2013年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試英語(yǔ)（一）試題

--PAGE7-SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(lOpoints)Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat_1_theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDrUriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig-?3?_wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoosoft6cnmemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprisonhehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatTo8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the_9_ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers_lQ_randomlyforinterviewduringthesamebutDrSimonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323interviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant'sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardisedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20[A]grants[A]minor[A]issue[A]Above[A]fond[A]in[A]if[A]test[A]decision[A]found[A]otherwise[A]inspired[A]assigned[A]put[A]instead[A]selected[A]below[A]jump[A]achieve[A]necessary

[B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers[B]external [C]crucial [D]objective[B]vision [C]picture [D]moment[B]Onaverage [C]Inprinciple [D]Forexample[B]fearful [C]capable [D]thoughtless[B]for [C]to [D]on[B]until [C]though [D]unless[B]emphasize [C]share [D]promote[B]quality [C]status [D]success[B]studied [C]chosen [D]identified[B]defensible [C]replaceable [D]exceptional[B]expressed [C]conducted [D]secured[B]rated [C]matched [D]arranged[B]got [C]took [D]gave[B]then [C]ever [D]rather[B]passed [C]marked [D]introduced[B]after [C]above [D]before[B]float [C]fluctuate [D]drop[B]undo [C]maintain [D]disregard[B]possible [C]promising [D]helpfulSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn'taffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant'ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn'tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,Elizabeththree-yearindictmentof"fastfashion".Inthelastorso,intechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentreleases,andmoreprofit.Theseencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon'tadvertisethat-andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Overdressedisthefashionworld'sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelTheOmnivore'sDilemma."Mass-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableandwasteful,"Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear-about64itemsperperson-nomatterhowmuchtheygivethisexcessleadstoTowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes-andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan'tbeknockedoff.Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment-includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline-Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinVanityisaconstant;willonlyshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan'taffordnotto.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforherinsensitivitytofashion.obsessionwithhighfashion.poorbargainingskill.lackofimagination.AccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumerstocombatunnecessarywaste.shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently.resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements.shutoutthefeverishfashionworld.Theword"indictment"(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningtotolerance.indifference.enthusiasm.accusation.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing.Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?Satireonanextravagantlifestyle.Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth.Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.Exposureofamass-marketsecret.Text2Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastinthisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim"behavioural"adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2010FederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga"donottrack"(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetExplorerandbothGoogle'sisduetodosothisyear.InFebruaryandtheAdvertisingtheonrespondingtoDNTrequests.OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow.ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithWindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.Advertisersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays."They'llgetlessmeaningful,lesstargetedads."Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft'sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:thereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:believeconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreallybethatsimple?ItissuggestedinParagraph1that"behavioural"adshelpadvertiserstoprovidebetteronlineservices.easecompetitionamongthemselves.avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers.lowertheiroperationalcosts."theindustry"(Line5,Para.3)referstointernetbrowserdevelopers.digitalinformationanalysts.e-commerceconductors.onlineadvertisers.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefaultmaycutthenumberofjunkads.failstoaffecttheadindustry.willnotbenefitconsumers.goesagainsthumannature.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph6?AdvertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT.DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose.DNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers.Advertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralads.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneofindulgence.understanding.appreciation.skepticism.Text3Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely-thoughbynomeansuniformly-glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfilmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldn'twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies'placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe"RedList"ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature(IUCN)andyouwillread:"ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline."Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday'stechnology,itssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit'sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That'sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredbyourdesireforlivesoffulfillment.ourfaithinscienceandtechnology.ourawarenessofpotentialrisks.ourbeliefinequalopportunity.TheIUCN’s“RedList”suggeststhathumanbeingsareasustainedspecies.thedominantathreattotheenvironment.amisplacedrace.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?Theinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.helpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.offerssolutionstosocialproblems.Ourimmediatefutureishardtoconceive.ensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucialtoadoptanoptimisticviewoftheworld.drawonourexperiencefromthepast.exploreourplanet’sabundantresources.curbourambitiontoreshapehistory.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?TheEver-brightProspectsofMankindScience,TechnologyandHumanity.EvolutionoftheHumanSpecies.UncertaintyaboutOurFuture.-8---PAGE13-Text4Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona'simmigrationlawMonday-amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration'sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona'scontroversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto"establishauniformRuleofNaturalization"andthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt'sliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldCongresshaddeliberately"occupiedthefield"Arizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal'sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.That'sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues.TwoofthethreeobjectingJustices-SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas-agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas"ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower".TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona'slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.TheAdministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn'twanttocarryoutCongress'simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.ThreeprovisionsofArizona'splanwereoverturnedbecausetheydisturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates.oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationtheofConstitutionalpowers.contradictedboththefederalandstatepolicies.OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraph4?Congress'sinterventioninimmigrationenforcement.Federalofficers'dutytowithholdimmigrants'information.States'legitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement.States'independencefromfederalimmigrationlaw.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActsstoodinfavorofthestates.supportedthefederalstatute.underminedthestates'interests.violatedtheConstitution.TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcementisdependentonthestates'support.isestablishedbyfederalstatutes.outweighsthatheldbythestates.rarelygoesagainststatelaws.Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?ImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.JusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministration.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.Yetthisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotoday'sglobalchallenges,includingclimatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.(41) .Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technolo-gicaltoolstoeradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoartificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.(42) Thisisashame-thecommunityshouldbegraspmgtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.paraphrasethescientistSchumpeter:thereisnoinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.Today,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsinternalscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.Analysesthatthenumberofpapersincludingthechange"or"climatechange"haveincreasedrapidlysince2004.(43) Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgium,forexample.whetherthecommunity'sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.Theproblemisnotythetfefunding.44)_____Thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday'seconomicclimate.Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged:Horizon2020,anewprogramtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuchacategory.Thishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;rather,thecompleteopposite.(45) That should createmorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.Theideaistoforcesocialscientiststointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,includinghealthanddemographicchange;foodsecurity;marineresearchandthebio-economy;clean,efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeandsecuresocieties.Thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientists,especiallytheyoungones.[CJItcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethat1sdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournals,andonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewhere,suchaspolicybriefs.[D]However,thenumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe100,000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneofthesekeywords.[EJTheseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior:allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovations,aswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,isasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanmanyscientistsseemtoproblems.Andinsomeareupinarmsoveratodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment.Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernment,highereducation,non-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%;inmostEuropeannations,itisabout15%.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasichumanneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanirrepressibleurgetocreate,express,fashion,andbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;(46)yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardenscreatedbythehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.Oneoftheseurgeshastodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,a"stillpointoftheturningworld,"toborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.(4