大學英語第一冊第一課

UnitOneTEXT

Wanttoknowhowtoimproveyourgradeswithouthavingtospendmoretimestudying?Soundstoogoodtobetrue?Well,readon…HowtoImproveYourStudyHabitsPerhapsyouareanaveragestudentwithaverageintelligence.Youdowellenoughinschool,butyouprobablythinkyouwillneverbeatopstudent.Thisisnotnecessarilythecase,however.Youcanreceivebettergradesifyouwantto.Yes,evenstudentsofaverageintelligencecanbetopstudentswithoutadditionalwork.Here’show:

Planyourtimecarefully.Makealistofyourweeklytasks.Thenmakeascheduleorchartofyourtime.Fillin

committedtimesuchaseating,sleeping,meetings,classes,etc.Thendecideongood,regulartimesforstudying.Besuretosetasideenoughtimetocompleteyournormalreadingandworkassignments.Ofcourse,studyingshouldn’toccupyallofthefreetimeontheschedule.It’simportanttosetasidetimeforrelaxation,hobbies,andentertainmentaswell.Thisweeklyschedulemaynotsolveallofyourtime.Furthermore,itwillenableyoutoplanyouractivitiessothatyouhaveadequatetimeforbothworkandplay.

Findagoodplacetostudy.Chooseoneplaceforyourstudyarea.Itmaybeadeskorachairathomeorintheschoollibrary,butitshouldbecomfortable,anditshouldnothavedistractions.Whenyoubegintowork,youshouldbeabletoconcentrateonthesubject.

Skimbeforeyouread.Thismeanslookingoverapassagequicklybeforeyoureaditcarefully.Asyoupreviewthematerial,yougetsomeideaofthecontentandhowitisorganized.Laterwhenyoubegintoreadyouwillrecognizelessimportantmaterialandyoumayskipsomeoftheseportions.Skimminghelpsdoubleyourreadingspeedandimproveyourcomprehensionaswell.

Makegooduseofyourtimeinclass.Listeningtowhattheteachersaysinclassmeanslessworklater.Sitwhereyoucanseeandhearwell.Takenotestohelpyourememberwhattheteachersays.

Studyregularly.Gooveryournotesassoonasyoucanafterclass.Reviewimportantpointsmentionedinclassaswellaspointsyouremainconfusedabout.Readaboutthesepointsinyourtextbook.Ifyouknowwhattheteacherwilldiscussthenextday,skimandreadthatmaterialtoo.Thiswillhelpyouunderstandthenextclass.Ifyoureviewyournotesandtextbookregularly,thematerialwillbecomemoremeaningfulandyouwillrememberitlonger.Regularreviewleadstoimprovedperformanceontests.

Developagoodattitudeabouttests.Thepurposeofatestistoshowwhatyouhavelearnedaboutasubject.Theworldwon’tendifyoudon’tpassatest,sodon’tworryexcessivelyaboutasingletext.Testsprovidegrades,buttheyalsoletyouknowwhatyouneedtospendmoretimestudying,andtheyhelpmakeyournewknowledgepermanent.

Thereareothertechniquesthatmighthelpyouwithyourstudying.Onlyafewhavebeenmentionedhere.Youwillprobablydiscovermanyothersafteryouhavetriedthese.Talkwithyourclassmatesabouttheirstudytechniques.Sharewiththemsomeofthetechniquesyouhavefoundtobehelpful.Improvingyourstudyhabitswillimproveyourgrades.theendaverage:

(1)adj.平均的；平常的，普通的(2)n.平均數(shù)，平均(3)v.平均WhatistheaveragerainfallforJuly?Theaverageof3,8and10is7.Sheaveragestwotripsayear.(1)adj.平均的；平常的，普通的e.g.Whatistheyearlyincomeofa/an____familyinyourcountry?[A]normal[B]regular[C]average[D]ordinary[辨析]選CAverage指屬于平常、普通一類的，強調(diào)具有普遍的代表性；ordinary指“普通的”，常暗示其質(zhì)量不超過平均水平，或往往低于平均水平；normal指“正常的”，“常態(tài)的”，強調(diào)符合通常情況；regular指“有規(guī)律的”，強調(diào)不超出常規(guī)。(2)n.平均數(shù)，平均e.g.Priceshaverisenbya/an______of4%overthepastthreeyears.[A]common[B]average[C]ordinary[D]normal[辨析]選[B]

此處只有average可做名詞，前面可與冠詞a/an連用。其余均為形容詞。On(the/an)average固定搭配，意為“按平均值，通常，一般來說”e.g..Ontheaverage,weworkfivedaysaweek.necessarily:（1）Adv.必要地，必需的（2）Adv.必定的，必然的Youdon’tnecessarilyhavetoattend.e.g:TheyhadnoproofthatMartinwas___abadmatchforOlive.[A]essentially[B]completely[C]necessarily[D]remarkably[辨析]選[C]。necessarily指“必定”，“必然”，強調(diào)無法避免；essentially指“基本上”，“本質(zhì)上”，強調(diào)在基本情況下或一般情況下；completely指“十分地”，“完全地”，強調(diào)在任何情況下都是如此；remarkably一般與形容詞或副詞連用。concentrate:(1)vi.全神貫注，全力以赴（2）vt.集中，聚集（3）n.濃縮物，濃縮液WehaveconcentratedonrecordingthechangestakingplaceincontemporaryEnglishOrangejuiceconcentratesellswellonthemarket.Youshouldconcentrateyourattentiononthestudy.Theradio-setoperator’swholebeingwasconcentratedinthetipsofhisfingers.vi.全神貫注，全力以赴e.g:Youwillsolvetheproblemifyou___it.[A]concentratein[B]concernon[C]concentrateupon[D]concernin[辨析]選[C]。concentrate不能與介詞in搭配；concern(oneself)in意為“忙于，關(guān)心”；concern不能與介詞on搭配；concentrateupon(﹦on)全神貫注confuse:（1）vt.使困惑，把……弄糊涂（2）vt.混淆，把……混同（3）vt.混亂，搞亂Theyaskedmesomanyquestionsthattheyconfusedme.Ifyoutrytolearntoomanythingsatonetime,youmaygetconfused.HealwaysconfusesChinesewithJapanese.Ibelievedthatheconfusedtheaccountsdeliberately.（1）vt.使困惑，把……弄糊涂E.g.:Hespokesorapidlyandinsucha____waythatIcouldmakeneitherheadnortailofhismeaning.[A]confused[B]puzzled[C]bewildered[D]perplexed[辨析]選[A]。

confuse多指混亂，把事物混淆或弄亂，困惑較大，因紛亂而理不清頭緒，語氣較弱，常指暫時現(xiàn)象；puzzle迷惑，困惑，多指情況錯綜復雜而使人感到困惑不解，難以解決；bewilder迷惑，混亂，強調(diào)思維不清楚，難以作出明智的判斷，語氣較強；perplex指窘困，困惑，較正式，多強調(diào)心情的困惑和行動的不決。double:adj.雙的，雙重的兩倍的，加倍的供兩人用的，雙人的兩面派的，虛偽的（2)n.兩倍，雙份（3)vi.增加一倍（4)vt.使加倍，是……的兩倍把……對折，折疊skim:(1)vt撇去(2)vt掠過，擦過(3)vt瀏覽，略讀Pleaseskimthesouptoremovethefat.

Gullsskimthebreakers.(碎浪）e.g.:Youcanjust____theheadlinesforthenewsthatyouareinterestedin.[辨析]選[C]。scan強調(diào)帶著問題瀏覽材料，以便獲取需要的信息;skip跳讀，略過一些不需要的內(nèi)容；skim略讀，指快速閱讀獲取材料的主旨大意。vi.瀏覽，Themanagerjustskimmedovertheplan.經(jīng)理只是粗略地瀏覽了一下方案。browse翻閱[A]scan[B]skip[C]skim[D]browseorganize:(1)vt組織，把……編織

(2)vt使有條理Officersandmenareorganizedintothreebattalions.Thisessayiswell-organized.portion:(1)n.一部分，一份Aportionoftheblamefortheaccidentmustbebornebythedriver.(2)vt.(out)分配，把……分給Sheportionedoutthepiesoeveryonehadapiece.e.g.:Hedivideduphispropertyandgavea_____toeachofhischildren.[A]part[B]share[C]portion[D]perplexed(1)n.一部分，一份[辨析]選[C]。

Part指相對整體而言的部分；share指共同享有、承擔的一份；sum指一筆金額，一筆錢，而sum指財產(chǎn)，除金錢外，還包括其他。只有portion強調(diào)被分配的部分或一份，符合題意“他把財產(chǎn)分給子女，每人一份”。mention:

vt./n.提及，說起Didyoumentionthistomysister?e.g.:Ihateto___it,butyouowemesomemoney.[A]state[B]mention[C]notice[D]speak[辨析]選[B]。state指陳述某件事情；mention提到，提及某事；notice多指注意到某事；speak強調(diào)說話的內(nèi)容。固定搭配：nottomention更不必說，除……外還attitude:(1)n.態(tài)度，看法e.g.:Sheholdsaverygood_____towardsherwork.[A]latitude[B]aptitude[C]attitude[D]altitude[辨析]選[C]。latitude緯度；aptitude才能，天分；attitude態(tài)度，看法；altitude海拔，高度(2)n.姿勢，姿態(tài)Herarmswerethrownoutinanattitudeofentreaty.(懇求）permanent:adj.永久（性），固定的Thesmallcountryhadnootherwaybuttomaintainpermanentneutrality.e.g.:Somedrugstakeninlargequantitiescause___braindamage.[A]permanent[B]everlasting[C]eternal[D]perpetual

[辨析]選[A]。permanent永久的，不變的，指事物總是處于相同地位或情況長期不變，穩(wěn)定；everlasting永久的，不斷的，指從現(xiàn)在起無限期地持續(xù)下去，多強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)和持續(xù)；eternal永久的，永恒的，多強調(diào)生命的永恒，沒有終止，較正式的用語；perpetual永久的，不斷的，指無止境地持續(xù)下去，永不中斷，在日常談話中，常常含有令人生厭之意，語氣較弱。purpose:(1)n.目的，意圖DidyoucometoBeijingforthepurposeofvisitingrelatives,orforbusinesses?(2)n.用途W(wǎng)hatisthemainpurposeofthisdictionary?(3)n.效果Thepurposeofascreendooristokeepfliesout.(1)n.目的，意圖e.g.:Thesightofthestreetsthrongedwithbuyersandglaringwithgasrecalledtomethe____ofmyjourney.[A]end[B]object[C]goal[D]purpose[辨析]選[D]。end目的，較正式，常用于哲學、倫理、社會等問題的語言環(huán)境中；object目的，目標，常與end相互替用，但著重指眼前的對象和目的；goal目的，目標，指需要經(jīng)過努力，克服困難才能最后達到的目的；purpose目的，指以毅然、審慎的態(tài)度向著一定的結(jié)果努力，或者指期望的結(jié)果本身，與其他三個詞的不同在于它著重于行為的意義或道理，而其他幾個詞均單純著重于目標本身。(3)n.效果固定搭配：onpurpose故意，有意

Icamehereonpurposetoseeyou.e.g.:Ibelieveitwasn’tanaccident.Ithinkhedidit_____.[A]onintention[B]onpurpose[C]bymeans[D]bydetermination[辨析]選[B]。onpurpose為固定搭配，意為“故意，有意”，故選之。performance:(1)n.演出，表演(2)n.履行，執(zhí)行(3)n.工作情況，表現(xiàn)，（機器等）工作性能Thereisanafternoonperformanceinthecityhall.Soldersareverycarefulintheirperformanceofthecommand.e.g.:Thestudents’____inclassshouldbetakenintoaccountwhentheirfinalscoresarecalculated.[A]action[B]behavior[C]performance[D]task[辨析]選[D]。action意為“行動”；task意為“任務(wù)”；behavior意為“行為舉止”，此處均不合題意。case:(1)n.事例，實例(2)n.情況，事實ThemantalkedofthebadcaseofstarvingchildreninIndia.e.g.:Isit____thatyou’velostyourpassport?[A]thecase[B]incase[C]caseof[D]incaseof[辨析]選[A]。case在此意為“情況，事實”。(6)n.手提箱WhenmyflightwascalledIreachedformycaseandleft.(3)n.病例(4)n.案件(5)n.箱，盒，套Thisisacaseoffever.Iknowhe’slosthiscaseandIshouldsayhe’llgobankrupt.Thedriving-licensewaskeptinaplasticcase.固定搭配：(1)acaseinpoint有關(guān)的事例，例證AcaseinpointisthewatercontrolprojectnorthoftheHanRiver(2)inanycase無論如何，不管怎樣Inanycase,catchthetraintomorrow.(3)incase假使，以防(萬一)Takeyourcoatincaseitrains/itshouldrain.e.g.:Iwasadvisedtoarrangeforinsurance____Ineededmedicaltreatment.[A]nevertheless[B]although[C]incase[D]sothat[辨析]根據(jù)題意，只有[C]incase(以防)符合原句。(4)incaseof

a.假如，如果發(fā)生“Incaseoffire,breaktheglass.”

b.防備e.g.:We’dbetterinsurethehouse_____fire.[A]inthecaseof[B]incaseof[C]inanycase[D]innocase[辨析]選[B]。inthecaseof假如；incaseof防備；inanycase無論如何；innocase決不(5)innocase無論如何不，決不(invertedorder)Innocaseareyoutoleaveyourpost.schedule:(1)n.時刻表，日程安排表Ineedatrainschedule.

清單，明細表Retailershaveseveralpriceschedules.(2)vt.安排，排定Theairlinescheduledadditionalflightsbecauseoftheholidays.固定搭配：(1)Aheadofschedule提前(2)onschedule按時間表，及時，準時Ouraircraftarrivedonschedule.零售商commit:(1)vt.犯(錯誤、罪行等)，干（蠢事、壞事等）(2)vt.(oneself)使承擔義務(wù)，使承諾(3)vt.(to)把……托付給，把……置于

TheyhavecommittedmanyhorriblecrimesagainstoftheAmericanpeople.

Ihavecommittedmyselftohelpinghim.Hecommittedthepaperstothecareofthelawyer.[辨析]選[A]。commit這里是“把……置于”的意思；而“switch”指變換，轉(zhuǎn)移（話題等）；“transmit”指“傳送，輸送”；“favor”指“便于”，也不合題意。e.g.:Don’t____yourpromisestopaperifyou’renotcertainyoucankeepthem.[A]commit[B]switch[C]favor[D]transmit

(4)vt.調(diào)撥……供使用，拔出We’recommittingmoneytothetaskofturningthesunintoenergy.normal:(1)adj.正常的，平常的(2)adj.正規(guī)的，規(guī)范的e.g.:Histemperaturewastwodegreesabove_____.[A]normal[B]regular[C]average[D]ordinary[辨析]選[A]。

只有“normal”表示“正常的”?！癮verage”可以與“above”連用，指“高于平均水平”，不合題意。Normalpronunciationisveryimportantforalanguageteacher.occupy:(1)vt.占，占用，占領(lǐng)(2)vt.使忙碌，使從事Hisbooksoccupyalotofspace.e.g.:Women__thelowestpositionsintheteachingprofession.[A]ranked[B]occupied[C]arranged[D]classified[辨析]選[B]。occupy指“占”，而rank指“位于某一等級”，不能與positions;classify指“把……分類”；arrange指“安排”，均與題意不符Heoccupiedhimselfin/withcollectingstamps.enable:vt.使能夠，使可能，使可行Thisbird’slargewingsenableittoflyveryfast.e.g.:Computers____peopletodoworkveryfast.[A]enable[B]force[C]make[D]request[辨析]選[A]?！癿ake”后接不加to不定式，故不對；“force”指迫使；“request”指要求，均與題意不符。adequate:adj.充足的，足夠的Wetookadequatefoodfortheshortholiday.e.g.:Thequalityoftheproductisquite____forlocalpurposes.[A]enough[B]sufficient[C]abundant[D]adequate[辨析]選[D]。adequate“足夠的”“充分的”，指僅夠滿足一種需要，沒有任何富余。達到要求，該詞比sufficient或enough的實用范圍廣一些。其后可用介詞to或不定式或for介詞短語。enough“足夠的”，“充分的”，該詞常用在它所修飾的詞后面，強調(diào)數(shù)量足夠；sufficient“足夠的”，“充分的”，指滿足物質(zhì)或精神方面的需求；abundant指數(shù)量多或充足有余。fillin:(1)填滿e.g.:Thelittlechildisfillingthehole_____withearth.[A]out[B]up[C]in[D]for[辨析]選[C]。fillout可以指填寫或使膨脹擴大；fillup可以表示裝滿，通常用法為fillupsth.;fillin符合題意；fillfor替代。[辨析]選[B]。fillin和fillout都可以指填寫，但是填空只能用fillin;fixup多指修理，整理，而fixon表示確定，決定。(3)~(for)替代TheteacherwassickandMissJonesfilledinforher.(2)填寫e.g.:Youarerequiredto_____allblanksclearly.[A]fillout[B]fillin[C]fixup[D]fixondecideon:Haveyoudecidedonwheretocamp?決定setaside:(1)留出，拔出(時間、金錢)等e.g.:Haveyou____somemoneyforpossibleemergency?[A]setdown[B]setout[C]setup[D]setaside[辨析]選[A]。[B]回頭看；[C]尋找，招來；[D]看，看待，考慮

。

(2)察看，參觀e.g.:He____severalkindsofnewcars