儀表等級飛行員理論培訓stage1-103GYROS-COMPASS

PRINCIPLESOFINSTRUMENTFLIGHTFlightInstrumentSystemsGyroscopicInstrumentsRequiredInstrumentsforIFRFlightAllrequiredforVFRFlight-plus:“GRABCARDD”91.205(d)&(e)

GeneratororalternatorRadios:Two-wayCommunicationANDnavigationequipmentappropriatetofacilitiesusedAltimeter(adjustable)Ball(slip&skidindicator)ClockAttitudeIndicatorRateofturnindicatorDirectionalgyroDMEat&aboveFL240Equipmenttests&inspectionsrequiredforIFR

AirworthinessDirectives(recurring/one-time)VOR(preceding30days)Inspections(Annual/100hourifforhire)Altimeter(preceding24calendarmonthsTransponder(preceding24calendarmonths)ELT(preceding12calendarmonths)Staticsystem(preceding24calendarmo.)GyroscopicFlightInstrumentsAttitudeIndicator-HeadingIndicator-TurnCoordinatorFlightInstrumentSystemsVacuumSystemAttitudeIndicator&HeadingIndicatorElectricalSystemTurnCoordinatorServesasbackupincaseofvacuumsystemfailureVacuumSystemVACUUMSYSTEMGyroscopicPrinciplesRigidityinSpacePrecessionRigidityinSpaceAwheelspinningrapidlytendstoremainfixedintheplaneinwhichitisspinning.GimbalsallowsthegyrotorotatefreelyinanyplaneGivesusacenterofreferencethatdoesn’tchangewithaircraftattitudeGyrostaysfixedasaircraftmovesarounditPrecessionApplyaforceonaspinninggyro,itseffectwillbefeltatthe90degreepositionintheplaneofrotation.Causedbyfriction:-ingimbals-inbearingsResultsin:-1)slowdriftinginHIand-2)occasionalsmallerrorsinAIAttitudeIndicatorShowsaircraftpitchandbankattitudeDoesNOTshowiftheaircraftisturning,climbingordescendingATTITUDEINDICATORHowanAIWorksPrincipleofoperation:-RIGIDITYINSPACEGyrospinsinhorizontalplaneonaverticalaxisMountedondualgimbalssothataircraftcanpitchandrollaroundgyroGyrostayslevelwithnaturalhorizonthereisaself-erectingmechanismactuatedbytheforceofgravityon“pendulousvanes”tokeepitlevel*(seenextslide)Theself-erectingmechanisminthegyroscopicattitudeindicatorTheforceofgravityactingonthe“pendulousvanes”allowsthegyrotoalignitselfwiththenaturalhorizonPendulousVanesSolepurposeistokeepthegyroERECT.Airexitsthegyroassemblythrough4portsatrightanglesnearthebase.Vanesopenandclosetheseportsbytheswingingeffectlikeapendulumrespondingtogravity.ResultsindifferentialthrustcausingprecessionforceswhichrightthegyrotodesiredplaneTurnsandGforcesThependulousvanesoperateasymmetricallyunder:LoadCentrifugalforceResultsinavarietyoftypicalgyroscopicprecessionerrorsErrorusuallymaxesoutafter180°turn-cancelsafter360°turnAcceleration/DecelerationErrorsExample-accelerateHorizonbarmovesdownIncorrectlyindicatesaclimb‘Confirmed’bypilot’ssomatogravicillusionResponse(“getthenosedown”)Dangerpotentialattakeofformissedapproachwhenrequiredobstacleclimbangleisn’tsufficientTumblingGyrosOlderAIindicatorscantumble.Gimbalsreachtheirlimitsresultingingyrosprecessingrapidly.TumblesawayfromdesiredplaneofrotationExceeding100°bankor60°pitch(onoldermodels)CagingdeviceswerenecessaryforacrobaticflighttopreventtumblingNewerAttitudeIndicatorsdonothavethesamelimitssonocagingHeadingIndicatorIndicatesheadingbasedona360degreeazimuthMustregularlyberesettoagreewiththemagneticcompassHowAnHIWorksVacuumpoweredGyrospinsonverticalplaneSensesrotationabouttheverticalaxisFreevs.Slavedgyrosfree,mustalignwithmagneticcompassslaved,automaticnorth-seekingHeadingIndicatorHIErrorsPrecession:CheckHIevery15minuteswithmagcompassAirplanedoesmorethanyaw,so2gimbalsneededforfreerotation.CanalsotumbleTURNCOORDINATOROperatesonprincipleof

gyroscopicprecession-ElectricallyDrivenStillusableafteravacuumfailure-Providesdirectionofturn,rateofturn,rateofroll,andQUALITYofturn

(coordinateduseofaileronandrudder)TwoTypesTurn-and-SlipIndicatorOnlyshowsrateofturnGyrorotatesinverticalplanealonga/clongitudinalaxisTurnCoordinatorIndicatesrateofturnANDrateofroll -Gyroiscanted30degreestoallowformeasuringtherollandyawoftheairplaneBothinstrumentsgiveindirectindicationofbankSlipandSkidSliprateofturnistooslowforAOBballinsideturn-(HCListoogreat)SkidrateofturnistoogreatforAOBballoutsideturn-(toomuchCentrifugalforce)

SlipSkidCoordinatedSRTStandardrateturnis3°/secAngleOfBankincreaseswithTASStandardRateAOBruleofthumb:(TAS/10)+1/2TCChecksListenforunusualnoisebeforestartingengineLookforred,warning,orOFFflagsAmmeterafterstartforpositivechargingrateInclinometerball-outsideofturnTurnneedle-withturnMagneticCompassSelfcontainedDirectionseekingSubjecttomanyCompassErrorsMagneticCompassErrorsVariationDeviationMagneticDipOscillationNortherlyTurningErrorAccelerationThesearebothduetoMagneticDipMagneticVariationDifferencebetweenTrueNorth&MagneticNorthIsogoniclines:equalvariationAgonicline:0variationDeviationMetalsandmagneticfieldsintheairplaneinterferewithnorth-seekingabilityCompensatingmagnetseliminatesomeoftheerror.Swingingthecompassadjuststhem.Leftovererrorishandledthroughacompasscorrectioncardforeachindividualairplane.MagneticDipExistsbecausecompassmagnettriestopoint3dimensionallytowardtheearth’smagneticnorthpoledeepinsidetheearth.“NortherlyTurning”and“Acceleration”errorsareduetomagneticdi