高考沖刺英語(yǔ)閱讀理解課堂練答案解析9

2020高考英語(yǔ)：閱讀理解課堂練（6）PassageEleven(SuperconductingMaterials)Thestoneage,TheIronAge.Entireepochshavebeennamedformaterials.Sowhattocallthedecadesahead?Thechoicewillbetough.Welcometotheageofsuperstuff.Materialscience--oncetheleastsexytechnology–isburstingwithnew,practicaldiscoveriesledbysuperconductingceramicsthatmayrevolutionizeelectronics.Butsuperconductorsarejustpartofthepicture:fromhouseandcarstocookpotsandartificialteeth,theworldwillsomedaybemadeofdifferentstuff.Exoticplastics,glassandceramicswillshapethefuturejustassurelyashavegeneticengineeringandcomputerscience.Thekeytothenewmaterialsisresearchers’increasingabilitytomanipulatesubstancesatthemolecularlevel.Ceramics,forexample,havelongbeenlimitedbytheirbrittleness.Butbyminimizingthemicroscopicimperfectionsthatcauseit,scientistsaremakingfarstrongerceramicsthatstillretainsuchqualitiesashardnessandheatresistance.FordMotorCo.nowusesceramictoolstocutsteel.AfirmcalledKyocerahascreatedalineofceramicscissorsandknivesthatstaysharpforyearsandneverrustorcorrode.Asimilartransformationhasovertakenplastics.High-strengthpolymersnowformbridges,ice-skatingrinksandhelicopterrotors.Andonenewplasticthatgenerateselectricitywhenvibratedorpushedisusedinelectricguitars,touchsensorsforrobothandsandkaratejacketsthatautomaticallyrecordeachpunchandchop.Evenplasticlitter,whichoncethreatenedtopermanentlyblotthelandscape,hasprovedamenabletomoleculartinkering.Severalmanufacturersnowmakebiodegradableforms;someplasticsix-packringsforexample,graduallydecomposewhenexposedtosunlight.Researchersaredevelopingwaystomakeplasticsasrecyclableasmetalorglass.Besides,composites–plasticreinforcedwithfibersofgraphiteorothercompounds–madetheround-the-worldflightofthevoyagerpossibleandhaveevenbeenprovedincombat:ahelmetsavedaninfantryman’slifebydeflectingtwobulletsintheGrenadainvasion.Someadvancedmaterialsareoldstandardwithanewtwist.Thenewestfiberopticcablethatcarrytelephonecallscross-countryaremadeofglasssotransparentthatapieceof100milesthickisclearerthanastandardwindowpane.Butnewmaterialshavenoimpactuntiltheyaremadeintoproducts.Andthattransitioncouldprovedifficult,forswitchingrequireslengthyresearchandinvestment.Itcanbesaidafirmerhandleonhowtomovetocommercializationwilldeterminethesuccessorfailureofacountryinthenearfuture.1.Howmanynewmaterialsarementionedinthispassage?A.TwoB.ThreeC.FourD.Five2.Whydoestheauthormentiongeneticengineeringandcomputerscience?A.Tocomparethemwiththenewmaterials.B.Toshowthesignificanceofthenewmaterialsonthefutureworld.C.Tocomparethenewmaterialstothem.D.Toexplainhisviewpoint.3.Whyistransitiondifficult?A.Becausetransitionrequiresmoneyandtime.B.Becausemanymanufacturersareunwillingtochangetheirequipment.C.Becauseresearchonnewmaterialsisverydifficult.D.Becauseittakes10years.4.WhereliessuccessofacountryintheNewAgeofsuperstuff?A.Itliesinresearch.B.Itliesininvestment.C.Itliesininnovation.D.Itliesinapplication.Vocabulary

超級(jí)材料ceramic

超導(dǎo)陶瓷

神奇的

塑造，成型

脆性

聚合體jacket

空手道外衣sensor

觸及傳感器punchandchop

每一個(gè)擊、打

玷污，損害風(fēng)景的東西

修補(bǔ)，調(diào)整

服從于，遵循的

能生物遞減分解的rings

放六個(gè)罐子的環(huán)狀物

分解

可循環(huán)（使用的）

步兵

使偏斜，使轉(zhuǎn)向newtwist

一個(gè)新的觀點(diǎn)，方法難句譯注1.Materialscience–oncetheleastsexytechnology–isburstingwithnew,practicaldiscoveriesledbysuperconductingceramicsthatmayrevolutionizeelectronics.【參考譯文】材料科學(xué)，一度曾是最無(wú)吸引力（最不起眼）的技術(shù)，正以嶄新的，以超導(dǎo)陶瓷為首的種種實(shí)用性發(fā)明綻開(kāi)新顏。這種超導(dǎo)陶瓷可能會(huì)使電子技術(shù)徹底改變。2.Someadvancedmaterialsareoldstandardwithanewtwist.Thenewestfiberopticcablesthatcarrytelephonecallscross-countryaremadeofglasssotransparentthatapieceof100milesthickisclearerthanastandardwindowpane.【參考譯文】有些高級(jí)材料是帶有新方法的老標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最新全國(guó)電話的光纖電纜由玻璃制成。這種玻璃透明度極高，一片100英里厚的玻璃比一塊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的窗框玻璃還要清晰透明。寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意這是一篇介紹“超導(dǎo)材料”的論說(shuō)文,采用一般到具體的分類寫(xiě)作手法。先指出未來(lái)時(shí)代的材料屬于超導(dǎo)，然后再提出三種超導(dǎo)材料，再逐一說(shuō)明。答案詳解三種超導(dǎo)材料。答案在第一段最后一句“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷”。下面各段具體講這三種材料。第二段講陶瓷：“新材料之關(guān)鍵在于研究工作者不斷提高在分子水平上處理物質(zhì)的能力。舉陶瓷為例，由于它的脆性，長(zhǎng)期來(lái)應(yīng)用范圍有限。但是通過(guò)改善導(dǎo)致脆性的微小缺陷，科學(xué)家制造出一種保持原有硬度和抗熱性，但堅(jiān)實(shí)得多的陶瓷”。第三段講塑料?！邦愃频霓D(zhuǎn)折發(fā)生在塑料上，高強(qiáng)度的塑料建成了橋梁、溜冰場(chǎng)、直升機(jī)的葉輪。一種震動(dòng)或推動(dòng)就能發(fā)電的新型塑料用于電子吉他上，觸及傳感塑料用于機(jī)械手和空手道外衣上，它能自動(dòng)記錄每次擊打?！焙竺嬲劶八芰侠梢蕴幚?，或者制造可分解還原的塑料制品。塑料內(nèi)加入其他化合物加強(qiáng)性能。第四段講有些高級(jí)材料由新的改變，最新的光纖電纜由玻璃制成，透明度極高，100英里厚的一塊玻璃其清晰度比一塊普通窗玻璃還高。說(shuō)明這種新材料對(duì)未來(lái)世界的意義。答案在第一段：“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷一定會(huì)像生物工程和計(jì)算機(jī)一樣將改變世界。”A.把它們和新材料相比較，這里不僅僅是比較，而是說(shuō)明三者都具同樣的作用——改變世界。C.把新材料比作它們。也不僅僅是比喻比擬。與A一樣沒(méi)有說(shuō)到核心電。D.說(shuō)明他的觀點(diǎn)。太籠統(tǒng)。轉(zhuǎn)折需要錢(qián)和時(shí)間。見(jiàn)最后一段“可是新材料只有制成產(chǎn)品才有影響，而這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折可能很困難，因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)折需要長(zhǎng)期的研究和投資。可以這么說(shuō)，在不久的將來(lái)，更牢牢地掌握如何把材料轉(zhuǎn)變成商品將決定一個(gè)國(guó)家之成敗?！盉.因?yàn)樵S多制造商不愿改變他們的設(shè)備。C.因?yàn)樾虏牧系难芯糠浅＠щy。D.轉(zhuǎn)折要華上十年時(shí)間。這三項(xiàng)文內(nèi)沒(méi)有涉及。在超級(jí)材料時(shí)代已過(guò)之成功在于應(yīng)用。A.在于研究。B.在于投資。C.在于革新。這三項(xiàng)都是應(yīng)用的部分前提。其中A和B文內(nèi)提到，C項(xiàng)文內(nèi)未涉及。PassageTwelve(WeShouldAllGrowFatandBeHappy)Here’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintown,evenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestaurant,hediscoversthatthisetherealcreatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Oh,butofcourse,shedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain.Whatamiserablelotdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognizethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcaloriecharts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghips,protrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercises,sweatinginsaunabaths,beingpummeledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor‘healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.Manyofthesebrightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutair,waterandthegoodwillofGod.Dietersundertaketostarvethemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable?Well,foronething,they’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.Wonderfoodisacompletefood,theadvertisementsays.‘Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater…’.Acompletefooditmaybe,butnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.And,ofcourse,they’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.Andwhocanblamethem?Atleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.Whatuttertortureitisalwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice!What’sallthisself-inflictedtorturefor?Saintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyholdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings!1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis_______.A.OnFat.B.WeShouldAllGrowFatandBeHappy.C.ManyDiseasesAreConnectedwithFat.D.DietDeprivesPeopleofNormalLife.2.Whydotheyneverseeeachotheragain?A.Becauseitisamemorableevening.B.Becausesheletshimeatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants.C.Becauseshedoesnoteatthisanddrinkthat.D.Becauseeatingfatteningfoodisthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.3.WhichofthefollowingwaysisNOTmentionedfordiet?A.Doingexercises.B.Noteatingsugar.C.Noteatingfat.D.Takingsaunabaths.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowarddiet?A.Persuasive.B.Critical.C.Indifferent.D.Adversative.Vocabulary

優(yōu)雅的，飄渺的

愁眉不展的

肚子

突出的，突起的

作（戰(zhàn)），實(shí)行

全面的bath

桑拿浴=pommel

用拳頭連打

按摩

不可思議的，離奇的

商人，販子

一時(shí)流行的風(fēng)尚

調(diào)制品，葷素混合菜，調(diào)和物

奇妙的食物out

痛斥，鞭打a/onesitting

一口氣

用力嚼

予以打擊，使遭受

苗條的，不足取的，無(wú)價(jià)值的寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意文章論及“減肥及痛苦”。以先聲奪人的男女約會(huì)入手，引入減肥的痛苦過(guò)程：首先是各種減肥的方法（全面戰(zhàn)斗）；其次是痛苦的難熬；最后點(diǎn)出減肥的目的。號(hào)召人放棄減肥。三段式文章：引言，正文和結(jié)論。以諷刺的筆調(diào)，步步深入的手法勸人放棄減肥，過(guò)愉快的生活。答案詳解我們都該長(zhǎng)得胖乎乎，心情愉快。這是文章的目的，也是文章最佳標(biāo)題。答案見(jiàn)最后一段：“這一切自我折磨為了什么？圣潔的人們不吃飯