國(guó)外精美的魚類魚病學(xué)

I.CopepodparasitesArgulusExternal,fishliceprimarilyapondproblemvisible,flat,moveabout2suckingdisksforattachmentPierceskinwithmouthpieceandfeedonblood.Largenumbervs.smallnumberSecondaryinfectionsoccurLerneaSlendercopepodswithanchorattachment(5-22mm)anchorcausestissuedamageSecondaryinfectionLerneaEasilyidentifiedPrimarilywarmwaterfishEggsacsareveryobviousErgasilusExternalSmall(1.5-2.5mm)GillparasiteManyfishspeciesOnlyfemalesonfishClawlikeclaspers1millioneggsyearlive1yearActheresambloplitisExternalCommononcatfishGillparasiteAttachbyleglikestructuresEggsacsEspeciallybadonlarvalfishII.TrematodeparasitesGyrodactylusExternal,visibleMonogenetic(completelifecycleonfish)Liveyoung-movereadilyNoeyespotsHaptorwith1largepairofhooksand16hookletsSkinirritationbutalsoongillsandfinsSignsarelistlessness,frayedfins,flashing,fungusHeaviestinwinterandspringDactylogyrusMonogeneticLayeggsinwater(notasexplosiveasGyro)4eyespots1pairhooks,16hookletsDactylogyrusPrimarilyagillparasiteSocausegilldamageandsymptomscanbemistakenforO2problemorothergillinfectionsPrimarilywarmwater,especiallycyprinidsCleidodicusExternal,monogenticEyespots4largeanchorhooksLayeggsOngillsisproblemSymptomslookslikeO2problemWarmwaterfish,especiallycatfishDigenetictrematodesQuiteanumberareproblemsSomeinternal,someexternalRequiremorethan1animalhostSanquinicolainsalmonidsbloodflukesnailsareintermediatesDigenetictrematodesVarioustypesofyellowandblackgrubscommoninwildbutinpondsalsoaestheticproblemonlydon'tknowwhynotintextsnail-fish-birdcycleIII.ProtozoaI.multifilisLargeciliatedprotozoanPrimarilywwfishesbutsomecwWhitecolorwithlargehorseshoeshapednucleusFlash,twitch,flagHeavilyinfestedfisharelethargicSkin,gills,fins-penetrateskinsonotexactlyexternalCanbeexplosivesince1,000ormorefromoneAt70-75olifecycleonly3-4daysOnlyfreeswimmingvulnerableI.multifilisChilodonellaExternalNumerousspeciesSmall,oval,colorless,ciliate(faintbands)Skin,fins,gillsBothwarmandcoldbutprimarilywarmandundercrowdedcond.Signs--listless,offfeed,flashing,lieonsideEasytocontrolChilodonellaAmbiphryaSeveralspeciesSmallurn-shapedciliateRingofciliaattopendandbandofciliainmiddleSkin,gills,finsofsalmonidsandwarmwaterfish-particularlybadonbassandcatfish-youngUsuallyharmless,butifalotthescopola(attachmentorganism)smothersgills.Signs--piping,maylooklikebacterialgilldisease,reddenskin&gills,listlessEasytocontrolatthistimeEpistylisStalkedciliatesUsuallyonskinbutalsogillsAlsoeggs(fuzzysocanconfusewithfungus)Trout,walleyes,catfish,othersSignsflashingsecondaryinfectionEpistylisTrichodinaExternalCiliate-manyspeciesSaucershaped,rowsofcilia,especiallyonmargin.Skin,fins,gills,activitySigns--flashing,tatteredappearanceoffins,whiteirregularblotchessecondarybacterialproblemsHexamitasalmonisOctomitus,internalTinyflagellateColorless(muststain),pearshaped-8flagellaSalmonandtroutintestinesIrritategutlining,irregularswimming,yellowintestinalfluidSomequestionitsstatusasapathogen.Apparentlymoreofaproblemwhennon-preparedfoodsfedIchtyobodoCostia,externalFlagellate,small,pearshaped,flickeringflameAcouplespeciesTrout,salmon,wwfishespeciallybadontroutfingerlingsandcatfishIchtyobodoSignslightbluish-grayishfilmloseappetiteflashcrowdbottom-listlesshavetoexaminemicroscopicallyHenneguyaInternalFrommanyspecieswarmandcoldwaterAmyxosporideanEncystsintissueMuscledamage,butsomestagesongillssoNocontrolCeratomyxashastaInternalmyxosporidianSalmonidsHascausedmanyepizooticsof100%mortalityIntestineandgallbladder,spleen,liver,andkidneySignsventareaswellingdistendedabdomenearlyarelistless,offfood,seekslackwaterfishmaydarkenNotreatment-transmissionmethodunknownMyxosomacerebralisInternalmyxosporidianprotozoanTwistedspinesanddeformedbacksSalmonidsWhirlingortailchasingisasign"calledwhirlingdisease"Survivorsoftendeformedandhave"Blacktail"(lossofchromatophorecontrol)NoknowncontrolmethodexceptpreventionReallyaprobleminyoungfishPlistophoraInternalSeveralspeciesSmall(3-6microns)beanshapedTroutgills,goldenshinerovaries(reducesfecundity)NocontrolPlistophoraCryptobiaborreliFlagellateVarietyoffishesincludingsalmonidsAbloodparasite,affectskidneyfunctionSignsanemicpopeye(exophthalmic)fluidinbodycavityNotreatmentIV.FungaldiseaseFungaldiseasePervasiveNumerousspeciesincludingSaprolegniaFishandeggsWarm,cool,coldAppearsasawhitecottonygrowthoneggsonfishiswhitetobrownishpatchesonvariousbodyareasAnydamagetobodysurfacecanopenway,spawning,netting,handlingControlbysanitation,orchemicals,forothersnocontrolOftenprophylactictypetreatmentofeggsSaprolegniaV.BacterialdiseaseFurunculosisAeromonassalmonicida--SalmonidsCausemusclelesionsCanenterthroughscratchordigestivetractBacteriaproducesatoxinSignsblistersorpatches-bluish-redorpurplehemorrhagesatfinbasesorfrayeddorsalfinsacutelesionsShortincubationFurunculosisPseudomonusAlsocalledfinrotSignssuperficialgrayish-redskinulcersdropsypopeyeinflamedfinsManyfishesaffected-frogsalsoMuchdifferentthanfinrotWarmandcoldVarietyofsymptomsCytophagapsychrophiliaexternalUsuallycalledpedunclediseaseAlowwatertemp.diseaseSignsdarkeninglesionsonpeduncleornearpectoralfinsWorstonyoungfishCanresultintotalerosionofcaudalareaPrimarilyaproblemin40-50oFrangeYersiniarucheriCausesentericredmouthdiseaseinsalmonidsInflammationanderosionofjawsandpalateMaykillmoreRBTthananyotherbacterialagentSignsblack,popeyelethargic,driftatsurfacemouthandtongueinflamed,underbellywithspottyhemorrhagesdeadfishwithdropsyfinsocketshemorrhaged,inheavilyinfectedfish-gillbleedingEspeciallyaprobleminintermountainwestandstillgrowingWorstinhotsummermonthsBacterialGillDiseaseexternalCalledGDoftenSalmonidsandwarmwater(butprimarilysalmonid)SuperficialinfectionofgillepitheliumByanundecidedbacteria,probablyrelatedtocolumnarisdiseasecausativeagentBacterialGillDiseaseAbove56obecomesmoreofaproblemFishcan'tgetridofCO2andammoniaorgetO2OftensecondaryfungalinfectionSignslethargic,offfood,pipe,"ridehigh"whitenedgilltips,excessmucousWorseinfingerlingsFlexibactercolumnarisexternalandinternalColumnarisdiseaseThroughskinandgills,especiallyifscratchedSeldomaproblembelow55oFworseat65oFPrimarilysalmonidsandcatfishSignsgrayishwhitebodylesionswithbrightyellowslimecommononheadandmouthinternalalsoHemophiluspisciuminternalUlcerdiseaseUlcersorsoresonsurfaceoffishandworkinwardResemblesfurunculosisbutoppositesoresworkinbutinfurunculosisworkoutCircularsoresSalmonidsprimarilyTuberculosisRelatedtohumantuberculosisbacteriumSalmonidsAlmostnoproblemnowsincedon'tfeedfishvisceraproductsExternalandinternallesionskidney,spleen,liver,digestivetractTuberculosisVibrioanguillaruminternalCalledVibriosisManyfishPrimarilyaproblemofmarineculturedfishSignsofffeedlethargicerraticswimming,spinningbloodydischargefromventinternalRenibacteriumsalmoninariuminternalCauseskidneydiseaseSalmonidproblemKidneylesionsbutcandevelopintomusculaturefluidinbodycavity,dropsyReallyalotnotknownaboutthisandisarealproblemVI.ViraldiseasesInfectiousPancreaticNecrosis(IPN)Salmonids,NA&EuropeHighfingerlinglossOver6in.arecarriersSignsdeathrateupforhealthylookingfishinfactsomeofbestlookingdiefirstsomespiralandrolltailchasing,darkening,popeye,dropsyinternalalsoAsmallpathogenJuneandJulyworstmonthsV