidedpriceswantseveryonetoexecuteinsteadreleasedmarketinformation,thusmakingthepriceguidancetothepriceofchangingwithrelativelystablephysicalconsumptionphaseseparation,2itisunifiedquantitycalculationrules.Willgraduallyaccordingtointernationalhabit,unifiedquantitiesname,unitofmeasurement,calculationrules,projectNumbersisnotonlybeneficialtothemarketforguidance,etc,butalsowiththeinternationalcommunity,Threeistoengineeringentityconsumptionandnonentityconsumption(constructionmeasuresexconsume)relativeapart.Thisishelpfultothecontractorplaytotheirrespectiveadvantages,competitiontowin;Thefourthissimplifiedtrialfees.Thecurrentnormofeachsubtitlecostcannotdirectlyreflect,mustrecalculatefeescanbeknown,subtitleaftereachandeveryitemconstructioncostofthetotalvalueoftherelationshipwithfuzzy,simplifythefare,eachpartialandsubtitlecostandpricerelationshipbecameclear,whichinvestmentcontrolactivitiesandsubcontractoranddesignthevariationvaluation,Fiveisreservedtothegovernmentofimportantfactorsofproductionpriceinterventionpower.Astothemarketsomeresourceswhenthehighestpricefixing,fixingminimumdailywageslevelandsometypeofhighestdailywageslimitetc.Costdeterminationandinvestmentcontrolthroughoutthewholeprojectconstruction,projectinvestmentthathasthelargesteffectonstageofdesign.Inconstructionprojectsonthelifeperiod,preliminarydesignoftheprojectofconstructionprojectbasicallydecidedthescale,structure,constructionstandardsandusefunction,formeddesignbudgetaryestimate,determinetheinvestmentceiling.Afterthecompletionoftheconstructiondrawingdesign,formulateconstructiondrawingbudget,accuratelycalculateconstructionengineeringcost.Therefore,engineeringdesignistoinfluenceandcontrolofconstructionengineeringcostofkeysectorsandanimportantstage.Foralongtime,weintheconstructioncostmanagement,ignoredincommondesignphaseprojectofinvestmentcontrol,andoftentakecontrolprojectinvestmentandprojectcostfocusesontheimplementationstage,putinagreatdealofmanpowerandmaterialresourcestorevieworcomputingarchitectureinstallationprojectcost,seldomconsiderhowtoreachintoreasonablefund,acquirebeautifulgenerous,completefunctionsapplicable,reasonableeconomyconstructionproducts.Accordingtothedomesticandforeignrelevantstatisticsshowthatthepreliminarydesignstageaffectedtheprojectinvestmentamounttheamplitudeofthepossibilityfor70-90percent,inthetechnicaldesignstage(constructiondesign)affectinvestmentpossibilitiesfor30-75%,Duringtheprojectconstructionphase(theimplementationstageeffectofprojectinvestmentpossibilitiesfor5%-25%.Orspecifically,designphaseaffecttheprojectinvestmentpossibilityto80%,andthepossibilityoftheimplementationstageaffectinvestment,atbestnotexceed20%,namelythroughvariousmeasurestoreducecostutmostnothingmorethan20percentforthefollowing.Normallydesigndrawingsoncecompleted,"accordingtodrawingconstruction"istheprincipleofconstructionenterprisemustperform,constructionenterprisesshallnotbeentitledtooptionalchangedrawings,alsohavenotime,energyandtakeriskstoconsideroptimizationdesign.Andourcountrytherearegenerallydesigndepartmentconservative,somedesignonlyfigureconvenient,withexperiencewithoutschemecontrast,evenblindpursuesafetyanddesignfees,andbudgetcontrolisvitalinterestswiththedesigninstitutehasnothingtodo,sodon'tevenbreakthecontrol.Engineeringdesignandprojectcostissupposedtobeaunifiedwholeofmutualcoordinationandcooperationtopromotethetwotasks,andinourpractice,butlikeadifferentpathBenztwocar,villagepopulated,withoutrelevance.Designdepartment;thedesignqualityandgeneralregardlessofengineeringcost,ortotheconstructionofthecountrycausedagreatwasteofmoney.Tochangethissituation,adverseinthedesignstage,wemuststrengthentheconstructioncostanddesignbetweenhorizontalcooperation,promotedesign-limited,graduallyexecutedwith"price"fixed"quantity"designmethods,intheprojectinvestmentscope,accordingto"safe""economy""application""frugal"principleforengineeringdesign,promptingdesignershavecarefully,elaboratedesign,achieveinthedesignstageeffectivecontroloftheprojectcostpurpose;Tooptimizethedesignofargumentation,thepurposeofwhichistoadoptthedesignschemeisittechnicallyfeasible,functioncansatisfytheneed,economicallywhetherreasonable,whetherusingonsafetyandreliability.Especiallyineconomy,designoptimizationisimportantmeansofcontrol,anewprocessofuse,newmaterialofdedication,somelocaldesignchangeetc,thesefactorschange,oftenmakeengineeringcostgreatlyincreaseordecrease.Accordingtoresearchdatashows,thedepartmentofconstructionprojectissensitive,spacelayout,layernumberandlayeraretall,structureandthechoiceofmaterials,designoftheselectionofthefactors,thedirectimpactonth