2019年1月19日雅思考試-19機(jī)經(jīng)預(yù)測

2019117日+19思考試預(yù)*滬江留學(xué)教研 前雅思考試經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)舊題，機(jī)經(jīng)可以通過還原舊題讓考生接觸到秘而不宣的，備考價(jià)值極高。在決定編寫滬江機(jī)經(jīng)之初，我們就不停的問自己：市滬江機(jī)經(jīng)有什么不同？滬江雅思機(jī)經(jīng)，我們題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)，就是要把預(yù)測做的更準(zhǔn)更精滬江雅思機(jī)經(jīng)，我們不僅提供完整題目，還會(huì)給解析給范文給重點(diǎn)詞句；滬江雅思機(jī)經(jīng)，我們的資深教研團(tuán)隊(duì)用心編寫高分口寫范文，質(zhì)量保證靠譜。滬江機(jī)經(jīng)要怎么用？遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，我們強(qiáng)烈建議各位烤鴨，進(jìn)行限時(shí)?？?，閱讀和總結(jié)錯(cuò)題原希望我們用心做出的滬江機(jī)經(jīng)能夠幫助廣大烤鴨早 【口語】以下為本場考試部分新題解析：PartHowoftendoyoubuy參考答案：Notveryoften.Ibuyshoesonlywhenit'snecessary.ForexampleifIgoforanexcursion,I'llbuysometrainers.Haveyoueverboughtshoes參考答案：Yes.Actuallymostofmyshoeswereboughtonline.It'ssoconvenientthatIdon'thavetogototheshop.AndifIfindtheshoesdon'tfitmewell,IcansimplyreturnDoyouknowanyonewholikestobuyalotof參考答案：Mysisterdefiniy.She'sgotalargeshoecabinetandtherearetonsofshoesinit.Mostofthemlookthesametome.Ijustdon'tknowwhyshelikestobuysomanysimilarshoes.What'syourfavoritetypeof參考答案：I'llgoforsportsshoesastheyarecozyandtrendy.I'llwearleathershoesaswellifIhavetoattendsomeformaloccasions.Butafterallsportsshoesaremyfavourite.Part2

Part2&DescribeafilmorTVprogramthatmadeyouWhattheprogramisWhenyouwatcheditWhoyouwatcheditwithWhyitmadeyou提示本題需要描述搞笑的或電視?？梢灾v一部，電視劇或綜藝。但要注意不要陷入，簡明扼要概括內(nèi)容，講清楚為什么讓你發(fā)笑?？梢允怯械氖聝?nèi)，張表演者笑的等。參考答案：ThefilmI'dliketotalkaboutisoMr.Billionaire.Youprobablycanlit'sacomedyfromthetitleandindeed,it'sreallyfunny.Iwatcheditwithmyfriendrecentlyandwewerelaughingoutloud.Itlsastoryaboutanimpoverishedsuddenlyinheritsalargefortune,butaccordingtothecontract,hehastouseuponebillionyuanwithinamonth,otherwisehewilllosetherightofsuccession.Sohetrieshisverybesttousethemoneyinmanyridiculouswaysincludinginvestinginswimmingmachineandunprofitableindustries.Aswimmingmachineontheland,canyouimagine?Andthemosthilariousthingisthatnomatterhowstupidorhowridiculoustheinvestmentmayseem,itcanalwaysmiraculouslygenerateprofit.Forexample,theswimmingmachinehas eapopularfitnessequipmentandthoseunprofitableindustriesgotreinvigoratedbecauseofthecashflow.Andyouneverseeanyonewholookssopainfulaftermakingsomuchmoneybecausethemoremoneyhemakes,thehigherpossibilityhehasoflosingtheinheritance.Allofthecoincidencesandcontrastsmadeusburstintolaughter.Ifyoulookforsomerelaxation,I'lldefiniy mendthecomedy.重點(diǎn)詞匯及表達(dá)： 形容詞；窮困的；用盡了的，無創(chuàng)造Eg：Forthatmatter,baseballisthickwithLatinplayersfromimpoverishedbackgroundsinpoornations. 副詞；般地；出乎意料Eg：Iwasakimayhavemiraculouslysurvivedbutshelostanumberofemployeesandclosefriends.Eg：Advertisingneedstoreinvigorateitselfwithagreaterdiversificationofstylesandbusinessmodelsinheritance:Part3Whydochildrenliketo參考答案：Becausechildhoodisgenerallycarefree.Children,inmostcases,donothavetocaretoomuchabouttherealityanddonotneedtotakeonheavyresponsibility.Sotheyareabletolaughalotandlaughfromtheirhearts.重點(diǎn)詞匯及表達(dá)：①carefree：形容詞：無憂②takeon:Eg:NootherorganizationwasableorwillingtotakeontheWhatdoyoudowhenyoufeel參考答案：Iwilleitherdosomeexerciseorhaveagoodsleep.Regularexerciseandsufficientsleepcanhelpmereleasestressandstayfocused.SothatIcanforgetthingsthatmakemesadandfocusonsomethingelsethat'shappy.重點(diǎn)詞匯及表達(dá)：①sufficient：形容詞；足夠的Eg:Willtherebesufficientstockstomeetour②release:Eg:Sure,Iturntootheroutletstoreleasestress—exercise,meditation,scotch—butlikeannewsletterfromatravelsite,itjustkeepscomingWhatkindsofthingsdoChinesepeopledotobe參考答案：TherearemanywaysforChinesepeopletobehappy.Forexample,havingahobbyisoneoftheapproachestobehappy.Boyswouldliketodosomesportsandgirlswouldliketogoshop.Andmiddle‐agedpeoplewouldliketodanceonthesquaretohavefuntogether.重點(diǎn)詞匯及表達(dá)：①approach:Eg:Theadvantageofthisapproachisthatitretainsthebasicstructureofthe②middle‐aged:Eg:Middle‐agedpatientstendedtoexpressastrongdesireforcommunicationskills,olderpatientslessso.Doyouthinkadultsarelikelytobehappierthan參考答案：Ihardlythinkso.Adultsaretosomeextentfreerandhappierthanchildrenastheyaremorefinanciallyindependent,butatthesametimetheyshouldermore Forexample,adultsmayhavetoraisechildren,supportthefamilyanddealwithcomplexinter alrelationship.ThereforeIthinkadultscanhardlyhavepurejoyaschildrendo.重點(diǎn)詞匯及表達(dá)：①shoulder:Eg:Hehashadtoshouldertheresponsibilityofhisfather's 形容詞；人際的；人與人之間的Eg:Trainingininteralskillsis老滬江首席雅思口語名師；英國大學(xué)畢業(yè)；英文專業(yè)8級(jí)；5年以【寫作】本預(yù)測根據(jù)雅思寫作的話題分類和出題規(guī)律，精選出以下，供廣大烤鴨參考。A類小數(shù)據(jù)類圖表非數(shù)據(jù)類圖表表格餅線柱圖地圖ThemapsshowthecampuslayoutThemapsshowthecampuslayoutnowandaplanforSummarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andcomparisonswhere解題思路：時(shí)候，一定要注意表述方位的詞或詞組的使用。而且也要把這兩張地圖進(jìn)行比參考范文：Thetwomapsshowthecurrentlayoutofaschoolandtheplanforitschanges.Themostnoticeablechangeisprojectedtobethereplacementofmanyareasofvegetationwithteachingbuildingsandpublicfacilities.Atpresent,alargeareaoflandatthenorthwestsideofthecampusiscoveredwithtrees.Aclusterofmanyothertreescanalsobeseenatthesouthwestcorner.Arectangularteachingbuildingcanbeseeninthecentreofthemapwhileotherbuildingsandfacilitiesaremainlylocatedattheeast.Tobespecific,threebuildings,ofwhichoneisforbiologyandanothertwoareforgenetics,lieonthesoutheastsideoftheschoolyard;thecarparkisontheothersideoftheeast.Inthefuture,muchofthevegetationisexpectedtobecutdowntomakeroomfornewbuildings,suchasageneticsbuildingandachemistrybuildinginthenorthwest;andatriangularvegetationfieldwillbechangedintoanewstaffcarpark.Meanwhile,theoriginalrectangularbuildingclosetothestaffcarparkwillbeconvertedtoanL‐shapedone.Whatismore,theexistingcarparkwouldbeexclusivelyusedforstudentsandthebiologybuildingislikelytoberebuiltintoalargerone.重點(diǎn)表達(dá)：①themostnoticeablechangeis…最明顯的變化是②isprojectedto…預(yù)計(jì)③atthenorthwestsideof…在……④atthesouthwestcorner:⑤bemainlylocated 集中坐落在⑥ontheother 在另⑦vegetationn.⑧beconvertedtov.A類大大作文重點(diǎn)關(guān)注科技、化、教育等話題政府與城市類Somepeoplesaythaternmentsshouldfocusonreducingenvironmentalpollutionandhousingproblemstohelppeoplepreventillnessanddisease.Towhatextenddoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinkernmentmoneyspentonsupportingartists(suchaspainters,musiciansandpoets)isbetterthanthatspentonotherimportantthings.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinkernmentsshouldprotectlocalcompanieswhentheycompetewithinternationalcompanies.Dotheadvantagesoutweighthe教育與學(xué)習(xí)類 and are learningfromtheInternetratherthanteachersintheclassroom.Doyou and are learningfromtheInternetratherthanteachersintheclassroom.Doyouthinktheadvantagesofthisdevelopmentoutweighthedisadvantages?Somepeoplethinktheuniversityeducationfunctionshouldpreparestudentsforemployment,butothersbelieveuniversityeducationcanoffermanyotherfunctions.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Somepeoplesaythatteachingtheyounggenerationforeignlanguagesisthebestwaytobroadentheirvisionsabouttheworld.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinkthatstudentsinsingle‐sexschoolsperformbetteracademically.Others,however,believethatmixedschoolsprovidechildrenwithbettersocialskillsforadultlife.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Insomecountries,manychildrenareunhappy.Whatarethereasons?Whatcanparentsandschoolsdotosolvethisproblem?SomepeoplethinkreadingstoriesinbooksisbetterthanwatchingTVorplayingcomputergamesforchildren.Towhatextenddoyouagreeordisagree?社會(huì)與家庭類Somepeoplethinkthatintroducingsomenewtechnologiescanimprovepeople'slifequalityinthedevelocountries.However,othersbelievethatfreeeducationshouldbeoffered.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Anyonecanuseamobilephonetoanswertheworkcallandhomecallatanyplace,or7daysaweek.Somepeoplethinkthisdevelopmenthasnegativeeffectsonbothindividualsandsociety.Doyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinksportsgamesareimportantforsociety,whileothersbelievetheyshouldmorebetakenasleisureactivities.Discuss.科技與經(jīng)濟(jì)類Others,however,thinkthatrobotsareadangerousinventionthatcouldhavenegativeeffectsonsociety.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.SomeOthers,however,thinkthatrobotsareadangerousinventionthatcouldhavenegativeeffectsonsociety.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.Nuclearenergyisbetterthanotherenergyresourcesinmeetingneedsoftheglobe.TowhatextentdoyouagreeorSomeSomepeoplethinkthatusingmobilephonesandcomputershasanegativeonyoungpeople'sreadingandwritingskills.TowhatextentdoyouagreeorComputersenablepeopletobeabletoworkathomeandchildrentostudyathome.Somepeoplebelievethatitisconvenientandcost‐saving.Doyouthinkthephenomenonpositiveornegative?工作與生活類Somepeoplethinkthattheernmentshouldbandangeroussports,butothersthinkthatpeopleshouldhavethefreedomtochoosesportsactivities.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.Somepeoplethinkthaternmentsshoulddomoretomaketheircitizenseatahealthydiet.Others,however,believethatindividualsmusttakeresponsibilityfortheirowndietandhealth.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Theworkplacenowadaysistryingtoemploytheequalnumberoffemalesandmales.Doyouthinkitisapositiveornegativetrend?Countrieswithalongaverageworkingtimearemoreeconomicallysuccessfulthanthosecountrieswhichdonothavealongworkingtime.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?//Somecountrieshavealongworkingday,whichishelpfulforthemto eeconomicallysuccessful,butitalsocausessomenegativesocialproblems.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplearguethatitisbettertobeunemployedthantobeemployedinjobstheydonotenjoy.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Manyfatherstodaystayathomeandtakecareoftheirchildrenwhilemothersgoouttowork.Whatarethecausesofthis?Isthisapositiveoranegative媒體媒體與廣告類Peoplearesurroundedbymanykindsofadvertisingwhichcaninfluencetheirlife.Doesthepositiveeffectofthistrendoutweighnegativeeffects?believethatthemediaisabiggerinfluence.Discussbothviewsandgivebelievethatthemediaisabiggerinfluence.Discussbothviewsandgive動(dòng)物與環(huán)境類Manypeoplesaythattheybelieveitisimportanttoprotecttheenvironmentbutmakenoefforttodoanythingaboutitthemselves.Whydoyouthinkthisisthecase?Whatactiondoyouthinkindividualsshouldtaketoprotecttheenvironment?Today,somefoodtravelsthousandsoffromfarmstoconsumers.Somepeoplethinkthatitwouldbebettertoourenvironmentandeconomyifpeopleonlyeatlocalproducedfood.Towhatextentdothedisadvantagesoutweighthe文化與旅游類Somepeoplebelieveartssuchaspaintingandmusiccannotdirectlyimprovethequalityofpeople'slivessothaternmentmoneyshouldbespentonotherthings.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Manypeoplethinkcheapairtravelshouldbeencouragedbecauseitgivesordinarypeoplefreedomtotravelfurther.However,othersthinkthisleadstoEnvironmentalproblem,soairtravelshouldbemoreexpensiveinordertodiscouragepeoplefromhavingit.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Airtraveland municationmakesthecommunicationallovertheworldcloser.Towhatextentdoyouagreethatthesocietybenefitsfrominternationaltourismandbusiness?Somepeoplesaythat ernmentsshouldspendmoneyonmeasurestosavelanguagesthatareusedbyfewspeakers,whileothersbelieveit'sawasteoffinancialresources.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.法律法律與犯罪類Somepeoplebelievethatyoungpeoplewhocommitseriouscrimesshouldbepunishedinthesamewayasadults.Towhatextentdoyouagreeorownweaponslikeguns.TowhatextentdoyouagreeorSomepeoplebelieveownweaponslikeguns.TowhatextentdoyouagreeorSomepeoplethinkthatcriminalsshouldnotbeimprisoned.Instead,educationandjobtrainingshouldreplacetheformertodealwithcriminals.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?抽象與其他類Individualgreedandselfishnesshasbeenthebasisofthemodernsociety.Somepeoplethinkthatwemustreturntotheolderandmoretraditionalvaluesofrespectforthefamilyandthelocalcommunityinordertocreateabetterworldtolivein.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinkindividualsaremoreandmoredependentoneachother.Somepeoplethinkindividualsaremoreandmoreindependent.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.以下為重點(diǎn)話題及范文解析：題目Somepeoplethinkthatrobotsareveryimportantforhumans'futuredevelopment.Othershoweverthinkthatrobotsareadangerousinventionthatcouldhavenegativeeffectsonsociety.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.參考范文：Thankstothefast‐develomoderntechnologies,advancedtoolsandmachinesthatusedtoexistonlyinsciencefictionsarecomingintoourdailylives.Robot,asatypicalhigh‐techproduct,receivesstarklycontrastingopinionsfromthepublic.Whilesomepeopleexpectpositive esfromrobotsinthefuture,othersexpresstheirworriesovertheimplicationofthesedevelopmentsonthesociety.Forthosewhotakeanoptimisticviewonrobots,lifeinthefuturewill eeasierandmorecomfortablewithrobotsngdomestictasksorworkinginassemblylines.Givenproperinstructionsandmaintenance,machineswillkeeponfunctioningwithoutmistakes,thusgreatlypromotingtheefficiency,makingmoreprofitstofactoriesandleavingagreatdealoffreetimeforhumanstorelaxandenjoythemselves.Moreover,robotscanbedesignedforspecialpurposessuchasexploringthedeepsea,operatingnuclearfacilitiesorrescuingvictimsinearthquakes,allofwhichareundoubtedlydangeroustasksforhumans.Ifonedaythesejobscanbehandedtorobots,muchmorewrenchingbutnecessarysacrificescanbeavoided.However,somepeopleexpressmoreconcernsthanenthusiasmwithautonomousmachines,fortheymaybringmoredisadvantagesonsociety.Unemploymentratewillobviouslyrisewhenrobotsreplacehumanworkers.Normallysuchjoblesspeoplecanhardlycompetewitheithermachinesinlaborintensiveareasorskillfulprogrammersbackedbyscienceandtechnology.Thereforethegapbetweentherichandthepoorwillbeexacerbated,eventuallyresultinginsocialinstability.AsIamconcerned,althoughtheremightbechallengesandthreatslyingahead,weshouldnotdenythemeritsandopportunitiesinherentinthenewtechnologies.Therobotinitselfhasnoinclinationtobegoodorbad,butratheritishowweuseitthatfinallycounts.Measuresandpoliciescanbeappliedtomitigatethepotentialthreatsandaslongaswestriveforabetterworld,anembracetothenewisamust.重點(diǎn)表達(dá)： 截然相②takea…view 用（某種方式）③assembly （工廠生產(chǎn)用的）④wrenching: ⑤exacerbate: ，加 勞動(dòng)密集 傾本次機(jī)解析由以下滬江留學(xué)老師本次機(jī)老師滬江留學(xué)資深教研老師，同濟(jì)大語言文學(xué)，主攻雅思托福等留學(xué)試。參滬江《雅思保沖八》UnlockA‐B2雅思能力課程、WorldEnglishB1、新版雅思.5分閱讀、新版雅思7分等課程的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)劃與制作，并幫助多名11學(xué)生達(dá)到雅思寫作7分。【Section1&Section2重點(diǎn)場景（生活類：酒店預(yù)訂，項(xiàng)目介紹，活動(dòng)行程，地Section3&Section4重點(diǎn)場景（學(xué)術(shù)類：討論作業(yè)，，討論，項(xiàng)Section1QuestionsWriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachNOTESONISLAND Thelengthofstay:approx2Daytime:uptoen‐suitefacilitiesandagymandspaalargeoutdoorswimmingQuestionsWriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeach Entertainment learningtomake5……….. havinga6… havingafancywatchingaspectaculardisplayof

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Chimpanzeeruleout ofotherchimps'can34..................................the usea hammertocrash BonobosliveontheothersideofaQuestions39andBTheylearnthingsbycopyinghuman'sETheycouldbemodifiedtoadapttothe140fishcable111213141516171819 2021 222324 2526 272829 3233 3435 3637 39‐40【閱讀】1below.LastmanSome50,000yearsago,Homosapiensbeatotherhominidsto etheonlysurvivingspecies.KateRaviliousrevealshowwedidit.AToday,thereareoversevenbillionpeoplelivingonEarth.Nootherspecieshasexertedasmuchinfluenceovertheplanetasus.Butturntheclockback80,000yearsandwewereoneofanumberofspeciesroamingtheEarth.Ourownspecies.Homosapiens(Latinfor'wiseman'),wasmostsuccessfulinAfrica.InwesternEurasia,theNeanderthalsdominated,whileHomoerectusmayhavelivedinIndonesia.Meanwhile,anunusualfingerboneandtooth,discoveredinDenisovacaveinSiberiain2008,haveledscientiststobelievethatyetanotherhumanpopulation‐theDenisovans‐mayalsohavebeenwidespreadacrossAsia.Somewherealongtheline,theseotherhumanspeciesdiedout,leavingHomosapiensasthesolesurvivor.Sowhatmadeusthewinnersinthebattleforsurvival?BSome74.000yearsago,theToba'supervolcano'ontheIndonesianislandofSumatraerupted.Thescaleoftheeventwassogreatthatashfromtheeruptionwasflungasfaras ,morethan2,000kilometresaway.OxfordarchaeologistMikePetragliaandhisteamhaveuncoveredthousandsofstonetoolsburiedunderneaththeTobaash.ThemixofhandaxesandspeartipshaveledPetragliatospeculatethatHomosapiensandHomoerectuswerebothlivingineasternpriortotheTobaeruption.Basedoncarefulexaminationofthetoolsanddatingofthesedimentlayerswheretheywerefound.PetragliaandhisteamsuggestthatHomosapiensarrivedineasternaround78.000yearsago.MigratingoutofAfricaandacrossArabiaduringafavourableclimateperiod.Aftertheirarrival,thesimpletoolsbelongingtoHomoerectusseemedtolesseninnumberandeventuallydisappearcompley.'WethinkthatHomosapienshadamoreefficienthuntingtechnology,whichcouldhavegiventhemtheedge.'saysPetraglia.'WhethertheeruptionofTobaalsoplayedaroleintheextinctionoftheHomoerectus‐likespeciesisuncleartous.'CSome45.000yearslater,anotherfightforsurvivaltookplace.Thistime,thelocationwasEuropeandtheprotagonistswereanotherspecies,theNeanderthals.TheywereahighlysuccessfulspeciesthatdominatedtheEuropeanlandscapefor300.000years.YetwithinjustafewthousandyearsofthearrivalofHomosapiens,theirnumbersplummeted.Theyeventuallydisappearedfromthelandscapearound30.000yearsago.withtheirlastknownrefugebeingsouthernIberia,includingGibraltar.Initially.HomosapiensandNeanderthalslivedalongsideeachotherandhadnoreasontocompete.ButthenEurope'sclimateswungintoacold,inhospitable,dryphase.'NeanderthalandHomosapienspopulationshadtoretreattorefugia(pocketsofhabitableland).Thisheightenedcompetitionbetweenthetwogroups,'explainsChrisStringer,anthropologistattheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon.DBothspecieswerestrongandstockierthantheaveragehumantoday,butNeanderthalswereparticularlyrobust.'Theirskeletonsshowthattheyhadbroadshouldersandthicknecks,'saysStringer.'Homosapiens,ontheotherhand,hadlongerforearms,whichundoubtedlyenabledthemtothrowaspearfromsomedistance,withlessdangerandusingrelativelylittleenergy,'explainsStringer.Thislong‐rangeabilitymayhavegivenHomosapiensanadvantageinhunting.Whenitcametokeewarm.Homosapienshadanotherskill:weavingandsewing.ArchaeologistshaveuncoveredsimpleneedlesfashionedfromivoryandbonealongsideHomosapiens,datingasfarbackas35,000yearsago.'Usingthistechnology,wecoulduseanimalskinstomakeourselvestents,warmclothesandfurboots,'saysStringer.Incontrast.Neanderthalsneverseemedtomastersewingskills,insteadrelyingonpinningskinstogetherwiththorns.EAthirstforexplorationprovidedHomosapienswithanothersignificantadvantageoverNeanderthals.Objectssuchass beadsandflinttools,discoveredmany fromtheirsource,showthatourancestorstravelledoverlargedistances,inordertobarterandexchangeusefulmaterials,andshareideasandknowledge.Bycontrast.Neanderthalstendedtokeepthemselvestothemselves,livinginsmallgroups.Theymisdirectedtheirenergiesbyonlygatheringresourcesfromtheirimmediatesurroundingsandperhapsfailingtodiscovernewtechnologiesoutsidetheirterritory.FSomeofthesedifferencesinbehaviourmayhaveemergedbecausethetwospeciesthoughtindifferentways.Bycomparingskullshapes,archaeologistshaveshownthatHomosapienshadamoredevelopedtemporallobe‐theregionsatthesideofthebrain,associatedwithlistening,languageandlong‐termmemory.'WethinkthatHomosapienshadasignificantlymorecomplexlanguagethanNeanderthalsandwereabletocomprehendanddiscussconceptssuchasthedistantpastandfuture.'saysStringer.Pennyins,anarchaeologistattheUniversityofYork,hasrecentlysuggestedthatHomosapiensmayalsohavehadagreaterdiversityofbraintypesthanNeanderthals.'Ourresearchindicatesthathigh‐precisiontools,newhuntingtechnologiesandthedevelopmentofsymboliccommunicationmayallhavecomeaboutbecausetheywerewillingtoincludepeoplewith"different"mindsandspecialisedrolesintheirsociety,'sheexplains.'WeseesimilarkindsofinjuriesonmaleandfemaleNeanderthalskeletons,implyingtherewasnosuchdivisionoflabour,'saysins.GThusbyaround30,000yearsago.ManytalentsandtraitswerewellestablishedinHomosapienssocietiesbutstillabsentfromNeanderthalcommunities.StringerthinksthattheNeanderthalswerejustlivinginthewrongplaceatthewrongtime.'TheyhadtocompetewithHomosapiensduringaphaseofveryunstableclimateacrossEurope.Duringeachrapidclimatefluctuation,theymayhavesufferedgreaterlossesofpeoplethanHomosapiens,andthuswereslowlyworndown,'hesays.'Iftheclimatehadremainedstablethroughout,theymightstillbehere.'Thereadingpassagehassevenparagraphs,acomparisonofarangeofphysicalfeaturesofNeanderthalsandHomoreferencetoitemsthatwereonceusedformentionofevidencefortheexistenceofapreviouslyunknownhumanmentionofthepartplayedbyi.lfortuneinthedownfallofNeanderthalreferencetothefinalgeographicallocationofNediideiChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes7‐13ontheanswerysisofstonetoolsandhasenabledPetraglia'steamtoputforwardanarrivaldateforHomosapiensineastern HomosapiensusedbothtomakesewingTheterritorialnatureofNeanderthalsmayhavelimitedtheirabilitytoacquireresourcesArchaeologistsexaminedinordertogetaninsightintoNeanderthalandHomosapiens'capacityforlanguageandthought.Lookatthefollowingstatementsandthelistofresearchers,A‐C,below.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectresearcher.NoevidencecanbefoundtosuggestthatNeanderthalcommunitiesallocatedtaskstodifferentmembers.HomosapiensmayhavebeenabletoplanScientistscannotbesurewhetherasuddennaturaldisastercontributedtothelossofahumanspecies.EnvironmentalconditionsrestrictedtheareaswhereHomosapiensandNeanderthalscouldlive.2below.Life‐CastingandJulianBamesexploresthequestionsposedbyLife‐Casts,anexhibitionofplastermouldsoflivingpeopleandobjectswhichwereoriginallyusedforscientificpurposesAArtchangesovertimeandourideaofwhatartischangestoo.Forexample,objectsoriginallyintendedfordevotional,ritualisticorre‐creationalpurposesmayberecategorisedasartbymembersofotherlatercivilisations,suchasourown,whichnolongerrespondtothesepurposes.BWhatalsohappensisthattechniquesandcraftswhichwouldhavebeenjudgedinartisticatthetimetheywereusedarereassessed.Life‐castingisaninterestingexampleofthis.Itinvolvedmakingaplastermouldofalivingorthing.Thiswascomplex,technicalwork,asBenjaminRobertHaydondiscoveredwhenhepoured250litresofplasteroverhishumanmodelandnearlykilledhim.Atthetime,thecastswereusedformedicalresearchand,consequently,inthenineteenthcenturylife‐castingwasconsideredinferiortosculptureinthesamewaythat,morerecently,photographywasthoughttobealesserartthanpainting.Bothwereviewedasunacceptableshortcutsbythe'senior1arts.Theirvirtuesofspeedandunwaveringrealismalsoimpliedtheirlimitations;theyleftlittleornoroomfortheimagination.CFormany,life‐castingwasaninsulttothesculptor'screativegenius.Inaninfamouslawsuitof1834,amoulderwhosemaskofthedyingFrenchemperorNapoleonhadbeenreproducedandsoldwithouthispermissionwasjudgedtohavenorightstotheimage.Inotherwords,hewasspecificallyheldnottobeanartist.Thisjudgementreflecttheviewofestablishedmembersofthenineteenth‐centuryartworldsuchasRodin,whocommentedthatlife‐casting'happensfastbutitdoesn'tmakeArt'.Someevenfearedthat'iftoomuchnaturewasallowedin,itwouldleadArtawayfromitspropercourseoftheIdeal.DThepainterGauguin,attheendofthenineteenthcentury,worriedaboutfuturedevelopmentsinphotography.Ifevertheprocesswentintocolour,whatpainterwouldlabourawayatalikenesswithabrushmadefromsquirrel‐tail?Butpaintinghasprovedrobust.Photographyhaschangedit,ofcourse,justasthenovelhadtoreassessnarrativeafterthearrivalofthecinema.Butthegapbetweentheseniorandjuniorartswasalwaysnarrowerthanthetraditionalistsimplied.Paintershavealwaysusedtechnicalback‐upsuchasstudioassistantstodotheboringbits,whileapparentlylessercraftsinvolvegreatskill,thought,preparationand,dependingonhowwedefineit，imagination.ETimechangesourviewinanotherway,too.Eachnewmovementimpliesareassessmentofwhathasgonebefore.Whatisdonenowalterswhatwasdonebefore.Insomecasesthisismerelyself‐serving,withthenewartusingtheoldtojustifyitself.Itseemstobesaying,lookathowallofthatpointstothis!Aren'tweclevertobetheculminationofallthathasgonebefore?Butusuallyitisamatterofre‐alertingthesensibility,remindingusnottotakethingsforgranted.Take,forexample,thecastofthehandofagiantfromacircus,madebyananonymousartistaround1889,anitemthatwouldnowsithappilyinanycommercialorpublicgallery.Themostsignificantimpactofthispieceisontheeye,inthecontradictionbetweenunexpectedsizeandverisimilitude.Next,thehumanelementkicksin.younotethatthenailsaredirt‐encrusted,unlessthisisthecaster'sdecorativeaddition,andthefingertipsextendfarbeyondthem.Thenyoutakeintheelementofchoice,arrangement,artifyoulike,intheneat,pleated,buttonedsleeve‐endthatgivestheitembalanceandvariationoftexture.Thisisjustamouldedhand,yetthepartstandsutterlyforthewho