第一節(jié)主題句

LectureFourParagraphs段落第一節(jié)：主題句段落段落是文章的縮影。能寫出好的段落就意味著文章成功了一半。段落是由句子組成的。每個段落都應有明確的主題思想，且只有一個主題。組成段落的所有句子都應為這個主題思想服務。中英文段落的區(qū)別（1）思維模式不同(thoughtpattern)：中文段落所遵循的原則是螺旋/線型的發(fā)展(circularlineofdevelopment)方式。重鋪墊，講渲染，講究“言歸正傳”。英語短文寫作最典型而具體地體現(xiàn)為三段中每一段主題思想都是呈直線型發(fā)展(straightlineofdevelopment)方式。講究第一句話“開門見山”，“一語破題”的點題，結(jié)論句變向性直接重復，扣題。換句話說，英文文章表意較直接，直奔主題。多數(shù)段落以主題句開端，在文章的開始部分就會闡明主題。中文段落表意較含蓄，多以有關背景開頭，逐步誘導，最終點題。即：英文寫作是有一般到特殊。先概括后舉例，先講整體輪廓，后說諸多細節(jié)。Generalinformationtospecificdetails

Collegelifeisanimportantstageinourlife.Itisincollegethatwebegintoliveandstudybyourselves.Itisincollegethatwelearntobeindependentofourparents.Itisincollegethatwe,likeNewton,aresearchingforbeautifulshellsonthebeachofknowledge.Meanwhile,itisincollegethatwebecomematuredandfullygrownup,bothphysicallyandmentally.Consequently,weshouldcherishitandmakethemostofit.Examples96.1CET-4TheTwo-dayWeekend中文：雙休日給大學生帶來的好處雙休日可能給大學生帶來的問題我應如何過好雙休日English:Therearemanyadvantagesoftwo-dayweekend.However,two-dayweekendalsobringssomeproblems.Asforme,正，反，合97.6CET-4Gettingtoknowthesociety中文：大學生了解社會的必要性了解社會的途徑我的打算和做法English:Itisofgreatnecessityforuscollegestudentstohavesocialpractice/gettoknowthesociety.Therearemanydifferentwaystogettoknowthesociety.(meansthroughwhichwecan…)Asacollegestudent,Ishould這種“正反合”的英語思維模式及其行文方式是典型的四六級英語寫作的基本框架，也使得四六級短文寫作的實際操作更加有章可循。中英文段落的區(qū)別（2）語序不同：中文的表達習慣是把重點信息置于句末，把時間，原因，條件等解釋性信息放在句首。而英語造句習慣正好相反，大多數(shù)情況是把狀語放在句末或接近句末的地方。即先表態(tài)度，后給分析；先下結(jié)論，后敘原因。比起乘坐其它交通工具來，騎自行車更方便。Ridingbicyclesismoreconvenientthangoingbyothermeansoftransportation.酒后開車很容易造成車毀人亡的交通事故。Drivingafterdrinkingisverylikelytocausetrafficaccidentsthatresultinlossofpeople’slivesanddamageofthevehicles.WheninRome,doasRomansdo.AsanEnglishlearner,you’dbetterimitatethewayinwhichnativewritersputtheirthoughtstogetherintowordsandsentencesandtrytomakeyourwritingasacceptable(nativelike)aspossible.段落的構(gòu)成AnalyzethefollowingwritingTobeaneducatedpersonisnoteasy.Firstlyweshouldknowclearlythepurposeofbeingeducated.Secondly,weshouldbediligentandpersistent,tryingourbesttoovercomeallthedifficultiesthatwecomeacross.Lastly,weshouldnotonlyeducateourselves,butalsohelpothersasmuchaspossibletoacquireknowledgeandskills.Generallyspeaking,aneducatedpersonwillhavemoreresponsibilityforhiscountryandthesociety.Topicsentence主題句又稱主旨句或關鍵句，是一個段落中最重要的句子，是段落的“綱”。說明段落的中心思想和作者的寫作目的，是段落發(fā)展的依據(jù)。段落的每句話都應緊密地聯(lián)系主題句所表達的中心內(nèi)容。寫好主題句是文章成功的關鍵。(commonpracticeofscoringinCET-4and6)Computersareplayingamoreandmoreimportantrolein

modernsociety.Theyarewidelyusedinthefieldsofbusiness,industryandtransportation.Theyalsoworkwondersinthemedicalworld/circle,spacetravelaswellasinscientificresearch,bringingaboutfantasticthingsinscienceandtechnology.Computersarealsoenteringordinaryfamilies.Commonpeopleturntothemforvaluableinformation,studentsusethemtoobtainknowledgeandchildrenplaygamesonthem.Thereseemstobenolimittotheworkthatcomputerscando.主題句的構(gòu)成Topicsentence=atopic+acontrollingideaaboutthetopic主題句=主題+中心思想主題：段落所談的話題，問題中心思想：限定話題的范圍，確定話題的發(fā)展方向。整個段落都以這個中心思想為依據(jù)，圍繞它進行。中心思想用關鍵詞(keywords)來表達。關鍵詞的種類很多，常見的有：方面aspects(積極方面positiveaspects和消極方面negativeaspects)，種類kinds,types,classifications,列舉enumeration,相同點similarities，不同點differences，原因reasonsfororcausesof，結(jié)果results,effectsorconsequences,優(yōu)點advantages,benefitsormerits,缺點disadvantages,drawbacks,shortcomingsordefects，問題problems,difficulties,troubles,obstaclesorbarriers,解決方法ways,methods,meansorsolutions,等。Examples:

pleaseidentifythetwoparts

Agoodteacherhasfourqualities.DevelopingprivatecarsinChinahasmanypositive

aspects.Keepingpetsisbeneficialtopeopleinseveralaspects.Smokingresultsinaseriesofnegativeeffects.Therearethreemainkindsoflearners.Thefollowingfactorscontributetosuccess.ThereasonswhybicyclesaresopopularinChinalieasfollows.Doingregularphysicalexercisegivesusmanybenefits.Peopletakepartinsportsforvariousreasons.Therearemanydifferentmeansthroughwhichcollegestudentscangettoknowthesociety.Therearestrikingdifferencesbetweencitylifeandcountrylife.Readingextensivelyhasmanyadvantages.主題句的位置段首，段尾，段中或隱含在段落句子中。主題句在段首最常見，是四六級考生寫作最可靠的寫法。主題句位于段尾和段中等略，見課本25頁。主題句位于段首開門見山，點出主題。TherearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanimproveourEnglish.First,wecanreadasmanyEnglishbooks,newspapersandmagazinesaspossible.Next,wemaylistentoEnglishprogramsontheradioorwatchEnglishprogramsonTVeveryday.Besides,itisnecessaryforustoseizeeveryopportunitytospeakEnglishbothinandafterclass.Finally,itisequallyimportanttoformthehabitoftakingnotesandkeepingadiaryinEnglish.Therearemanycareersopentoeachofus.Perhapswelikescience,thenwemightprepareourselvestobechemists,physicists,orbiologists.Maybeourintereststakeusintothebusinesswordandsuchworkasaccounting,personnelmanagementorpublicrelations.Manypersonsfindtheirplaceingovernmentservice.Teaching,engineering,medicineandmanyotherfieldsofferfascinatingcareerstopersonswithtalentandtraining.主題句的寫法：如何寫好主題句應盡量清晰明了，簡練，用詞準確，力求用一句話清楚地表達該段的中心。Environmentalpollutionisimportant.Environmentalpollutionisanimportantproblemthatdeservesourspecialattention.ThemoreIread,themorehungryIfeel.ThemoreIread,themorehungryIfeelforknowledge.主題句范圍不能太大也不能太小。如范圍大，一段內(nèi)容包含不下。IwanttotakepartinCET-6.IwanttotakepartinCET-6becauseofthefollowingreasons.ThereareseveralreasonswhyIwanttotakepartinCET-6.Musicisenjoyable.Softmusicisparticularlyenjoyabletome.如范圍小，過于具體，無從展開論述Advertisementstellpeoplewheretogetthegoodsthattheyneed.Therearesomeadvantagesofadvertisements.主題句的寫作技巧（1）表示人的名詞或代詞主語的句子Collegestudentsshouldtakepartinsocialpracticeandgettoknowtheworld.Peopletakepartinrecreationalactivitiesbecauseofseveralreasons.Webenefitalotfromdoingparttimejobs.Apersoncangetaworldofgoodifheiswell-educated.YoungpeopletodayarebadlyinfluencedbyTV.主題句的寫作技巧（2）表示物的名詞做主語的句子Goodhealthisimportanttous.Informationplaysanindispensableroleinmodernlife.Diligenceisakeyfactortosuccess.Sportsbenefitpeopleinmanyways.Recreationalactivitiesfallintotwomajortypes.主題句的寫作技巧（3）用動名詞短語，不定式短語，從句來表達主題，做主語。Owningaprivatecarisveryconvenient.Keepingpetscanleadtosomeproblems.Studyingabroadbenefitsstudentsinmanyaspects.Totakepartinsocialactivitiesisnecessaryforcollegestudents.Whatwele