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15/15TotallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressureshundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface,thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans,insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace.(定語后置insomeways…)由于完全沒有光,而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力,深海底部對人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境,在某些方面就像外層空間一樣險惡和遙遠。分句1:Totallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressures分句2:hundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface分句3:thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans分句4:insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace分句2修飾分句1結(jié)尾的短語intensepressures,分句1是分句3的原因狀語分句3是整個長句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定語,修飾分句3的ahostileenvironmenttohumans整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)是:原因狀語+主句+后置定語這是主句前后分別有狀語和定語的修飾成分,但是本句其實不是復合句。句子的核心意思是深海對于人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境。2。BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth.(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Basictoanyunderstanding…is…)要理解二戰(zhàn)之后20年中的加拿大,就必須了解該國驚人的人口增長。分句1:BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar分句2:is分句3:thecountry’simpressivepopulationgrowth分句1,2,3共同構(gòu)成倒裝句,正常的語序應該是3,2,1,即:該句的正常語序是Thecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowthisbasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar.本句是一個簡單句,只不過使用了倒裝,謂語動詞是is.3.Asaresult,claimsthateat(yī)ingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore.(同位語從句claimsthat…)結(jié)果,那些認為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進健康的觀點廣為人知,并成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ)。分句1:thateat(yī)ingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealth分句2:claimshavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore分句2嵌套分句1,分句1作為分句2主語的同位語從句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句是claimshavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore.那些觀點廣為人知,并成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ)。同位語從句是thateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealth:只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進健康4.Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreportsthat(yī)nat(yī)uralvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones,that(yī)fertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs,thatuntreat(yī)edgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrainsandthelike.(并列同位語從句reportsthat…,that…,that…)關(guān)于天然維生素優(yōu)于人造維生素,受精蛋比未受精蛋的營養(yǎng)價值更高,未經(jīng)熏蒸消毒處理的谷物比經(jīng)過處理的好等等報道屢見不鮮,但都沒有得到證實.分句1:Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreports分句2:naturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones分句3:thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs分句4:thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrainsandthelike分句1是整個長句的主句,分句2、分句3和分句4是并列關(guān)系,共同構(gòu)成分句1的同位語從句。本句的意思是有很多沒有經(jīng)過證實的報道,然后并列了三個未經(jīng)過證實的報道的從句。5.Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrat(yī)ionofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth。ichthyosaur[?ikθi?s?:]n.魚龍(Of結(jié)構(gòu)作定語:ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaurs…)但這些因素并不能解釋這個有趣的問題:為何在一個特定的地點會如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚龍群。6.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation'slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits.(倒裝Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethat…=Astructuralchange…wasaccompanyingthatgrowth)伴隨著這一增長的是一個結(jié)構(gòu)變化,它以經(jīng)濟的不斷多樣化和國家勞動力從農(nóng)業(yè)到制造業(yè)和其他非農(nóng)業(yè)職業(yè)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為特征。7。WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedit,youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.(倒裝thanhadtheirpredecessors—比較結(jié)構(gòu)的第二部分)隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟增長,年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人結(jié)婚成家更早,而且養(yǎng)育的家庭比他們的前輩更大。6·Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.?(賓語從句whatwenowknowas)?現(xiàn)在可以獲得這些環(huán)繞幾乎每個大城市邊緣地區(qū)的土地,這一可能性激發(fā)了一場房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)的熱潮并造成了我們現(xiàn)在稱為城區(qū)無計劃擴展的現(xiàn)象。?

分句1:Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueled?分句2:whatwenowknowasurbansprawl?分句1嵌套分句2,即分句1是主句,分句2是賓語從句,主句結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過精簡應該是Thenewaccessibilityoflandsparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledurbansprawl。?本句的理解困難還來自于抽象詞fuel,它作為名詞的含義廣為人知,是能源、燃料,作為動詞的時候的意思就可以引申為促使、造成。

7.Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrat(yī)ionofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth。

(Of結(jié)構(gòu)作定語:ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaurs…)

但這些因素并不能解釋這個有趣的問題:為何在一個特定的地點會如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚龍群.

?分句1:Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestion

分句2:ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth

分句1嵌套分句2。分句2是Of結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語修飾說明question的內(nèi)容。

8。Amidrumorsthattherewereprehistoricmammothswanderingaroundtheunknownregionandthatsomewhereinitswildswasamountainofrocksalt80by45milesinextent,thetwocaptainssetout.

(同位語從句rumorsthat…)?當時有一些傳言,說有史前的猛犸在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動,而且在這一區(qū)域的某個地方有一座巨大的鹽石山,其面積達80英里長50英里寬。就在這些傳言中,兩位上尉出發(fā)了。?

分句1:Amidrumors

分句2:thattherewereprehistoricmammothswanderingaroundtheunknownregion?分句3:andthatsomewhereinitswildswasamountainofrocksalt80by45milesinextent

分句4:thetwocaptainssetout

分句1和分句4構(gòu)成倒裝,正常的語序應該是分句4+分句1,即thetwocaptainssetoutAmidrumors.分句1嵌套分句2和分句3,分句2和分句3是修飾分句1的rumors的同位語從句,用來說明謠言的具體內(nèi)容。分句2和分句3構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系.?

9。Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup,asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemat(yī)theendoftheeighteenthcentury。

(同位語asupremacy)

17世紀時風琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤樂器類的主要成員,這種至高無上的地位一直由它們保持,直到18世紀末被鋼琴所取代.?

分句1:Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup,?分句2:asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury

分句2是分句1的同位語從句,用來修飾說明分句1中的thechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup

?10.Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframeandsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliquid,singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance.?(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)from…to…作定語)

持續(xù)到19世紀的一系列機械上的改進,包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和,改善金屬框架,以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲,最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂器—-這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響,從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂器的恢弘氣氛.?

分句1:Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury?分句2:includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit

分句3:theperfectionofametalframeandsteelwireofthefinestquality?分句4:finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects?分句5:fromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,

分句6:fromaliquid,singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance

?本句的真正的主句結(jié)構(gòu)其實是由分句1和分句4構(gòu)成,即Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcenturyfinallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects,,分句2和分句3并列修飾說明分句1中的Aseriesofmechanicalimprovements,而分句5和分句6并列,修飾說明了分句4中的aninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects11.Thelargestlat(yī)ernamedPuebloBonito(PrettyTown)bytheSpanish,roseinfiveterracedstories,containedmorethan800rooms,andcouldhavehousedapopulationof1,000ormore.?最大的一座后來被西班牙人稱為PuebloBonito(美麗的城鎮(zhèn)),是一個五層梯式樓,有800多間房子,能夠容納1000人以上。

?分句1:Thelargestroseinfiveterracedstories,containedmorethan800rooms,andcouldhavehousedapopulationof1,000ormore?分句2:laternamedPuebloBonito(PrettyTown)bytheSpanish

分句1嵌套分句2,分句2用來修飾分句1的主語thelargest,分句1內(nèi)部是由三個并列的謂語構(gòu)成的句子。

12。Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent",thefilmhasneverbeen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.

(倒裝accustomedthoughweare…=thoughweareaccustomed…)

雖然我們習慣于將1927年以前的電影叫做“無聲電影”,但是就“無聲’'這個詞的完整意義上說,電影從未真正的無聲過。

?分句1:Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent”

分句2:thefilmhasneverbeensilent

分句3:inthefullsenseoftheword?本句的難點是在分句1內(nèi)部有一個倒裝,正常的語序應該是thoughweareaccustomedtospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927assilent.分句3是一個插入語,嵌套在分句2中,所以本句的真正強調(diào)的核心是thefilmhasneverbeensilent。?

13。Foranumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogramrestedentirelyinthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra,andveryoftentheprincipalqualificationfarholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalargepersonallibraryofmusicalpieces.?(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)not…SOmuchas…—-與其說…不如說…)

在好些年內(nèi),為各部影片選擇配樂的權(quán)力完全掌握在樂隊指揮或隊長手中,而通常擔任這種職位的資格與其說是技巧或鑒賞品位,不如說是個人擁有音樂作品的豐富收藏。?

分句1:.Foranumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogramrestedentirelyinthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra

分句2:andveryoftentheprincipalqualificationfarholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalargepersonallibraryofmusicalpieces

分句1和分句2構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系,分句2的難點在于not……somuchas的結(jié)構(gòu)。

14·Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity,thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem,tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell—being.

(倒裝coincidentwithconcerns…h(huán)asbeen…=…h(huán)asbeencoincidentwithconcerns…)

在對物種和動物棲息地加速消失表示關(guān)注的同時,人們也越來越認識到生物多樣化,即一個特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的數(shù)量對地球的健康以及人類幸福的重要性。?

分句1:Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheaccelerat(yī)inglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity

分句2:thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem

分句3:tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell—being

分句1內(nèi)部構(gòu)成倒裝,正常語序應該是concernsabouttheaccelerat(yī)inglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeencoincidentwithagrowingappreciat(yī)ionoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversitytothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being?所以真正的主句經(jīng)過精簡之后是concernshasbeencoincidentwithagrowingappreciat(yī)ion

分句2是一個插入語,用來解釋說明分句1結(jié)尾的biologicaldiversity??15.Thefactthathalfoftheknownspeciesarethoughttoinhabittheworld'srainforestsdoesnotseemsurprising,consideringthehugenumbersofinsectsthatcomprisethebulkofthespecies.

(同位語從句factthat…;定語從句thatcomprisethebulk…)?考慮到組成大部分物種的昆蟲的巨大數(shù)量,認為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事實看起來并不令人吃驚.

分句1:Thefactdoesnotseemsurprising?分句2:thathalfoftheknownspeciesarethoughttoinhabittheworld’srainforests

分句3:consideringthehugenumbersofinsects?分句4:thatcomprisethebulkofthespecies?分句1嵌套分句2,分句2解釋說明分句1的主語thefact,是同位語從句,分句3作為分句1的原因狀語,分句4是定語從句,修飾分句3的thehugenumbersofinsects16.Toappreciatefullythediversityandabundanceoflifeinthesea,ithelpstothinksmall.

(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)ithelpsto…做…有幫助)

要充分認識海洋生命的多樣性和豐富性,從小的角度思考有幫助。

目的狀語:Toappreciatefullythediversityandabundanceoflifeinthesea,

主句:ithelpstothinksmall.(這里的it是形式主語,沒有實際意義)

17.Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse.

(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)notanymorethan像…一樣不…)

科學建立在事實上,就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但收集的事實不能被叫做科學,就像一堆磚不能被稱為房子一樣.?

分句1。

Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,

分句2.

butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse。?

1和2是并列分句

(轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系)

18.Thevariationbetweenthehemispherescorrespondstowhichsideofthebodyisusedtoperformspecificactivities。?(從句whichside…isused…作correspondsto的賓語?兩個半球之間的不同與身體的哪一部分用于進行特定的活動是對應的。??分句1.

Thevariationbetweenthehemispherescorrespondsto

分句2.

whichsideofthebodyisusedtoperformspecificactivities.

?1和2是嵌套?1是主句,2做主句的賓語?

19.InaperiodcharacterizedbytheabandonmentofsomuchoftherealistictraditionbyauthorssuchasJohnBarth,DonaldBarthelme,andThomasPynchon,JoyceCarolOateshasseemedattimesdeterminedlyold—fashionedinherinsistenceODtheessentiallymimeticqualityofherfiction.

(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)characterizedby…——以…為特征)?盡管處于一個以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實主義傳統(tǒng)(以作家約翰·巴思、唐納德·巴塞爾姆和托馬斯.品欽為代表)為特征的時代,喬伊斯·卡羅爾·歐茨因為堅持自己小說本質(zhì)上模仿的特點,有時候看起來是一個堅定的守舊派。

?分句1。

characterizedbytheabandonmentofsomuchoftherealistictraditionbyauthorssuchasJohnBarth,DonaldBarthelme,andThomasPynchon,?分句2.

JoyceCarolOateshasseemedattimesdeterminedlyold-fashionedinherinsistenceODtheessentiallymimeticqualityofherfiction.

分句1做時間狀語“Inaperiod”的后置定語,補充修飾period,相當于省略了“whichwas”的定語從句?分句2是主句

20.Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty,theywoulddevourallthefoodavailableinshorttimeandwouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence.?(虛擬語氣)

如果不是具有這種能力,它們就會在短時間內(nèi)吞掉所有能得到的食物,而且很可能會因餓死而滅絕.

?分句1.

Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty?分句2.

theywoulddevourallthefoodavailableinshorttime?分句3.

wouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence?

分句1是虛擬句的條件從句

分句2、3是并列,

主句21.Individualismisweaklydevelopedinfolkcultures,asaresocialclasses.?(倒裝asaresocialclasses)

'?個人主義和社會階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分薄弱.?

分句1。

Individualismisweaklydevelopedinfolkcultures

分句2.

asaresocialclasses?

1和2并列,2采用倒裝語序,as表示“也,和…一樣”

?22.PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthat(yī)unprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos。

(同位語從句prospectthat…)?19世紀的美國人因為害怕國家經(jīng)濟中史無前例的變化會帶來社會混亂這一前景而提心吊膽。

分句1。

PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospect

分句2.

unprecedentedchangeinthenat(yī)ion'seconomywouldbringsocialchaos。

?1和2嵌套,?1是主句,2具體解釋說明prospect

??23。Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificat(yī)ionandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits.

(倒裝Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethat…=Astructuralchange…wasaccompanyingthatgrowth)

伴隨著這一增長的是一個結(jié)構(gòu)變化,它以經(jīng)濟的不斷多樣化和國家勞動力從農(nóng)業(yè)到制造業(yè)和其他非農(nóng)業(yè)職業(yè)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為特征。

分句1.

Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchange?分句2.

feat(yī)uredincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenat(yī)ion’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits

1和2是嵌套?分句1是主句,且采用完全倒裝的形式

分句2是定語從句,修飾change.

這個定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)較復雜,由2個and連接三個并列的名詞性成分

24.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefined,sodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.?(倒裝sodid…)?隨著男人和女人在社會中扮演的角色被限定得更加嚴格,他們在家中的角色也是如此.

?分句1。

theroles

becamemorerigidlydefined?分句2.

menandwomenplayedinsociety?分句3.

sodidtheroles?分句4.

theyplayedinthehome.

1和2嵌套,

3和4嵌套

1和3并列?2和4分別作為定語從句修飾roles

3是由so引導的部分倒裝句?

25.Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals,sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.?(倒裝Surroundingthecolumnare…)

圍繞著蕊柱的是三個萼片和三個花瓣,有時很容易辨認出來,但經(jīng)常被扭成華麗、

奇特但總是有用的形狀。

分句1。

Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals?分句2.

sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.

1是主句,采用完全倒裝26.WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedit,youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.?(倒裝thanhadtheirpredecessors—比較結(jié)構(gòu)的第二部分)?隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟增長,年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人結(jié)婚成家更早,而且養(yǎng)育的家庭比他們的前輩更大。

?分句1.

thegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWar

分句2.

theeconomicboomthatfollowedit

分句3。

youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlier

分句4。

begantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression。?1和2并列,3和4并列

1和2是伴隨狀語?3和4是主句?

?27。Therailroadcouldbeandwasadespoilerofnature;furthermore,initsmanifestationofspeedandnoise,itmightbeadespoilerofhumannatureaswell.?(關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)couldbeandwas)?鐵路可以,事實上也是自然的掠奪者;而且,在其速度和噪音的表現(xiàn)上也可能是人性的掠奪者。?

分句1.

Therailroadcouldbeandwasadespoilerofnature

分句2.

itmightbeadespoilerofhumannatureaswell.?1和2是并列(由分號連接的兩個并列分句)

?28.Intherailroads’primeyears,between1890and1920,therewereafewindividualsintheUnitedStates,mostofthemwithsolidrailroadingexperiencebehindthem,whomadeaprofessionofwritingaboutrailroading-—worksofferingtheambienceofstations,yards,andlocomotivecabs。?(同位語mostofthem;定語從句whomadeaprofessionofwriting)?在1890年到1920年間鐵路的黃金時期,美國有幾個人(他們大多有豐富的鐵路經(jīng)驗)以寫鐵路題材為職業(yè)——作品圍繞車站、停車場和機車.

分句1。

therewereafewindividualsintheUnitedStat(yī)es?分句2.

mostofthemwithsolidrailroadingexperiencebehindthem?分句3.

whomadeaprofessionofwritingaboutrailroading?分句4.

worksofferingtheambienceofstat(yī)ions,yards,andlocomotivecabs.??1是主句

2和3是嵌套

2作為1中afewindividuals的同位語,對它進一步解釋說明?

29.Ontheotherhand,whenitcomestosubstantive--particularlybehavioral-information,crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand,forthatmatter,notafewquiteuncommonones:theendangeredCaliforniacondor,tociteoneobviousexample.

(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)forthatmatter)

另一方面,當涉及實質(zhì)性的,特別是行為方面的信息時,烏鴉就不如許多比較而言很普通的鳥類那樣為人所知;而且,也不如許多很不尋常的鳥類,舉一個明顯的例子,如像瀕危的加利福尼亞大禿鷲那樣為人所知.??分句1。

whenitcomestosubstantive--particularlybehavioral—information

分句2.

crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand,forthatmatter,notafewquiteuncommonones:theendangeredCaliforniacondor,tociteoneobviousexample.

1和2是并列,分句1是時間狀語,2是主句,其中包含插入語結(jié)構(gòu)以及冒號連接的解釋說明的成分

30.Keenobserversandquicklearners,theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures,includingresearchers,andadeptat(yī)avoidingthem.?(并列同位語keenobserversandquicklearners)?烏鴉是敏銳的觀察家和快捷的學習者,它們對其他生物(包括研究人員)的意圖感覺非常敏銳,并且善于躲開它們。??分句1.

theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures,includingresearchers

分句2.

andadeptatavoidingthem.??1和2是并列

31.Theseresearchershavesoughttodemonstratethattheirworkcanbeavaluabletoolnotonlyofsciencebutalsoofhistory,providingfleshinsightsintothedailylivesofordinarypeoplewhoseexistencesmightnototherwisebesowelldocumented.

(賓語從句demonstratethat…;特殊結(jié)構(gòu)otherwise)?這些研究人員已經(jīng)力圖證實他們的工作不僅可以成為科學而且還是歷史的寶貴工具,為了解普通人的日常生活提供嶄新的觀點,否則這些普通人的生存狀態(tài)不可能被記載得這么好.

分句1:Theseresearchershavesoughttodemonstratethat?分句2:theirworkcanbeavaluabletoolnotonlyofsciencebutalsoofhistory?分句3:providingfleshinsightsintothedailylivesofordinarypeople

分句4:whoseexistencesmightnototherwisebesowelldocumented。

分句1是整個長句子的主句

分句2是分句1的賓語從句?分句3是動詞同位語從句,以分詞形式表示伴隨狀態(tài)?分句4補充說明,是3的從句。

?1和2嵌套

1和3并列

3和4嵌套

32.LegendhasitthatsometimetowardtheendoftheCivilWar(1861--1865)agovernmenttraincarryingoxentravelingthroughthenorthernplainsofeasternWyomingwascaughtinasnowstormandhadtobeabandoned。?(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)Legendhasitthat…=Thereisalegendthat…)

傳說在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861—-1865)快結(jié)束的某個時候,一列載著牛群的政府的火車在穿過懷俄明州東部的北部平原時遇到了暴風雪,因此不得不被遺棄。?

分句1:Legendhasitthat

分句2:sometimetowardtheend

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