在濕滑跑道上的起飛性能

TakeoffPerformanceon

Contaminated

and

SlipperyRunways

在濕滑跑道上的起飛性能

Agenda:議題BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本規(guī)則和定義PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性質(zhì)OperationalPractice運(yùn)行常規(guī)OperationalData/Applications運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)/應(yīng)用

AirplaneTakeoffPerformance

飛機(jī)起飛性能Contaminatedrunway受污染的跑道Acceleration/decelerationcapability(Slush,standingwater,snowcovered)

加速/減速能力(泥濘,積水,雪覆蓋)Slipperyrunway滑跑道Decelerationcapability(Icecovered,compactedsnow,orwet)

減速能力(結(jié)冰,壓緊的雪,或濕)RegulatoryRequirements法規(guī)要求FAAOperators在FAA法規(guī)下運(yùn)行的航空公司Historically過去NodefinitiveregulatoryrequirementsforcontaminatedorslipperyrunwayperformanceadjustmentsinPart25or12125和121部分,沒有明確的法規(guī)要求濕或滑跑道起飛的性能調(diào)整Current(737-6/7/8/900)-現(xiàn)在WetrunwayispartofAFMcertificationbasisNodefinitiveregulatoryrequirementsforcontaminatedorslippery(non-wet)濕跑道是AFM認(rèn)證基礎(chǔ)的一部分,受污染或滑(不濕)跑道沒有明確的法規(guī)要求ProposedAdvisoryCircular91-6Bincludes:

提議的咨詢通告91-6B包含:Guidelinesfortakeoffandlandingwithwater,slush,snoworiceonrunway

在積水,泥濘,積雪或結(jié)冰跑道起飛,降落的指南15-footscreenheightforaccelerate-go 加速起飛于跑道頭達(dá)到機(jī)輪離地15英尺高度

Definesbrakingcoefficientusedforaccelerate-stopdistancecalculation 定明使用在加速-停機(jī)距離計(jì)算的剎車系數(shù)Reversethrustcreditforaccelerate-stop 反推幫助加速-停機(jī)Includeswetrunway包含濕跑道Definescontaminatedrunway定義受污染的跑道RunwayisWetwhen:

跑道是濕的,當(dāng):Pavementthoroughlysoaked

道面完全濕透Shinyinappearance表面發(fā)亮Depthlessthan1/8inch(3mm)ofwater

積水厚度小于3

毫米R(shí)unwayisCONTAMINATEDwhen:*

跑道是受污染的,當(dāng):Morethan25%ofthesurfacetobeusediscoveredbystandingwaterorslushmorethan1/8inch(3mm)deep

超過25%的使用道面被厚度超過3毫米的積水或泥濘覆蓋OR或*AsdefinedbyFAAAdvisoryCircular91-6BFAA咨詢通告91-6B

Hasanaccumulationofsnoworice(Note:AtBoeing,weconsidercompactsnowandIceasslipperyrunwayfordatapresentationpurposes)積雪或結(jié)冰(注:為了數(shù)據(jù)表達(dá)的目的,波音公司認(rèn)為壓緊的雪和結(jié)冰是滑跑道)Additionalconsiderations:

進(jìn)一步的考慮Ifthecontaminantsarelyingonthatportionoftherunwaywherethehighspeedpartofthetakeoffrollwilloccur,itmaybeappropriatetoconsidertherunwaycontaminated.

如果跑道污染的部分是在起飛高速滑跑的位置,可以認(rèn)為跑道是受污染的.DoNOTtakeoffwhenthedepthofstandingwaterorslushismorethan:

1/2inch(13mm)deep

當(dāng)積水或泥濘厚度超過1/2英寸(13毫米),不要起飛Agenda:議題BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本規(guī)則和定義

PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性質(zhì)OperationalPractice 運(yùn)行常規(guī)OperationalData/Applications

運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)/應(yīng)用TakeoffDistanceIsProportionalto

起飛距離和加速度成反比

LargeAcceleration(a) ShortTakeoff大的加速度

Distance

短起飛距離SmallAcceleration(a) LongTakeoff小的加速度

Distance 長起飛距離1aDryRunwayAcceleration

乾跑道加速度Friction摩擦力Drag阻力Thrust推力gWa=Thrust-Drag-Friction[]加速度=重力加速度/重量(推力-阻力-摩擦力)AccelerationwithSlush/StandingWater

泥濘/積水時(shí)的加速度gWa=Thrust-Drag-Friction-SlushDragSlushDrag泥濘阻力[]Friction摩擦力Drag阻力Thrust推力加速度=重力加速度/重量(推力-阻力-摩擦力-泥濘阻力)Slush

force泥濘力Groundspeed地速SlushForce

泥濘力VHP滑水速度Hydroplaning滑水效應(yīng)

AllEngineAccelerationCapability

-130Knots全發(fā)加速能力6mmofslush--10-20%reductioninallengineacceleration6毫米厚度泥濘--減低全發(fā)加速10-20%13mmofslush--20-40%reductioninallengineacceleration13毫米厚度泥濘--減低全發(fā)加速20-40%AllengineaccelerationKt/sec全發(fā)加速海里/秒乾跑道6毫米13毫米747767757737乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米4.03.02.01.00.0EngineOutAccelerationCapability

--130Knots單發(fā)失效條件下的加速能力

6mmofslush--15-50%reductioninengineoutacceleration6毫米泥濘--減低單發(fā)失效條件下加速15-50%13mmofslush--30-110%reductioninengineoutacceleration13毫米泥濘--減低單發(fā)失效條件下加速30-110%7470.01.02.03.04.06毫米1/4"1/4"1/2"13毫米1/2"Dryallengine乾跑道全發(fā)加速-0.5單發(fā)失效乾跑道7677577376毫米13毫米單發(fā)失效乾跑道6毫米13毫米單發(fā)失效乾跑道6毫米13毫米單發(fā)失效乾跑道Dryallengine乾跑道全發(fā)加速accelerationKt/sec加速,海里/秒Dryallengine乾跑道全發(fā)加速Dryallengine乾跑道全發(fā)加速OneEngineInoperativeDecelerationCapability130Knots單發(fā)失效減速能力

DecelerationKt/sec減速海里/秒乾跑道6毫米1/2"13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米8.06.04.02.00.0747767757737Dry-AFMperformance-includesmaximumbraking,spoilers,idlethrust

乾跑道-AFM性能-包含最大剎車,擾流板,慢車推力Slush-includeswheelbraking,spoilers,

reversethrust,andslushdrag

泥濘-包含輪剎車,擾流板,反推,和泥濘阻力Agenda:議題BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本規(guī)則和定義

PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性質(zhì)OperationalPractice 運(yùn)行常規(guī)OperationalData/Applications運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)/應(yīng)用BoeingContaminatedRunwayDataAdjustments

波音受污染跑道數(shù)據(jù)修正Package1-Allenginesoperating 第一部-全部發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)操作Weightreduction減少重量NoV1adjustmentprovided沒有提供V1

修正值Preserves15%marginaboveMinimumFARRequiredDryRunwayLength在最低FAR乾跑道長度規(guī)定上,保留15%余度

Package2-Enginefailureisconsidered-Jarops1 第二部-考慮發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)故障

WeightreductionandV1adjustmentprovided

減少重量和提供V1修正

Creditforreversethrust計(jì)入反推作用15footscreenheight在跑道頭達(dá)到15英尺機(jī)輪離地高度DatapresentedinairplaneOperationsManualandPEM飛機(jī)運(yùn)行手冊和PEM提供數(shù)據(jù)ConstantFieldLengthWeightReduction

AllEngineData

固定跑道長度重量減輕-全發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)Note:Stophasnotbeenconsiderednorhascontinuedtakeofffollowingenginefailure不考慮停機(jī),不考慮單發(fā)失效時(shí)繼續(xù)起飛Altitude高度Temperature溫度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道長度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道長度

Brakereleasegrossweight松剎車起飛全重

Slush

AllEngineFieldLengthIncreasedDistance增加的距離{泥濘,全發(fā)跑道長度ConstantFieldLengthWeightReduction

AllEngineData

固定跑道長度重量減輕-全發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)Note:Stophasnotbeenconsiderednorhascontinuedtakeofffollowingenginefailure不考慮停機(jī),不考慮單發(fā)失效時(shí)繼續(xù)起飛Altitude高度Temperature溫度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道長度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道長度

Brakereleasegrossweight松剎車起飛全重ConstantFieldLength固定跑道長度

Slush

AllEngineWeightReduction泥濘,全發(fā)重量減輕DWt(slush)重量差泥濘,全發(fā)跑道長度Slush

AllEngineFieldLengthSampleQRHSlush/StandingWaterWeightAdjustment

AllEngineData-737-300/20KRating

樣本QRH泥濘/積水重量修正-全發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)ConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionandV1Adj.

EngineFailureConsidered

固定跑道長度重量減輕和V1修正-考慮單發(fā)失效

Brakereleasegrossweight松剎車起飛全重

Altitude高度Temperature溫度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道長度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道長度Brakereleasegrossweight

松剎車起飛全重V1FARV1{SlushFieldLength泥濘跑道長度{泥濘SlushV1ConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionandV1Adj.

EngineFailureConsidered

固定跑道長度重量減輕和V1修正-考慮單發(fā)失效

Brakereleasegrossweight

松剎車起飛全重

Altitude高度Temperature溫度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道長度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道長度Brakereleasegrossweight

松剎車起飛全重V1FARV1SlushFieldLength泥濘跑道長度泥濘

SlushV1ConstantFieldLength固定跑道長度DWt(slush)重量差(泥濘)DV1(slush)V1差(泥濘)SampleQRHSlush/StandingWater

WeightAdjustment

EngineFailureConsidered-737-300/20KRating

樣本QRH泥濘/積水重量修正-考慮單發(fā)失效SampleQRHSlush/StandingWater

V1Adjustment

EngineFailureConsidered-737-300/20KRating

樣本QRH泥濘/積水V1修正-考慮單發(fā)失效SlipperyRunway

滑跑道Noeffectonacceleration對加速?zèng)]有影響

Engineoutaccelerate-go單發(fā)失效,加速起飛

Goto15-ftscreenheight以機(jī)輪離地15英尺高度過跑道頭

Accelerate-stop加速-停機(jī)

Reducetiretogroundfriction 減小輪和地面之間的摩擦Creditforreversethrust計(jì)入反推作用Allengine-Noeffectoncalculationofallenginetakeoffdistance全發(fā)-計(jì)算全發(fā)起飛距離沒有影響μ=Averageairplanebrakingcoefficientduringthestop

停機(jī)時(shí),平均飛機(jī)剎車系數(shù)

(Note:thisisnottiretogroundfriction)注:這不是輪胎對地面的摩擦AirplaneBrakingCoefficient-μ

飛機(jī)剎車系數(shù)BL升力W重力StoppingForceduetowheelbrakes從輪剎車來的停機(jī)力

mB(W-L)=BConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionandV1Adj.

EngineFailureConsidered

固定跑道長度重量減輕和V1修正-考慮單發(fā)失效

Brakereleasegrossweight松剎車起飛全重

Altitude高度Temperature溫度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道長度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道長度Brakereleasegrossweight松剎車起飛全重V1FARV1{SlipperyFieldLength滑溜跑道長度{SlipperyV1滑溜跑道V1ConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionandV1Adj.

EngineFailureConsidered

固定跑道長度重量減輕和V1修正-考慮單發(fā)失效

Brakereleasegrossweight松剎車起飛全重

Fieldlength跑道長度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道長度Brakereleasegrossweight松剎車起飛全重V1FARV1SlipperyFieldLength滑溜跑道長度slipperyV1ConstantFieldLength固定跑道長度DWt(slippery)

重量差DV1(slippery)V1差,滑溜跑道Altitude高度Temperature溫度Flap襟翼滑溜跑道,V1SampleQRHSlipperyRunwayData

WeightAdjustments

EngineFailureConsidered-737-300/20KRating

樣本QRH滑溜跑道數(shù)據(jù)重量修正-考慮單發(fā)失效SampleQRH

SlipperyRunwayData

V1Adjustments

EngineFailureConsidered-737-300/20KRating

樣本QRH滑溜跑道數(shù)據(jù)V1修正-考慮單發(fā)失效SlipperyRunway滑溜的跑道Boeingdoesnotcorrelate“frictionvehiclereportedrunwayfriction”toairplanebrakingcoefficient.

波音沒有將摩擦車輛報(bào)告跑道摩擦與飛機(jī)剎車系數(shù)相連Pilotreportedrunwaybrakingconditionadvisoryinformationonly 駕駛員報(bào)告的跑道剎車情況僅作為咨詢信息優(yōu)良0.20合宜0.10不良0.05AssumedAirplaneBrakingCoefficientGoodFairPoor假定的飛機(jī)剎車系數(shù)V1MCGConsiderations

V1MCG地面最小控制速度的考慮V1reductionsassociatedwithslipperyandcontaminatedrunwaysincreasesthepossibilityofbeinglimitedbyV1MCGconsiderations.

與跑道濕滑有關(guān)的V1減小,使考慮受到V1MCG限制的可能增大SampleQRHSlush/StandingWater

V1(MCG)LimitWeight

737-300/20KRating

樣本QRH泥濘/積水V1(MCG)限制重量SampleQRHSlipperyRunway

V1(MCG)LimitWeight

737-300/20KRating

樣本QRH滑溜跑道V1(MCG)限制重量Agenda:議題BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本規(guī)則和定義

PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性質(zhì)OperationalPractice運(yùn)行常規(guī)OperationalData/Applications運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)/應(yīng)用

OperationalData

運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)737-300/CFM56-3@20KTakeoffatZBAA,Runway36R北京起飛,跑道36RRWYLength3800M,Elev.36M 跑道長度3800米,標(biāo)高36米OAT4DegC,ZeroWind,A/CAuto,Flaps5 機(jī)場溫度4攝氏度,無風(fēng),自動(dòng)空調(diào),襟翼56mm(0.25”)Slush

泥濘厚度6

毫米Step1- DetermineMTOWforSlushRunway 第一步-決定泥濘跑道,最大起飛全重Step2- CheckV1(MCG)LimitWeight 檢查V1(MCG)極限重量Step3- DetermineV1

決定V1Step1-DetermineMTOWforSlushRunway

第一步-決定泥濘跑道,最大起飛全重DryMTOW=57100Kg乾跑道最大起飛全重DryField/ObstacleLimitWeight=60500Kg乾跑道/障礙極限全重MaxCertifiedWeight=61234Kg最大審定全重=61234公斤(ClimbLimitedforDryRunway)(乾跑道爬升極限)(V1/VR/V2=139/142/149forDryMTOWatOAT)(V1/VR/V2=139/142/149乾跑道最大起飛全重)

Step1-(Continued)續(xù)Apply6mmSlushGrossWeightReduction使用6毫米泥濘全重減載量60500-8100=52400Kg<57100Kg,DryMTOW乾跑道最大起飛全重6mmSlushMTOW=52400KG

6毫米泥濘最大起飛全重Step2-CheckV1(MCG)LimitWeight

檢查V1(MCG)極限全重V1(MCG)LimitWeight>