2023年人大考博英語真題及詳解

中國人民大學2023年博士碩士入學考試試題(非英語專業(yè))PartI.Directions:Choosethebestanswer(fromA,B,CandD)tocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.MarkyourchoicewithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.1.Tomdoesn’tthinkthatthesituationhereisasgoodashishometown's.A.economicsB.economicC.economyD.economical2.theincreaseinthenumberofcomputersinouroffices,theamountofpaperhatweneedhasrisenaswell.A.AlongwithB.AltogetherC.AlthoughD.Allalong3.Thefoodwasdividedaccordingtotheageandsizeofthechild.A.equallyB.individuallyC.sufficientlyD.proportionally4.Ournewfirmforacredible,aggressiveindividualwithgreatskillstofillthisposition.A.havelookedB.arelookingC.islookingD.look5.Plasticbagsareusefulforholdingmanykindsoffood,theircleanness,toughnessandlowcost.A.byvirtueofB.inadditiontoC.forthesakeofD.asopposedto6.Hehimselfbitterlyforhismiserablebehaviorthatevening.A.repealedB.resentedC.replayedD.reproached7.Manyofthefadsofthe1970sastoday'slatestfashions.A.arebeingrevivedB.isrevisedC.arerevokedD.isbeingreviled8.Alloftheinternationaldelegatesattendingtheconferencetobringasouvenirfromtheirowncountries.A.hasaskedB.isaskingC.wereaskedD.wasasking9.BritainhopesofagoldmedalintheOlympicGamessufferedyesterday,whenHunterfailedtoqualifyduringpreliminarysession.A.asevereset-backB.sharpset-backC.asevereblown-upD.sharpblown-up10.Ifyouwanttodowellontheexam,youonthedirectionsthattheprofessorgivesandtakeexactnotes.A.willhaveconcentratedB.havetoconcentrateC.willbeconcentratedD.willbeconcentrating11.Whataboutthatarticleinthenewspaperwasthatitswritershowedanattitudecoolenough,professionalenoughand,therefore,cruelenoughwhenfacingthattragedy.A.workedmeoutB.knockedmeoutC.broughtmeupD.putmeforward12.Sincehisinjurywasserious,thedoctorsuggestedthatheinthegame.A.didnotplayB.mustnotplayC.notplayD.nottoplay13.Accordingtothelatestreport,consumerconfidenceabreathtaking15pointslastmonth,toitslowestlevelintenyears.A.soaredB.mutatedC.plummetedD.fluctuated14.Ourcartrunkwithsuitcasesandwecouldhardlymakeroomforanything.A.wentcrammingB.wascrammedC.iscrammingD.wasbeencrammed15.Thesecretarydidn'tknowwhohewas,orshehimmorepolitely.A.willbetreatingB.wouldhavetreatedC.wastreatingD.wouldhavebeentreated16.Theinstructionsonhowtousethenewmachinethatnobodyseemedtobeabletounderstand.A.wereverysimplisticB.wasveryconfusedC.weresoconfusingD.wassosimplistic17.Johnplayedbasketballincollegeandactiveeversince.A.haveextremelybeenB.hasbeenextremelyC.willbeextremelyD.shouldextremelybe18.Theofthespringwaterattractsalotofvisitorsfromalloverthecountry.A.clashB.clarifyC.clarityD.clatter19.thegiftinbeautifulgreenpaper,Sarahdepartedfortheparty.A.HavingwrappedB.TowrapC.WrapD.Wrapping20.TheadvertisementforSuperSudsdetergentthatthesalehasincreasedby25%inthefirstquarteroftheyear.A.havebeensosuccessfulB.hadbeensosuccessfulC.hasbeensosuccessfulD.willbesosuccessful21.TomandAlicehavinganewcartoreplacetheiroldoneforyears.A.hasbeendreamingofB.havebeendreamingofC.hasdreamedD.willhavedreamed22.Whentheairinacertainspaceissqueezedtooccupyasmallerspace,theairissaidtobe.A.commencedB.compressedC.compromisedD.compensated23.theheavypollution,thecityofficialshavedecidedtocancelschoolfortheday.A.PriorB.BymeansofC.DuetoD.Through24.Ourbossistakingeveryonetotheballettonight,andIneedtomakesuremynewdressfortheoccasion.A.hasbeencleanedB.shouldhavebeencleanedC.isbeingcleanedD.hasbeencleaning25.Peter'smotherkepttellinghimthatinthestreetisdangerous,buthewouldnotlisten.A.playedB.willplayC.playingD.beenplaying26.Aknowledgeofhistoryustodealwiththevastrangeofproblemsconfrontingthecontemporaryworld.A.equipsB.providesC.offersD.satisfies27.Hewouldn’teventhinkofwearingclothes;theymakehimlooksoold!A.sameB.despiteC.suchD.that28.Maryfinallydecidedallthejunkshehadkeptinthegarage.A.getridB.gottenridofC.gettingridofD.togetridof29.TheteamleaderOfmountainclimbersmarkedout.A.thatseemedtobethebestrouteB.whatseemedtobethebestrouteC.whichseemedtobethebestrouteD.somethingthattobethebestroute30.TomJones,whoaroundtheworld,willcometoAsianextmonth.A.willbetouringB.havetouredC.hadbeentouringD.hasbeentouring31.Thepaintontheclown'sfacethatitscaredthechildrenhewastryingtoentertain.A.wassoexaggerationB.wereanexaggerationC.wassuchanexaggerationD.wasexaggerating32.Menoftenwaitlongertogethelpformedicalproblemsthanwomen,and,womenliveaboutsixyearslongerthanmenonanaverage.A.insteadofB.constantlyC.consequentlyD.because33.Theemphasisonexamsisbyfartheworstformofcompetitioninschools.A.negligentB.edibleC.fabulousD.disproportionate34.Thereisconflictinginformationonhowmuchironwomenneedintheirdiet.A.somuchB.somanyC.toofewD.afew35.Itmustguaranteefreedomofexpression,totheendthatalltotheflowofideasshallberemoved.A.propheciesB.transactionsC.argumentsD.hindrances36.Notuntilthe1980sinBeijingstarttofindwaystopreservehistoricbuildingsfromdestruction.A.someconcernedcitizensB.someconcerningcitizensC.didsomeconcerningcitizensD.didsomeconcernedcitizens37.Afterfailinghismid-termexams,Jeremywasfacehisparents.A.tooashamedtoB.tooembarrassingtoC.veryashamedofD.veryembarrassingto38.Mygrandmotherhasbeengoingtoabetterdentist,sothisproblemssheishavingwithherdentures.A.won'teliminateB.willbeeliminationC.shouldhavebeeneliminatedD.shouldhelpeliminate39.Hetoldastoryabouthissisterwhowasinasadwhenshewasiiiandhadnomoney.A.plightB.polarizationC.plagueD.pigment40.Duringhertwo-weekstayinBeijing,Elizabethneverachrome(chance)topracticeherChinese.A.passedbyB.passedonC.passedoutD.passedupPartII.ReadingComprehension(30%)Directions:Rendthefollowingpassagesandthenchoosethebestanswer(fromA,B,CandD)tocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.MarkyourchoicewithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.Passage1Britishfoodhasagoodreputation,butEnglishcookinghasabadone.Itisdifficulttoexplainthereasonforthis.Unfortunately,however,superbrawingredientsareoftenminedfromthekitchensothattheycometothetablewithoutanyofthenaturalflavorandgoodness.ThisbadreputationdiscouragesalotofpeoplefromeatinginanEnglishrestaurant.Iftheydogotoone,theyareusuallyfullofprejudiceagainstthefood.Itisapity,becausethereareexcellentcooksinEngland,excellentrestaurants,andexcellenthome-cooking.How,then,hasthebadreputationbeenbuiltup?PerhapsonereasonisthatBritain'sIndustrialRevolutionoccurredveryearly,inthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Asaresult,thequalityoffoodchangedtoo.ThiswasbecauseBritainstoppedbeingalargelyagriculturalcountry.Thepopulationofthetownsincreasedenormouslybetween1840and1870,andpeoplecouldnolongergrowtheirownfood,orbuyitfreshfromafarm.Hugequantitiesoffoodhadtobetakentothetowns,andalotofitlostitsfreshnessontheway.Thislackoffreshnesswasdisguisedby"dressingup"thefood.TherichmiddleclassesatelongelaboratemealswhichwerecookedforthembyFrenchchefs.Frenchbecame,andhasremained,theofficiallanguageofthediningroom.Out-of-seasondelicacieswereservedinspiteoftheirexpense,fortherewerealargenumberofextremelywealthypeoplewhowantedtoestablishthemselvessocially.The"look"ofthefoodwasmoreimportantthanitstaste.Inthe1930s,thesupplyofservantbegantodecrease.Peoplestilltriedtoproducecomplicateddishes,however,buttheyeconomizedonthepreparationtime.TheSecondWorldWarmadethingsevenworsebymakingrawingredientsextremelyscarce.Asaresult,thereweremanywomenwhoneverhadtheopportunitytochooseapieceofmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher'sshop,butwerecontentandgratefultoacceptanythingthatwasofferedtothem.FoodrationingcontinuedinBritainuntiltheearly1950s.Itwasonlyafterthishadstopped,andbutter,eggsandcreambecamemoreplentiful,anditwaspossibletotravelabroadagainandtasteotherwaysofpreparingfood,thattheEnglishdifferencetoeatingbecamereplacedbyanewenthusiasmforit.41.Accordingtotheauthor,itisdifficulttoexplain.A.whyexcellentingredientsarespoiledintheprocessofcookingB.whypeopledonotlikeEnglishcookingC.whyBritishfoodoftenhasanaturalflavorD.whypeoplepreferhome-cookingtoreadymadefood42.ThenegativeeffectofBritain'sIndustrialRevolutiononEnglishcookingisthat.A.thepopulationinthecountrysidedecreaseddramaticallyB.peoplenolongergrewtheirownfoodontheirownfarmsC.thefreshnessoffoodwaslostonthewaytothecitiesD.Britainwasnolongeranagriculturalcountry43.AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,.A.moreattentionwasgiventothelookofthefoodB.FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageinEnglishrestaurantsC.alargenumberofextremelywealthypeopleateinFrenchrestaurantsD.out-of-seasondelicaciesbecameveryexpensive44.TheSecondWorldWarworsenedtheproblembecause.A.therewasanincreasingdemandforservantsB.therewasalackofrawingredientsupplyC.manywomenrefusedtochoosemeatfrombutcher'sshopsD.FrenchchefsdominatedEnglishrestaurants45.AnewenthusiasmforeatingemergedinBritain.A.whenmanywomenfinallyhadtheopportunitytopurchasefreshmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher'sshopB.whenbutter,eggsandcreambecameavailableC.whenpeoplestartedtravelingtoothercitiesD.aftertheearly1950sPassage2InhistypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunication,Mr.HayesconfrontedIsabetaaboutnotlookingathim.Reluctantly,sheexplainedwhy.AsanewcomerfromMexico,shehadbeentaughttoavoideyecontactasamarkofrespecttoauthorityfigures,teachers,employers,parents.Mr.Hayesdidnotknowthis.HetheninformedherthatmostAmericansinterpretlackofeyecontactasdisrespectanddeviousness.Ultimately,heconvincedIsabelatotryandchangeherhabit,whichsheslowlydid.PeoplefrommanyAsian,LatinAmerican,andCaribbeanculturesalsoavoideyecontactasasignofrespect.ManyAfricanAmericans,especiallyfromtheSouth,observethiscustom,too.Amaster'sthesisbySamuelAvoian,agraduatestudentatCentralHereportsthat,whenspeaking,whitecommunicatorsusuallylookawayfromthelistener,onlyperiodicallyglancingatthem.Theydotheoppositewhenlisteningtheyareexpectedtolookatthespeakerallthetime.ManyAfricanAmericanscommunicateinanoppositeway.Whenspeaking,theytendtoconstantlystareatthelistener;whenlistening,theymostlylookaway.Therefore,ifwhitesportsrecruitersarenotinformedaboutthesesignificantdifferences,theycanbemisledaboutinterestandattentivenesswheninterviewingprospectiveAfricanAmericanballplayers.InmulticulturalAmerica,issuesof'Eyecontacthavebroughtaboutsocialconflictsoftwodifferentkindsinmanyurbancenters,non-KoreancustomersbecameangrywhenKoreanshopkeepersdidnotlookatthemdirectly.Thecustomerstranslatedthelackofeyecontactasasignofdisrespect,ahabitblamedforcontributingtotheopenconfrontationrakingplacebetweensomeAsiansandAfricanAmericansinNewYork,Texas,andCalifornia.ManyteacherstoohaveprovidedstoriesaboutclassroomconflictsbasedontheirmisunderstandingAsianandLatinAmericanchildrenlackofeyecontactasbeingdisrespectful.Ontheotherhand,directeyecontacthasnowtakenonanewmeaningamongtheyoungergenerationandacrossethnicborders.Particularlyinurbancenters,whenoneteenagerlooksdirectlyatanother,thisisconsideredaprovocation,sometimescalledmad-dogging,andcanleadtophysicalconflict.Mad-dogginghasbecomethesourceofmanycampusconflicts.Inonehighschool,itresultedinafightbetweenCambodiannewcomersandAfrican-Americanstudents.TheCambodianshadbeenstaringattheotherstudentsmerelytolearnhowAmericansbehave,yettheothersmisinterpretedtheCambodians'intentionsandthefightbegan.Mad-doggingseemstobeconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontactasasignofrespect.Thus,intheurbancontemporaryyouthscene,ifonelooksdirectlyatanother,thisdisrespects,or"disses,"thatperson.Muchlikethearchaicphrase"Idemandsatisfaction,"whichbecametheoverturetoaduel,mad-doggingmaybecomeapreludetoaphysicalencounter.AttheentrancestoUniversalStudio's"CityWalk"attractioninLosAngeles,theyhavepostedCodeofConductsigns.Thesecondrulewarnsagainst"physicallyoverballythreateninganyperson,fighting,annoyingothersthroughnoisyorboisterousactivitiesorbyunnecessarystaring..."46.ManyAfricanAmericansfromtheSouth.A.adoptatypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunicationB.oftenmisinterpretthemeaningofeyecontactC.avoideyecontactasasignofrespectD.aretaughttoavoideyecontactwhenevertellingtotheothers47.Whenlisteningtotheothers,whitecommunicatorstendto.A.lookatthespeakerallthetimeB.glanceatthespeakerperiodicallyC.lookawayfromthespeakerD.stareatthespeaker48.ManycustomersinAmericancitiesareangrywithKoreanshopkeepersbecause.A.KoreanshopkeepersdonotlookatthemdirectlyB.theyexpectamoreenthusiasticreflectionfromtheshopkeepersC.therearesomesocialconflictsinmanyurbancentersD.theyarenotinformedaboutdifferencebetweencultures49.Mad-doggingrefersto.A.aprovocationfromoneteenagertoanotherofadifferentethnicbackgroundB.physicalconflictamongtheyoungergenerationinurbancentersC.alackofeyecontactasasignofrespectD.thesourceofmanycampusconflictsacrossethnicbordersinurbancenters50.Thearchaicphrase,"Idemandsatisfaction".A.wasconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontactB.oftenledtoafightC.wasasignofdisrespectD.oftenresultedinsomekindofmisinterpretationPassage3Whentelevisionisgood,nothing--notthetheatre,notthemagazines,ornewspapers--nothingisbetter.Butwhentelevisionisbad,nothingisworse.Iinviteyoutositdowninfrontofyourtelevisionsetwhenyourstationgoesontheairandstaytherewithoutabook,magazine,newspaper,oranythingelsetodistractyouandkeepyoureyesgluedtothatsetuntilthestationsignsoff.Icanassureyouthatyouwillobserveavastwasteland.Youwillseeaprocessionofgameshows,violence,audienceparticipationshows,formulacomediesabouttotallyunbelievablefamilies,bloodandthunder,mayhem,moreviolence,sadism,murder,Westernbadmen,Westerngoodmen,privateeyes,gangster,stillmoreviolence,andcartoons.Andendlessly,commercialsthatscreamandoffend.Andmostofall,boredom.True,youwillseeafewthingsyouwillenjoy.Buttheywillbevery,veryfew.AndifyouthinkIexaggerate,tryit.Istherenoroomontelevisiontoteach,toinform,touplift,tostretch,toenlargethecapacitiesofourchildren?Istherenoroomforprogramstodeepenthechildren'sunderstandingofchildreninotherlands7Istherenoroomforachildren'snewsshowexplainingsomethingabouttheworldforthemattheirlevelofunderstanding?Istherenoroomforreadingthegreatliteratureofthepast,teachingthemthegreattraditionsoffreedom?Therearesomefinechildren'sshows,buttheyaredrownedoutinthemassivedosesofcartoons,violence,andmoreviolence.Mustthesebeyourtrademarks?Searchyourconscienceandseewhetheryoucannotoffermoretoyouryoungchildrenwhosefutureyouguardsomanyhourseachandeveryday.Therearemanypeopleinthisgreatcountry,andyoumustserveallofus.Youwillgetnoargumentfrommeifyousaythat,givenachoicebetweenaWesternandasymphony,morepeoplewillwatchtheWestern.IlikeWesternsandprivateeyes,too,butasteadydietforthewholecountryisobviouslynotinthepublicinterest.Weallknowthatpeoplewouldmoreoftenprefertobeentertainedthanstimulatedorinformed.Butyourobligationsarenotsatisfiedifyoulookonlytopopularityasatestofwhattobroadcast.Youarenotonlyinshowbusiness;youarefreetocommunicateideasaswellastogiverelaxation.Youmustprovideawiderrangeofchoices,morediversity,morealternatives.Itisnotenoughtocatertothenation'swhims--youmustalsoservethenation'sneeds.Thepeopleowntheair.Theyownitasmuchinprimeeveningtimeastheydoatsixo'clockinthemorning.Foreveryhourthatthepeoplegiveyou--youowethemsomething.Iintendtoseethatyourdebtispaidwithservice.51.Whattheauthoradvisesusto-doistoA.readabookwhilewatchingtelevisionprograms.B.observeavastwastelandontelevisionC.watchalltheprogramsofourtelevisionstationD.findoutwhytelevisionisgood52.Whatseemstohaveoffendedtheauthormostontelevisionis.A.violenceB.commercialsC.WesternsD.privateeyes53.Asfaraschildrenareconcerned,theauthor'schiefcomplaintisthat.A.cartoonsandviolencehavebecometrademarksB.thereisnochildren'snewsshowontelevisionC.thereisnoreadingofgreatliteratureforchildrenD.therearenotenoughgoodtelevisionprogramsforchildren54.Accordingtotheauthor,itisinthepublicinterestto.A.broadcastonlypopulartelevisionprogramsB.caterfortheneedsofallthepeopleC.broadcastbothWesternsandsymphoniesD.entertainpeopleonly55.Itistheobligationoftelevisionbusinessto.A.catertothenation'swhimsB.providebestprogramsinprimeeveningfreeC.broadcastnewsprograms,atsixinthemorningD.servethenation'sneedsallthetimePassage4SomeofmyclassmatesinthesamedormestablishedachattinggroupontheNetwhenbroadbandwasavailableoncampus.Theneveryonefacedtheirownlaptopsandtalkedtoeachotherbysendingmessagesinthechattinggroupinthesameroom.TheirdormwassilentthewholenightTheonlysoundcamefromtappingthekeyboard.Beforetheywenttobedthatnight,allofthemsighedandsaid,"that'sridiculous."InformationTechnologybringsaboutrevolutionarychangestohumancommunication.TheInternetmakestheworldglobalvillage;thatistosay,wecangetintouchwitheachotherswiftlyregardlessofone'slocation.However,doestheconvenienceincommunicationmeanthatweareactuallygettingcloser?Idon'tthinkso.Astheanecdoteaboveshows,accesstobroadbandmademyfellowclassmatesfallinsilence.TheCambridgeInternationalDictionarydefines"communication"as"variousmethodsofsendinginformationbetweenpeopleandplaces,"whileitdefines"communicate"as"tobeabletounderstandeachotherandhaveasatisfactoryrelationship."Therefore,theboomingofITinmodemsocietyisonlytheboomingofcommunication.Exchangingideasandmutualunderstandingbetweenpeopledonotbaseonsuchbooming.Onthecontrary,duetotherevolutionarychanges,we'regettingfartherfromeachothertosomeextent.Mutualunderstandingisbasedonexpression.However,expressiondoesn'tnecessarilyleadtosoultouchingcommunicationandunderstanding.Whenwewafflewithamereacquaintance,wenormallyconcealourtruefeelings.Thus,wedon'testablishcommunicationwithhim,becausewedonotneedhimtounderstandus.TheeraofcyberspacefurtherdemonstratessuchseparationofformandcontentTheInternetgivesusnearlyabsolutefreedomtospeakandexpressourselves.Withtheprosperityofblog,thereare,accordingtorecentstatistics,about400,000bloggersinChinatoday.BloggersexpressthemselvesontheNetattheirwill,whileothersreadtheirblogandgivecommentsonceforawhile.Itseemsthatblogcanmakeustouchuponthebloggers'insideworld,andmakeusknowthembetter.However,thingsarenotalwaysthatperfect.Manynetizensareabusingtheirrightoffreeexpression.OnceyouopentheExplorerandbrowseawebsite,trashinformationaboutsexandviolencehitsoureyes.PeoplescoldandflirtinthechatroomandBulletinBoardSystem(BBS).Whenblogcomesintobeing,netizenseventransfersuchvulgarityintotheirpersonalspaces,andshowittothepublic.IntheeraoftheInformationTechnologyboom,thefarthestdistanceonearthisnolongerthepolardistance.Thenegativeimpactsbroughtaboutbycyberspacehaveimposedanunfilledgulfbetweensouls.Sincewecannotcommunicatetoeachotherlikebefore,thedistancebetweenpeople'sheartshasbecomethefarthestdistanceonearth.56.Themostridiculouspartoftheanecdoteisthat.A.therewasadeadsilenceinthedormroomthewholenightB.theonlysoundcamefromtappingthekeyboardC.thoselivinginthesameroomcommunicatedbysendingmessagesviatheNetD.theyallfacedtheirownlaptops57.Accordingtotheauthor,InformationTechnology.A.bringspeopleclosertoeachotherB.resultsinsilenceamongherfellowclassmatesC.enablesustoreachanyoneswiftlyD.helpstomaketheworldaglobalvillage58.TheauthorbelievesthattheboomingofITinmodernsociety.A.encouragestheexchangeofideasandthemutualunderstandingbetweenpeopleB.leadstosoultouchingcommunicationandunderstandingC.helpstoestablishasatisfactoryrelationshipD.resultsinfurtherseparationbetweenpeople59.Theprosperityofblogdoesnothelpustotoucheachotherbecause.A.manypeopleabusetheirrightoffreeexpressionontheNetB.vulgarityhasbeentransferredintobloggers'personalspacesC.bloggersexpressthemselvesontheNetattheirwillD.anyoneisabletoreadblogandgivecomments60.TheauthorbelievesthatintheeraoftheInformationTechnologyboomthedistancebetweenpeople'sheartshasbecomethefarthestdistanceonearthbecause.A.thereisalwaysasilenceB.peoplearcnotabletocommunicatetoeachothertikebeforeC.theInternetgivesusnearlyabsolutefreedomtoexpresscan,selvesD.peoplecanscoldandflirtinthechatroomatwillPassage5AccordingtoarecentpublicationoftheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission,atthepresentrateofprogress,itwilltakeforty-threeyearstoendjobdiscrimination--hardlyareasonabletimetable.Ifourgoaliseducationalandeconomicequityandparity,itisthenweneedaffirmativeactiontocatchup.Wearebehindasaresultofdiscriminationanddenialofopportunity.Thereisonewhiteattorneyforevery680whites,butonlyoneblackattorneyforevery4,000blacks;onewhitephysicianforevery659whites,butonlyoneblackphysicianforevery5,000blacks;andonewhitedentistforevery1,900whites,butonlyoneblackdentistforevery8,400blacks.Lessthan!percentofallengineersor-ofallpracticingchemistsisblack.Cruelanduncompassionateinjusticecreatedgapslikethese.Weneedcreativejusticeandcompassiontohelpusclosethem.Actually,intheU.S.context,"reversediscrimination"isillogicalandacontradictioninterms.Neverinthehistoryofmankindhasamajority,withpower,engagedinprogramsandwrittenlawsthatdiscriminateagainstitself.Theonlythingwhitesaregivingupbecauseofaffirmativeactionisunfairadvantagesomethingthatwasunnecessaryinthefirstplace.Blacksarenotmakingprogressattheexpenseofwhites,asnewsaccountsmakeitseem.Thereare49percentmorewhitesinmedicalschooltodayand64percentmorewhitesinlawschoolthantherewerewhenaffirmativeactionprogramsbegansomeeightyearsago.Inarecentcolumn,WilliamRaspberryraisedaninterestingquestion.CommentingontheBakkecase,heasked,"Whatif,insteadofsettingaside16of100slots,weadded16slotstothe1007"That,hesuggested,wouldnotinterferewithwhatwhitesalreadyhave.Hethenwentontopointoutthatthis,infact,isexactlywhathashappenedinlawandmedicalschools.In1968,theyearbeforeaffirmativeactionprogramsbegantogetunderway,9,571whitesand282membersofminoritygroupsenteredU.S.medicalschools.In1976,thefigureswere14,213and1,400respectively.Thus,underaffirmativeaction,thenumberof"whiteplaces"actuallyroseby49percent;whiteaccesstomedicaltrainingwasnotdiminished,butsubstantiallyincreased.ThetrendwasevenmoremarkedinJawschools.In1969,thefirstyearforwhichreliablefiguresareavailable,2,933minority-groupmemberswereenrolled;in1976,thenumberwasupto8,484.Butduringthesameperiod,lawschoolenrollmentforwhitesrosefrom65,453to107,064anincreaseof64percent.Inshort,itisamyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense.AllanBakkedidnotreallychallengepreferentialtreatmentingeneral,forhemadenochallengetothepreferentialtreatmentaccordedtothechildrenoftherich,thealumniandthefacultyortoathletesortheverytalentedonlytominorities.61.Theauthorisforaffirmativeaction.A.becausethereisdiscriminationanddenialofopportunityintheU.S.B.ifweaimateducationalandeconomicequityandparityC.becauseitwilltake43yearstoendjobdiscriminationD.whenthereisnoreasonabletimetableintheU.S.62.Itrequirestoclosethegapsbetweenthewhites