出版歷史與文化

外語系謝婧2014.10BeijingInstituteofGraphicCommunicationPublishingHistoryandCultureTheInventionofPrintingTheInventionofPrintingPrintinginChinaPrintinginthewestPrintinginChinaPreparatoryPeriodOriginandEvolutionofChineseCharactersEngravingTechniqueTheEmergenceofWritingBrush,paperandink.TransferringandCopyingTechnique轉(zhuǎn)印技術(shù)WritingonSilkandBambooSlipsPrintinginChinaTheInventionofPrintingWoodblockPrintingClayMovableTypeWoodMovableTypeOriginandEvolutionofChineseCharactersOriginofChinesecharacters

TheearthenwaresignsarethefirstChinesecharacters,whichoriginatedfromdrawings.Asonekindofthemostancientcharacters,ChinesecharactershaveplayedasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofChineseculture.Originally,ancientSumerianandancientEgyptiansymbolsexisted,butonlyChinesecharactersremaintoday.PictographsonEarthenwareBasedonpictographs,Chinesecharacterscombineshapeswithsoundsandconnotationstoformunique,block-shapedcharactersthatcarrymeaning.ArchaeologicalresearchersdiscoveredmanysuchsignscarvedonearthenwareexcavatedfromBanpoVillageinXi'anCityandJiangzhai姜寨VillageinLintong.Theetchings蝕刻werecarvedduringtheYangshaoCulturePeriodsome6,000yearsago.Morethan4,000yearsago,peoplelivinginTai'anareaofShangdongProvincealsocarvedsignsonearthenware.9Thecharacter“旦”(dàn),meaningdawn,forinstance;thesun(日)risesupwards,crossingthemountainsandpassingthroughcloudlayerstotellpeopleanewdayhasbegun.ItissafetosaythattheearthenwaresignsarethefirstChinesecharacters,whichoriginatedfromdrawings.ThemostsophisticatedandearliestChinesecharactersaretheinscriptionsontortoisesshellsandanimalbonescalledJiaguwen(甲骨文oracleboneinscriptions)oftheShangDynasty(17th-11thcenturyBC)thatresembledrawings.Chinahasunearthed150,000piecesofananimalboneandtortoiseshell,includingmorethan4,600distinctiveChinesecharacters,amongwhichmorethan1,700havebeenidentified.Theinscriptionsonbonesandshellsconsistofphrasesandsimplesentences,providingmuchinsightintotheShangDynasty.ModernChinesecharacterstop60,000amongwhichabout3,000arecommonlyused.Inscriptionontortoiseshellandanimalbones.EvolutionofChineseCharactersChinesecharactershaveevolvedfromJiaguwen甲骨文(inscriptionontortoiseshellsandanimalbones)totoday'scharactersoveralongprocess.甲骨文JiaguwenoftheShangDynasty(c.1765-1112BC)isagroupofChinesecharactersthatresembledrawings.IntheShangDynastyandWesternZhouDynasty(1121-771BC),therewerealsoinscriptionsonbronzewarecalled鐘鼎文Zhongdingwen，whichalsoresembleddrawings.AfterthefirstemperoroftheQinDynasty(221-207BC)unifiedChina,healsounifiedChinesecharactersandintroduced小篆Xiaozhuan(lessersealscript)averybeautifulstyleofcharacters.Sincethe小篆Xiaozhuanscriptwasverytime-consuming,peopleoftheQinfurthersimplifiedthecharactersandcreatedanewstyle,隸書Lishu(officialscript).IntheHanDynasty(206BC-AD8),Lishu--includinganothertypeofcalligraphy,草書Caoshu(grassscript),followedby行書Xingshu(runningscript)--becamethemaingeneraltypeface.TheofficialscriptbrokeawayfromthepictographicelementofancientChinesecharacterslayingthefoundationsfor楷書Kaishu(regularscript).楷書KaishucameintobeinginthelateHanDynastyandwasbasedonLishu.AfterKaishuappeared,theblock-shapedChinesecharacterswerefinalized,Kaishuhasbeenusedeversince.Kaishuisstandardcalligraphythathasbeenusedforthelongestperiodoftime,stilltoday.ForthestudentsinChineseschools,wearerequiredtowritetheChinesecharactersinKaishuastheregularscript.HerearethecomparisonfordifferentChinesescriptforsomecommonChinesecharactersEngravingtechniquethefoundationofPrintingEngravingTechniquePictographicsignsonearthenware象形字Inscriptionontortoiseshellandanimalbones甲骨文(ShangDynasty)Inscriptiononbronzeware青銅銘文(StartedfromShang,reacheditsclimaxinXizhou)Stonecarving(tablets)石刻(StartedfromYinshang,reacheditsclimaxinQinandHan)Pictographicsignson

earthenware.EngravingtechnologyisanindispensablefactorineitherWoodblockprintingormovabletype.Theearliestengravedcharactersarethepictographicsignsonearthenware.OracleBoneInscriptionsInscriptionontortoiseshellandanimalbones.Theseinscriptionswerefirstlypaintedwithpaintingbrushandthenengravedaccordingtothestrokes.Ifthepictographiccharactersonearthenwarewerebychance.TheengravingofJiaguwenhasbecomemature.Inscriptionontortoiseshellandanimalbones.InscriptiononBronzewareSanshipan散氏盤Qiangpan墻盤Dayuding大盂鼎StoneCarving(Tablets)Inscriptionsondrum-shapedstoneblocks石鼓文(WarringStatesPeriods)StoneClassicsoftheXinpingReign熹平石經(jīng)(HanDynasty)Inscriptionsondrum-shapedstoneblocks石鼓文Rubbing拓印fromtheInscriptionsondrum-shapedstoneblocksStoneClassicsoftheXinpingReign熹平石經(jīng)TheEmergenceofWritingBrush,PaperandInkPaintingBrushfromtheWarringStatesunearthedfromShangsha

長沙左家公山出土的戰(zhàn)國筆PaintingBrushfromXihanTheInventionofPaperPaperwasinventedbyCaiLun,aneunuch[‘ju:n?k]宦官inEastHanDynasty(105AD).34materialsformakingpaper:hemp

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ragsfishingnet

TheTransferringandCopyingTechnique轉(zhuǎn)印技術(shù)TheembryonicformofprintinghempcuttingwashingsoakinginlimewaterboilingandsteamingstirringandsmashingbeatingdippingpaperdryingunderthesunpeelingoffthepaperfromtheframeTheRecordsofThreeKingdoms(Manuscript,Codex)JinguanPaperButbeforeCaitherewasJinguanPaperfromWestHanDynasty.TheTransferringandCopyingTechnique轉(zhuǎn)印技術(shù)Theembryonic初期的formofprintingItcandatebacktotheNewStoneAgewhenpatprinting拍印andpressprinting壓印methodwereusedtopaintpictographsonearthenware.SealwasinventedinthelastyearsinShang.Itwasverysimilartowoodblockprinting,withreversecharacterscutinintaglio反向陰文andwhenitistransferredtopaperithascharacterscutinrelieve.正向陽文Printingonsilk.Rubbing.(StartedintheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,reacheditsclimaxinSuiDynasty)WritingonSilkandBambooSlipsTherewaslongbeforeaChinesesaying:鏤于金石，書于竹帛BambooSlipsandinscribedwoodentablets.竹簡和木牘(PopularintheSpringandAutumnandWarringStates.CametoanendintheNorthernandSouthernDynasties.)“冊”Meanwhile,therewastheSilkBook.帛書TheInventionofWoodblockPrintingWoodblockPrintingTechnicalandmaterialfactors:Withtheculturaldevelopmentforover4000years,andtheregulationofcharacters,engravingtechnique,printingmaterials(paper,ink,writingbrush),everythingisreadyfortheinventionofprinting.Socialfactors:300yearsofturmoilaftertheEastHanDynasty,inSuiDynastyChinawasreunited.AdvocatingBuddhismandrespectingConfucianism.theimperialexaminationsystem科舉制moreandmorebooksareneededBecauseofBuddhism,themonasteriesneededBuddhismSutures.WoodblockprintingwasinventedintheSuiDynasty.Earlywoodblockprints:BuddhistSuture,imageofBuddhaWoodblockprintingstartedintheSuiDynastyandendedinNorthernSongDynasty.DharaniSutra陀羅尼經(jīng)AthousandBuddhaImagesInventionofClayMovableTypeWoodblockprintingwastimeconsuming,itwouldtakemorethantenyearstofinishalongbook.Thetechniqueisreadyfortheinventionofmovabletypewhenengravingthewoodblocks,ifacharacterisnotwellengraved,thenthetheengravingcraftsmenwouldengraveasinglecharactertoreplaceit.AndbecauseoftheuseofSeal.Bishenginventedclaymovabletype(1041-1048)TypeSettingPrintsInventionofWoodMovableType

(YuanDynasty1297)WangzheninventedwoodmovabletypePrintsMetalMovableTypeInlateSouthernSongtin錫movabletype（1276-？）MingDynasty(1368-1644)Bronzemovabletype.AlloyPrintsLaterDevelopmentOffsetprintingIntaglioprinting(gravureprinting)LetterpressprintingScreenprintingComputertoplateElectronicpublishingTheOutspreadofPrintingPrintingwasspreadfromXinjiangtoPersia(nowIran).AndfromIrantoEurope.PrintinginEuropeTheoutspreadofwoodblockprintingInthe13thcentury,withtheprosperityofMongolia,itwasexpandingitsterritory,soprintingwasspreadtowestAsia.Inthe14thcentury,itreachednorthAfrica.Inthe15thcentury,itreachedGermany,ItalyandHolland.PrintinginGermany636465MainzandGutenbergAboutMainzThecapitalofRheinland-Pfalz,oneofthe16statesinGermany.InantiquityMainzwasaRomanfortcitywhichcommandedthewestbankoftheRhineandformedpartofthenorthernmostfrontieroftheRomanEmpire.ThecityislocatedontheriverRhineatitsconfluence匯合處withtheMainoppositeWiesbaden,inthewesternpartoftheFrankfurtRhine-Main;inthemodernage,Frankfurtsharesmuchofitsregionalimportance.AboutGutenbergGutenbergwasbornintheGermancityofMainz(1394-1468).Hewasablacksmith,goldsmith,printerandpublisher.BestknownfortheGutenbergpress,aninnovativeprintingmachinethatusedmovabletype.PrintingpressinventedbyGutenberg(1440-1450)GutenbergPressTheinventionofmovabletypemechanicalprintingtechnologyinEuropeiscreditedtotheGermanprinterJohannesGutenbergin1450.ButtheexactdateofGutenberg'spressisdebatedbasedonexistingscrewpresses.forwineandoliveoilWinepressandprintingpressAboutGutenbergandhisprintingbusinessIn1438,GutenbergbeganabusinessarrangementwithAndreasDritzehn,whofundedhisexperimentsinprinting.In1450,GutenbergbeganasecondarrangementwithGermanbusinessmanJohannesFustwholenthimmoneytostartaprintingbusinessandbuildalargeGutenbergPress.TheirprintingprojectincludedthenowfamousGutenbergBible.Theprintingpressreplacedearliermethodsofprintingandledtothefirstassemblyline-stylemassproductionofbooks.AsingleRenaissanceprintingpresscouldproduce3,600pagesperworkday,comparedtoabout2,000bytypographicblock-printingandafewbyhand-copying.BooksofbestsellingauthorssuchasLutherandErasmusweresoldbythehundredsofthousandsintheirlifetime.[8]theearliestprintedbookswereDiamondSutureandGutenbergBible.Gutenberg’sinventionsPrintingpress(GutenbergPress)movabletypemadeofalloyoflead,tin,andantimo