高考語法復習課件-被動語態(tài)詳解

被動語態(tài)詳解(一)語態(tài)分類英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主動)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被動)漢語中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞構成。(二)被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以give

為例，列表如下：一般現(xiàn)在時： am/is/are+given

一般過去時： was/were+given

一般將來時： shall/willbe+given

一般過去將來時： should/wouldbe+given

現(xiàn)在進行時： am/is/are+being+given

過去進行時： was/were+being+given

現(xiàn)在完成時： have/has+been+given

過去完成時： had+been+given

將來完成時： shall/will+havebeen+given

［注］被動語態(tài)沒有將來進行時和過去將來進行時。

(三)被動語態(tài)的使用1.當不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by

短語。

“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass.”(只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰弄壞的，或不想說出誰弄壞的)。2.突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by

短語。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.當漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用in+名詞作狀語，而代替by

短語。

ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.(四)主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法（1）Myaunt

invited

me

toherdinnerparty.

主語

謂語

賓語→

I

wasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.

主語

謂語

賓語（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。

2.把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的be+過去分詞，時態(tài)要與原句保持一致。

3.把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by

的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by

短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用in+地點名詞作狀語。

(五)語態(tài)轉換時所注意的問題1.把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。

Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正確)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(錯誤)

2.含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。

Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.

Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.

如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：

Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.保留賓語(六)被動語態(tài)常用的八種時態(tài)詳解1.一般現(xiàn)在時：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.一般過去時：Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.3.一般將來時：Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.4.過去將來時：Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.5.現(xiàn)在進行時：TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.6.過去進行時：—Whydidn'ttheydrivethereontime?—Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad.Becausetheroadwasbeingmended.Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.7.現(xiàn)在完成時：Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.

Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.8.過去完成時：WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.

Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.9.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim..由動詞+介詞或副詞構成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：不及物動詞+介詞，如:

agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物動詞+副詞：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather..帶復合賓語(賓語+賓補)的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結構中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.

→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.

→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to的問題。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.

→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：帶有復合賓語的句子，如果賓語補足語是名詞，變被動句時，應將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，不要誤把賓語補足語的名詞作主語。如：TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.

誤：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecalledloveapples..還有一種短語動詞由動詞+名詞+介詞構成，變被動語態(tài)有兩種形式，如下：1)Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.

Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthebook.

2)Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.

Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.

用于這類結構的短語動詞常見的有：catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。

.主動表被動用法：有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當它們和well,badly,easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：Theclothwasheseasily.這布很好洗。Thenewproductsellswell.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。Thepenwritessmoothly.這支筆寫字很流暢。

“be+過去分詞”并非都是被動語態(tài)，系動詞be,feel,seem,look等詞后面的過去分詞已轉化為形容詞，作表語用，表示某種狀態(tài)。例如：1.I’minterestedinmathematics.2.Heseemsunsatisfiedwithhiswork.3.Tomwassurprisedatthenews.

.need,want,require等動詞以及形容詞worth后面,常跟動詞-ing形式,用主動形式表達被動意義。如:Thisdictionaryiswellworthbuying..easy,difficult,hard,heavy等形容詞后面跟動詞不定式,用主動形式表被動意義,并且該不定式與句子的主語須具備邏輯上的動賓關系。如:Whatlifewillbelikeinthefutureisdifficulttopredict..下列情況主動句不能改為被動句：

1，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,itfeelsverysoft.誤：Itisfeltverysoft.Thefoodtastesdelicious.誤：Thefoodistasteddelicious.Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.誤：Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.

2，一些不及物動詞短語及不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto

rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.誤：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.

Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.誤：Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.誤：Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.

特別記住下列句型：Itishopedthat…希望……Itissupposedthat…據(jù)推測說……Itmustbepointedoutthat…必須指出…Itwillbeseenthat…由此可以看出……Itisknownthat…據(jù)說……Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知……Itisbelievedthat…有人相信……Itisthoughtthat…人們認為……

課后小練Changethefollowingsentencesintothepassivevoice:1.Allofuslikeher.2.Wearediscussingthequestion.3.Wehaveputoffthemeeting.4.Iwilldevelopmypicturenextweek.Sheislikedbyallofus.Thequestionisbeingdiscussed.Themeetinghasbeenputoff.Mypicturewillbedevelopednextweek.Fillintheblankswiththerightformofthewordsgiven:I___________(give)anewbookbymyfatheronmybirthday.English___________(find)veryuseful.3.Thework______________(finish)tomorrow.4.Theflowers______________(water)bythemnow.wasgivenisfoundwillbefinishedarebeingwateredTherailway________________(build)thistimelas