閱讀中的長難句處理

閱讀中的長難句處理一、三長兩短一并列IamMrsDeng.主---系---表Iloveyou.主---謂---賓（注意語序）I’mMrsDengfromNo.49MiddleSchool.Iloveyoufromthebottomofmyheart.加上修飾成分以后，句子變長；英語修飾成分在句中的位置靈活多變，使得句子不易理解。(Afterchatting)(withLaura)(onthismatter)(fortwohours)(from2:00)(to4:00)(intheafternoon),Ireturned(tomyoffice).構成長難句的三種較長修飾成分：介詞短語從句非謂語動詞短語

三長

兩短：鑲嵌于句子之中的、會提高句子復雜度的形容詞、副詞。一并列：平行并列結構用表示并列關系的連詞and,or,aswellas將句子變長英語句子都由這三長兩短一并列和一些特殊句式（therebe句型，Itis+adj.+forsb.todo句型，倒裝句型，強調(diào)句型等組成。給三長兩短做標記（）；【】；————

介詞結構定義：從介詞開始到名詞結束，表達一個完整的意義的結構。起止標識：從介詞開始到介詞之后的第一個名詞結束。如：athome,intheschool,inthebeautifulpark,duringmyhappychildhood,

overthelastfewyears,forthreeweeks,tothedestination從句定義：從句是復合句中不能獨立成句，但具有主語部分和謂語部分，由that,if,although和wh-等關系詞引導的部分。起止標識：從關系詞開始，到以下四種情況結束：1）到句尾終止：liuHuiisateacher(whoteachesEnglish.)2）到句中的逗號終止：(WhenIwasyoung),Ilistenedtotheradio.3)到下一個修飾成分終止：IwillinviteYaoMing(whoisatopbasketballplayer)toBeijing.4)到下一個謂語動詞終止：YaoMing(whowasabasketballplayer)isstudyinginShanghai.3.非謂語動詞短語

定義：todo/tobedone/tobedoing/tohavedone

doing/havingdone/havingbeendone

done/beingdone

起止標識：從to;doing;done開始，到以下四種情況結束：

1)到句尾終止：LiuHuiisateacher(teachingEnglish).

2)到句中的逗號終止:(ToimprovemyEnglish),IoftenlistentotheEnglishradio.

3)到下一個修飾成分終止：Jackwalkedintothehall,(waving)totheaudience.

4)到下一個謂語動詞終止：We,(singingahappysong),rodetoschool.兩短1.形容詞

【定義】形容詞是指用來修飾名詞的單詞，往往帶有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后綴?！境Ｒ娢恢谩竣僖话阒糜诿~之前，如abeautifulpark。②修飾不定代詞(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)時置于不定代詞之后如“一些有趣的事”應譯為somethinginteresting。

2.副詞（可不標記）【定義】副詞用來修飾形容詞、動詞等詞，往往帶有-ly等后綴【常見位置】英語中，副詞的用法比形容詞靈活得多。①置于整句前，如：Unfortunately,hefailedtomakeit.②置于整句之后，如：Theteachergreetshisstudentsindividually.③可置于“助動詞、系動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，實義動詞之前”Theprincesslooksextremelybeautifultoday.(系動詞后)Heimmediatelysawtheblackcat.(實義動詞前)Hehasundoubtedlyfalleninlovewiththeprincess.(助動詞之后，實義動詞之前)Hecanhardlyspeakanything.(情態(tài)動詞后，實義動詞前)④可置于形容詞或副詞之前，如：Thereisanextremelybeautifulgardeninourcampus.平行并列關系【定義】指由并列詞將兩個或兩個以上含義相似、結構相同的并列項連接起來構成的結構?！緲擞浄椒ā拷o并列詞加方框，給并列項加下劃線。標記時要先找到并列詞，然后再找并列項。在標注形如AandB的平行并列結構時，應先找B(即右并列項)后找A(即左并列項)。由于英語中的修飾成分往往置于中心詞之后，所以A和B兩個并列項后面可能各自帶有很長的尾巴，形成“A…andB…”的形式，導致A離and相對較遠，不易辨認，而B通常離and很近，容易識別。找到B之后，利用A和B結構相同、含義相似的原則，很容易將A確定出來?！境Ｒ姴⒘嘘P系】并列成分有很多，要注意識別到底是誰跟誰并列。①n+n：Iliketheboxplacedonthedeskandtheflowersinyourhand.②adj.+adj.：Mr.Smithisakind,patientandknowledgeableEnglishteacher.③副詞并列：Youaresupposedtoanswerthefollowingquestionsquicklyandaccurately.④謂語動詞并列：WiththeInternet,peoplecannotonlyplaycomputergamesbutalsodoonlineshopping.⑤介詞短語并列：Andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.⑥從句并列：I’vefinishedreadingthebook(whichiswrittenbyMoYan)and(whichyoulentmelastmonth).⑦非謂語動詞并列：Singingandlaughing,weheadedtothepark.⑧整句并列：Thechildrencangowithusortheycanstayathome.“三長兩短一并列”三步法：

一、做標記(括號連括號）

LiuHuiisateacher(teachingEnglish)(in

Beijing)(whichisthecapital)(ofChina).

二、做直譯（提問+回答）

三、調(diào)語序（可與二合并）PracticeTheDepartmentofAgriculturehasprogramsaimedatdevelopingmorefarmersandatincreasinginterestinlocallygrownfood.(12JS)

Ifyoustartedtodryclothesinthemorningandforgottotakethemout,youcangotoyourphoneandrestartyourdryerforthetimewhencominghome,soyourclothesarerefreshedandreadytogo.(12SD)

3.Fearmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.4.SarahGarfinkelattheBrightonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid,“Ourstudyshowforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisdifferentdependingonwhenweseefearfulpicturesinrelationtoourheart.5.Dr.Garfinkelsaid,“Thestudyshowedthatfearfulfacesarebetternoticedwhentheheartispumpingthanwhenitisrelaxed.”6.“Wehopethatbyincreasingourunderstandingabouthowfearisdealtwithandwaysthatitwouldbereduced,wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxiety,disorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.”4.標題中大小寫、格式一般不作嚴格要求。通常采用以下幾種方式：1).第一單詞首字母大寫：(專有詞匯需大寫的除外，如：China)

Howtodealwithstress2).實詞首字母大寫：HowtoDealwithStress3).所有字母都大寫：

HOWTODEALWITHSTRESS5.標題中一般不用句號，但其他標點要標出。例如：

Fire!Whydoweneeddictionaries?Thequestionis,whydotheyhavethisaddiction?Thereisn’taspecificreason.Somepeoplegoshoppingwhentheyaresad,worried,upsetorlonelyandtheywanttofeelbetter.Theyusethisactivityasawaytoforgettheirproblems.Shopaholicssaythattheyfeelmoreimportantandbetteraftertheybuysomething.Theyalsotendtohavethisaddictionwhentheyfeelguilty.Question：Whatisthemainideaofthisparagraph?(within8words)Answer：Whypeoplehaveshoppingaddiction.Thereasonswhypeoplehaveshoppingaddition.Thereasonsforpeople’sadditiontoshopping.【主旨概括（08）】評分標準：答案中含有表達原因的詞、短語或句型給1分；有表達購物的詞、短語或句型給1分、有表達成癮的詞、短語或句型給1分。3分檔答案：Thereason(s)whypeopleturnintoshopaholics.Thereason(s)whypeopleareaddictedtoshopping.Reason(s)forpeople’saddictiontoshopping.【主旨概括（08）】2分檔答案：Whydotheyhaveshoppingaddiction?Whydosomepeoplehavethisaddiction?Thereasonwhysomepeoplehavethisaddiction.Thereason(s)whytheyhaveshoppingaddiction.1分檔答案：Whydotheyhavethisaddiction?Thereason(s)whytheyhavethisaddiction2、句子填空/補全句子關鍵:方法:

把握語境和上下文之間的邏輯關系1）在理解全文的基礎上把握上下文之間的邏輯關系，確定需要填寫的是短語還是完整句子；2）注意書寫時的問題，如大小寫、時態(tài)、語態(tài)、單復數(shù)、字數(shù)等。3）代入答案檢查，看上下文是否通順，能

否恢復文章作者原本想表達的思想、內(nèi)

容或意圖。

Thefirstauxiliary(輔助)ruleforbecomingrichisto________or,ifoutofschool,gobacktoit.Ofcourse,tostayinschoolisn’tenoughandtheywilllearnsomethingworththetimeandeffort.Itneverhasbeeneasiertogetaneducation.

1分檔答案tostudyhardholdonyoureducation0分檔答案getahighschooleducation

2分檔答案stayin/atschoolgetaneducationgoonstudygotocollegegotoschoolgetacollegeeducationgetagreateducationstudymoreinschool3、封閉性問題:常見問法：RegularWh-/H-Questionsbasedonthepassage.例如：1)Whatadviceisgiveninthelastparagraph?(within10words)2)Listthreeeffectsofsmilingonhealthaccordingtothetext.(within8words.)(2009山東）

(1)loweringbloodpressure(2)relievingstress（3）boostinghappiness3)Why···/How/When/Where···

Becausethey···/Todo···

答題方法1.忠于原文，在文章中找出依據(jù)，回答要有針對性，避免答非所問；給出答案時不需要加入自己的觀點。2.注意歸納、概括，根據(jù)問題信息確定回答應用短語，還是句子?？偨Y一定要點化，注意詞數(shù)限制。

Criticsoftenspeakof“therich”asifthoseattheverytopoftheincomeladderaredishonest,orasifbecomingrichisdifficultandmeansothersmustbecomepoorer.However,wemustaddthatachievingthestatusof“therich”isnotparticularlydifficult,contrarytopopularwisdom.Whatimpressiondotherichoftenleaveoncritics?(Nomorethan5words)2分檔答案Therich（people）aredishonest.Dishonest.1分檔答案Dishonestanddifficult.Dishonest,difficult,othersbecomepoorer.Dishonest,becomingrichisdifficult.0分檔答案Theincomeladderaredishonest.Becomingrichisdifficult.It’sdishonest.

Tohaveagoodchanceatbeingrich,mostindividualswillneedatleastacollegeeducation,whichwilldoubletheirincomesoverwhattheywouldhaveearnedwithonlyahighschooldiploma.Aprofessionaldegreewillresultinanaverageannualincomeofabouttwicethatofcollegegraduates.Whyisacollegeeducationessentialtobecomewealthy?(Nomorethan10words)2分檔答案Becauseahigher/collegeeducationmeansahigherincome.Becauseahigher/collegeeducationwill/canhelptogetahigherincome.Becauseit’ll