初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

語(yǔ)法一、名詞基本知識(shí)點(diǎn)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（1）在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es，

如：bus—buses（2）以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y變?yōu)閕再加es，如：factory—factories（3）以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es，如：tomato—tomatoes

但如果o前面是元音字母或外來(lái)詞，縮寫(xiě)詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s。radio—radios基本知識(shí)點(diǎn)（4）以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es，如：knife—knives例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs（5）不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的，它沒(méi)有規(guī)律可循，如:man—men,woman—women（6）單復(fù)同形的名詞有：deer（7）單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people寫(xiě)出復(fù)數(shù)sheeppianoleafmousetoothfamilydayclassmatchfootchildcountrywatchboyheroPhotoChinese寫(xiě)出復(fù)數(shù)sheeppianoleafmousetoothfamilydayclassmatchfootchildcountrywatchboyheroPhotoChinese

sheeppianosleavesmiceteethfamiliesdaysclassesmatchesfeetchildrencountrieswatchesboysheroesPhotosChinese

常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤1.Pleasegivemeapaper.常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤1.Pleasegivemeapaper.Pleasegivemeapieceofpaper.paper在英語(yǔ)中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類(lèi)，是不可數(shù)名詞。物質(zhì)名詞：water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sandadropofwater一滴水a(chǎn)bottleofwater一瓶水※paper作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞，如：Eachstudentshouldwriteapaperonwhathehaslearnt.常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤2.Iwantafewwater.

常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤2.Iwantafewwater.Iwantalittlewater.不可數(shù)名詞前可以用alittle,little,alotof,some,much來(lái)修飾，但不可用many,few來(lái)修飾還要注意一點(diǎn)——比較級(jí)Weshouldtryourbestto

workwith

money.A.more,fewerB.more,lessC.less,more常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤littlelessfewfewermuchmoremanymore修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞：many,no,several,some,afew,plenty,plentyof,alotof,alargenumberof,enough修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞：much,no,some,agreatdeal,plenty,alotof,plentyof。常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤3.Thankyouverymuch.

Yourfamilyisverykindtome.I'msorry.Ihavetogo.Tom'sfamiliesarewaitingforme.常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤3.Thankyouverymuch.

Yourfamilyisverykindtome.I'msorry.Ihavetogo.Tom'sfamiliesarewaitingforme.Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyareverykindtome.I'msorry.Ihavetogo.Tom'sfamilyarewaitingforme.常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤集合名詞如果指某個(gè)集合的整體，則應(yīng)視為單數(shù)，如指某個(gè)集合體中的個(gè)體則應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:Tom’sfamilyisabigfamily.WhenIcamein,Tom'sfamilywerewatchingTV.湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有：familyclass,team等常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤4.Thereisaflowersgardenbehindmyhouse.

常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤4.Thereisaflowersgardenbehindmyhouse.

Thereisaflowergardenbehindmyhouse.當(dāng)名詞修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞要用單數(shù)shoefactory鞋廠postoffice郵局headmaster校長(zhǎng)alawschool法律學(xué)院eveningpaper晚報(bào)例外：agoodstrain貨車(chē)sportsmeeting運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤5.名詞單復(fù)數(shù)與謂語(yǔ)的使用。(1)Thestoriesofthebook

writtenmanyyearsago.A.wereB.wasC.is(2)40percentofmoney

spentonfoodeverymonth.A.wereB.isC.are常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤5.名詞單復(fù)數(shù)與謂語(yǔ)的使用。(1)Thestoriesofthebook

writtenmanyyearsago.A.wereB.wasC.is(2)40percentofmoney

spentonfoodeverymonth.A.wereB.isC.are練習(xí)題Iofferedmysonmy

onhissuccess.A.congratulateB.congratulationC.congratulations2.

Goodnewsitis!A.HowB.WhataC.What3.—Mum,I’veheardthatwecan’teat____thesedays.Isittrue?

—Takeiteasy.Itissafetoeatcookedmeat.A.chickenB.chickensC.achickenD.thechicken練習(xí)題4.Whichisthe＿＿＿tothebusstop，please?AroadBwayCstreetDaddress5.Hurryup!Thereis＿＿＿timeleft.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew6.

Shanghaiisoneofthebiggest＿＿＿inourcountry.AcityBcity'sCcitysDcities7.Wouldyoupleasepassme＿＿＿?AtwopaperBtwopapersCtwopiecesofpaperDtwopiecesofpapers練習(xí)題8.September10this＿＿＿Day.ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher'sDTeachers'9.Thereisn't＿＿＿paperinthebox.Willyougoandget＿＿＿forme?Aany,someBany,anyCsome,someDsome,any練習(xí)題Iofferedmysonmy

onhissuccess.A.congratulateB.congratulationC.congratulations2.

Goodnewsitis!A.HowB.WhataC.What3.—Mum,I’veheardthatwecan’teat____thesedays.Isittrue?

—Takeiteasy.Itissafetoeatcookedmeat.A.chickenB.chickensC.achickenD.thechicken練習(xí)題4.Whichisthe＿＿＿tothebusstop，please?Aroad

Bway

CstreetDaddress5.Hurryup!Thereis＿＿＿timeleft.Alittle

BalittleCfewDafew6.

Shanghaiisoneofthebiggest＿＿＿inourcountry.AcityBcity'sCcitys

Dcities7.Wouldyoupleasepassme＿＿＿?AtwopaperBtwopapersCtwopiecesofpaper

Dtwopiecesofpapers練習(xí)題8.September10this＿＿＿Day.ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher's

DTeachers'9.Thereisn't＿＿＿paperinthebox.Willyougoandget＿＿＿forme?Aany,some

Bany,anyCsome,someDsome,any二、冠詞a主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中：haveawalk/arest/alookinahurry匆匆忙忙makeaface作鬼臉dosomebodyafavour幫某人忙anumberof=manyhaveagoodtime(玩得好)haveacold(感冒)haveaheadache(頭痛)haveabreak=havearestanan用于以元音音素開(kāi)始的單詞前，而不是元音字母開(kāi)頭的單詞前

university

usefulmachine

umbrella

houranan用于以元音音素開(kāi)始的單詞前，而不是元音字母開(kāi)頭的單詞前auniversity

ausefulmachineanumbrellaanhour—Whatdoyouwanttobeinthefuture,Lucy?

—Iwanttobe_____pilot.Itis_____excitingjob.A.a;aB.a;anC.a;the

D.the;anthe的用法（1）序數(shù)詞Iliveonthesecondfloorofthisbuilding.（2）形容詞最高級(jí)Heistheoldestinthefamily.（3）由普通名詞構(gòu)成的或地理名詞之前theYellowRiver,theGreatWall,theUnitedState（4）在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類(lèi)人，而在姓的前面加定冠詞，姓后加s表示某一家，如：Thericharenotalwayshappy.TheturnersaregoingtomovetoNewYork.the的用法（5）在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞，如：intheeast,inthewest,inthenorth,inthesouth,inthedirection，inthepast,inthefuture（6）一日三餐、季節(jié)前不加theWouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforsupperIliketoclimbthemountaininautumn（7）在報(bào)刊、書(shū)籍、樂(lè)器前要加定冠詞，而在球類(lèi)游戲之前則不要加冠詞theTimes(泰晤士報(bào)),playthepiano,playbasketball（8）固定搭配inthemorning練習(xí)題1.Englishis＿＿＿usefullanguagein＿＿＿world.Aan,theBa,theCthe,/D/,the2.Heusuallygoestoschoolon＿＿＿foot.AaBanCtheD/3.＿＿＿GreensarepreparingfortheThanksgivingDay.AaBanCtheD/三、形容詞、副詞1.Thelittleboyis

tocarrytheboxonhisown.A.strongenoughB.toostrongC.sostrong形容詞修飾名詞，副詞修飾動(dòng)詞三、形容詞、副詞too……todosth.太……而不能做某事

……enoughtodosth.足夠……去做某事1.Thelittleboyis

tocarrytheboxonhisown.A.strongenoughB.toostrongC.sostrong三、形容詞、副詞2.Waitaminute,Ihave＿＿＿totellyou.A.somethinginterestedB.somethinginterestingC.interestingsomethingD.anythinginteresting三、形容詞、副詞修飾不定代詞的修飾詞要放在不定代詞之后不定代詞：something,anything,nothing2.Waitaminute,Ihave＿＿＿totellyou.A.somethinginterestedB.somethinginterestingC.interestingsomethingD.anythinginterestingThereisnothinginterestingintheexhibition.三、形容詞、副詞3.Thiseggsmells＿＿＿,thoughitlooksallright.A.goodB.wellC.badDbadly三、形容詞、副詞smell為系動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)加形容詞，而不是副詞。同樣的詞，還有sound,

feel,seem等等，如：Icefeelscoldinwinter.3.Thiseggsmells＿＿＿,thoughitlooksallright.A.goodB.wellC.bad

Dbadly三、形容詞、副詞3.Katesings＿＿＿Joan.A.aswellasB.asgoodasC.sogoodasD.asbetteras三、形容詞、副詞as+原級(jí)+as3.Katesings＿＿＿Joan.A.aswellasB.asgoodasC.sogoodasD.asbetteras三、形容詞、副詞I'llwork＿＿＿Ican.A.sohardlyasB.sohardasC.ashardlyasD.ashardas三、形容詞、副詞I'llwork＿＿＿Ican.A.sohardlyasB.sohardasC.ashardlyasD.ashardashardly幾乎不hardadv.努力地

adj.努力的；硬的；困難的；辛苦的練習(xí)題1.Ofallthesebooks,doyouthink,whichoneis＿?A.interestingB.muchinterestingC.moreinterestingD.themostinteresting2.Peoplecarealotaboutfoodsafety,fortheywanttoeat______.A.healthB.healthyC.healthily3.—WhatdoyouthinkofthefilmSoYoungdirectedbyZhaoWei?

—Wonderful.Ithinkit’s_____thantheotherfilmsaboutyouthinrecentyears.thebest

B.theworstC.muchbetter

D.muchworse4.LiNawonthefirstplaceinthefinaltennisgame.Nobodyelseplayed

!A.well B.better C.best練習(xí)題1.Ofallthesebooks,doyouthink,whichoneis＿?A.interestingB.muchinterestingC.moreinterestingD.themostinteresting2.Peoplecarealotaboutfoodsafety,fortheywanttoeat______.A.healthB.healthyC.healthily3.—WhatdoyouthinkofthefilmSoYoungdirectedbyZhaoWei?

—Wonderful.Ithinkit’s_____thantheotherfilmsaboutyouthinrecentyears.thebest

B.theworst

C.muchbetter

D.muchworse4.LiNawonthefirstplaceinthefinaltennisgame.Nobodyelseplayed

!A.well B.better

C.best四、連詞并列連詞：and，both…and，either…or，neither…nor，notonly…butalso，aswellas轉(zhuǎn)折的并列連詞：but，however，while(而)，only(只不過(guò))選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞：or,orelse,otherwise…表示前因后果的連詞：for,so,therefore(因此)，then四、連詞連接名詞性從句：that,if,whether,連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句：when,while,as,since,before,after,once，until,till條件狀語(yǔ)的連詞有：if,unless,aslongas目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較、地點(diǎn)等狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有：sothat,so…that,such…that,as…as,than,where…一、并列連詞：and，both…and，either…or，neither…nor，notonly…butalso，aswellas

BothmysisterandIareteachers.都是NotonlyIbutalsoyouarewrong.兩個(gè)都是翻譯不同NeithermysisternorIamteachers.兩者都不Either

youoryourfatheriswrong.其中一個(gè)是Tom,aswellashisfamiliesisteachers.伴隨連詞一、并列連詞：and，both…and，either…or，neither…nor，notonly…butalso，aswellas

★注意主謂一致（1）謂語(yǔ)依前又依后由and或both…and連接的兩個(gè)詞都做主語(yǔ)Both

mysisterand

I

areveryhappytoday.（2）謂語(yǔ)依前不依后由with,togetherwith,aswellas,but連接的兩個(gè)詞都做主語(yǔ)Mr.Smith,aswellashischildrenhascametoChina.Acomputerwithtwohundredbookshassenttotheoldscientist.一臺(tái)電腦，外加兩百本書(shū)送給了那個(gè)老科學(xué)家AlltheteachersbuttheheadmasterhavegonetoKorea.除了校長(zhǎng)，所有老師都去了韓國(guó)一、并列連詞：and，both…and，either…or，neither…nor，notonly…butalso，aswellas

★注意主謂一致（3）謂語(yǔ)依后不依前（就近原則）由either…or，or,neither…nor，notonly…butalso…連接的兩個(gè)詞，謂語(yǔ)依后不依前Eitheryouoryourmotheriswrong.Notonlyyoubutalsoyourmotheriswrong.一、并列連詞：and，both…and，either…or，neither…nor，notonly…butalso，aswellas

★bothof,neitherof(兩個(gè))Bothmyparentsarenothere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.★bothof,neitherofBothmyparentsarenothere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.Neitherofmyparentsishere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.both一般用于肯定句中，neither用于否定句N(xiāo)eitherofusisright。才能被理解為"我們倆無(wú)一正確"?！颽llof,noneof(三個(gè)或以上)Allofthestudentspassedtheexam.Noneofmyfamiliesaredoctors.allof用于肯定句中，noneof用于否定句四、連詞并列連詞：and轉(zhuǎn)折的并列連詞：but（但是）選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞：or（或者）(or也可以表示否則……)表示前因后果的連詞：so（所以）四、and,but,or,so1.WeboughtGrannyapresent,＿＿＿shedidn'tlikeit.butB.andC.orD.so2.Runquickly,＿＿＿we'llmisstheearlytrain.andB.butC.soD.or3.-Whichwouldyoulikebetter,tea＿＿＿milk?-Tea,please.butB.andC.orD.with4.Ilikefish,＿＿＿chicken,＿＿＿eggs.and,andB.and,withC./,andD.and,/5.Speakslowly,＿＿＿wecanunderstandyouA.andB.orC.ifD.because

并列連詞練習(xí)1.NotonlymyfriendsbutalsoI_______interestedinfootballandMessiisourfavoritestar.A.beB.amC.isD.are2.–Whycan’ttheboyunderstandwhattheAmericanteachersaid?Becauseheisabeginner,

heknows

English.and;alittleB.and;littleC.so;littleD.so;alittle3.BothLiLeiandHanMeimei

fondofTVprogramaBiteofChina.isB.amC.wasD.are并列連詞練習(xí)4.-Whichbasketballplayerdoyoulikebest,Kobe,JamesorJordan?

ofthem.LinShuhaoismyfavorite.AllB.NoneC.EitherD.Neither5.Benwasbusytakingatrainingclass,wehadtowaitformhimforanhour.A.SoB.ifC.orD.but6.Animalsarepartofnature

shouldbewellprotected.A.and B.or C.but并列連詞練習(xí)1.NotonlymyfriendsbutalsoI_______interestedinfootballandMessiisourfavoritestar.A.beB.amC.isD.are2.–Whycan’ttheboyunderstandwhattheAmericanteachersaid?Becauseheisabeginner,

heknows

English.and;alittleB.and;littleC.so;littleD.so;alittle3.BothLiLeiandHanMeimei

fondofTVprogramaBiteofChina.isB.amC.wasD.are并列連詞練習(xí)4.-Whichbasketballplayerdoyoulikebest,Kobe,JamesorJordan?

ofthem.LinShuhaoismyfavorite.AllB.NoneC.EitherD.Neither5.Benwasbusytakingatrainingclass,wehadtowaitformhimforanhour.A.SoB.ifC.orD.but6.Animalsarepartofnature

shouldbewellprotected.

A.and

B.or C.but五、代詞英語(yǔ)中代詞可以分為人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、不定代詞（1）人稱(chēng)代詞主要有主格和賓格之別人稱(chēng)我你他她它我們你們他們主格iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem代詞（2）物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。形容詞性myyourhisheritsoursyourthey名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs代詞（3）反身代詞myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselfthemselves代詞（4）指示代詞主要有this,that,these,those（5）疑問(wèn)代詞有：

who,whose,what,which（6）疑問(wèn)副詞when,how,where,why（7）不定代詞：some,any，many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none,either…一、other的相關(guān)搭配和用法（1）可做代詞，單獨(dú)使用；（2）又可做形容詞修飾名詞，

一般接名詞復(fù)數(shù)，不可接名詞單數(shù)；（3）若接名詞單數(shù)，other前面要加上any或some等詞。[例1]Idon’tknowtheway.Pleaseaskany/someotherperson.=Idon’tknowtheway.Pleaseaskotherpeople.theother兩者中的另一個(gè)others其他的，泛指theothers其他的……，特指another同類(lèi)中的另一個(gè)，泛指[例2]Tomismuchtallerthantheothersofhisclass.=Tomismuchtallerthantheotherstudentsofhisclass.=Tomismuchtallerthananyotherstudentofhisclass.=Tomismuchtallerthanalltheotherstudentsofhisclass.湯姆比他班上的其他人高得多。不能說(shuō)Heistallerthantheothersstudents.theother兩者中的另一個(gè)others其他的，泛指theothers其他的……，特指another同類(lèi)中的另一個(gè)，泛指[例3]Idon’tlikethispen.Pleaseshowmeanother.=Idon’tlikethispen.Pleaseshowmeanotherone.=Idon’tlikethispen.Pleaseshowmeanotherpen.我不喜歡這支鋼筆。再給我一支看看。二、each和every的區(qū)別each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，指兩者或兩者以上的人或物。在句子中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)（修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)）every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，只能指三者或三者以上的人和物，在句子中只能做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞[例1]我們每個(gè)人有一臺(tái)電腦。[誤]Eachofushaveacomputer.二、each和every的區(qū)別each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，指兩者或兩者以上的人或物。在句子中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)（修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)）every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，只能指三者或三者以上的人和物，在句子中只能做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞[例1]我們每個(gè)人有一臺(tái)電腦。[誤]Eachofushaveacomputer.Eachofushasacomputer.(each是代詞，主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)單)Weeachhaveacomputer.(each是代詞，同位語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)復(fù))Wehaveacomputereach.(each是副詞，狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)復(fù)數(shù))二、each和every的區(qū)別each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，指兩者或兩者以上的人或物。在句子中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)（修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)）every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，只能指三者或三者以上的人和物，在句子中只能做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞[例2]我們每個(gè)人有一臺(tái)電腦。[誤]Everyofuslikesmusic.二、each和every的區(qū)別each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，指兩者或兩者以上的人或物。在句子中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)（修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)）every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，只能指三者或三者以上的人和物，在句子中只能做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞[例2]我們每個(gè)人有一臺(tái)電腦。[誤]Everyofuslikesmusic.Eachofuslikesmusic.Everyoneofuslikesmusic.Wealllikemusic.★every不能單獨(dú)使用，在句中只能做定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞。二、each和every的區(qū)別each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，指兩者或兩者以上的人或物。在句子中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)（修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)）every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，只能指三者或三者以上的人和物，在句子中只能做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞“everyother+名詞”或“every+數(shù)詞+名詞”表示”每隔”的意思.Mymothercomeshereeveryotherday.=mymothercomeshereeverytwodays.我媽媽每?jī)商靵?lái)這里一次。這里的every不能換為each三、表示替代的it,that,one,theone,ones,theones,those等it代替同一件事，或上文、下文提到的事。one代替同類(lèi)中的一個(gè)，修飾可數(shù)名詞，泛指。theone是特指，the

one=that.ones

是one的復(fù)數(shù)，泛指。theones是特指，theones=those.that可以代替可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞（只有that可以代替不可數(shù)名詞）Informationisreceivedintoourbrainbyattention,anditsqualitydetermineshowwellitwillbeprocessed,savedandusedafterwards.A.qualityB.brainC.attentionD.information三、表示替代的it,that,one,theone,ones,theones,those等it代替同一件事，或上文、下文提到的事。one代替同類(lèi)中的一個(gè)，修飾可數(shù)名詞，泛指。theone是特指，the

one=that.ones

是one的復(fù)數(shù)，泛指。theones是特指，theones=those.that可以代替可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞（只有that可以代替不可數(shù)名詞）Ihopethereareenoughglassesforeachguesttohave

(one/it)-Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?-Didn’twejusthave

?(one/it)3.I’llgivebookstoallthepupilsexcept

whohavealreadytakenthem.(theone/those)4.Theyboughtanewhousebut

needsalotofwokbeforetheycanmovein.(it/which)5.Tom’smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,

but

didn’thelp.(it/she)6.Ihate

whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.(it/that)三、表示替代的it,that,one,theone,ones,theones,those等it代替同一件事，或上文、下文提到的事。one代替同類(lèi)中的一個(gè)，修飾可數(shù)名詞，泛指。theone是特指，the

one=that.ones

是one的復(fù)數(shù)，泛指。theones是特指，theones=those.that可以代替可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞（只有that可以代替不可數(shù)名詞）7.WasitduringtheSecondWorldWar

hedied?(it/that)8.Itistheabilitytodothejob

matters,notwhoyouareorwhatyouare.(which/that)9.Theweatherhereismuchcoolerthan

ofmyhometown.(one/that)10.–Ilikethecomputerverymuch.Iwilluseiteveryday.Doyoumean

youboughtyesterday?（one/theone）11.Maryboughtanewwalkman,

madeinKorea.(one/which)12.Passmethewalkman,

onthetable.(one/theone)三、表示替代的it,that,one,theone,ones,theones,those等it代替同一件事，或上文、下文提到的事。one代替同類(lèi)中的一個(gè)，修飾可數(shù)名詞，泛指。theone是特指，the

one=that.ones

是one的復(fù)數(shù)，泛指。theones是特指，theones=those.that可以代替可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞（只有that可以代替不可數(shù)名詞）答案：1.One

2.one3.those或theones4.it5.it6.it7.That8.that9.that10.theone11.one12.theone四、either,neither,none1.-Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee?-

isOK.Idon’tcare.EitherB.BothC.Neither2.Thewholeclassdidagoodjob,and

makeamistake.A.neitherB.eitherC.none五、修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的形容詞置后somethingimportant–Whichdriverwastoblame(責(zé)怪)?-Why,

!Itwasthechlid’sfault,clearandsimple.Hesuddentlycameoutbetweentwocars.bothB.eachC.eitherD.neither.2.Yourstoryisperfect;I’veneverheard

before.A.thebetteroneB.thebestoneC.abetteroneD.agoodone3.Wehadapicniclasttermanditwasalotoffun,solet’shave

onethismonth.A.theotherB.someC.anotherD.other.4.-WhocallmethismorningwhenIwasout?-Amancalling

Robbert.A.himb.himselfC.hisD./5.Ofallthebooksonthedesk,

isofmyuseformystudy.A.nothingB.nooneC.neitherD.none6.Ifyoucan’tdecidewhichofthetwobookstoborrow,whydon’tyoutake

?Iwon’treadthemthisweek.A.allB.anyC.eitherD.both7.Youcandropinorjustgivemeacall.

willdo.A.EitherB.EachC.NeitherD.All8.Iammovingtothecountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthan

inthecity.A.onesB.oneC.thatD.those.9.Ithinkhe’sjustgoingtodealwithhisproblem

day.A.nextB.otherC.followingD.another六、數(shù)詞一、基數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的用法與具體名詞連用時(shí)，hundred,thousand,million,billion不能變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，但后面的名詞要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如：threehundredstudents表示不確定數(shù)字，和of連用時(shí)，本身要變成復(fù)數(shù)如：millionsofworkers.以ty結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示年代或者某人的年齡。Thesetwoscientistsgotmarriedintheirthirties.這兩名科學(xué)家是30多歲結(jié)婚的MyneighbourtookupRussianinhisforties.我的鄰居是40多歲開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)俄語(yǔ)IknowtheCivilWartookplaceinthe1940’s.我知道那場(chǎng)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)是20世紀(jì)40年代爆發(fā)的。六、數(shù)詞二、分?jǐn)?shù)詞、百分比的用法分?jǐn)?shù)詞、百分比后加名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)要依據(jù)名詞而定。名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；名詞是可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。Seventypercentofthefoodhasbeenconsumed.Two-thirdsofthebookshavebeensoldout.六、數(shù)詞三、日期和鐘點(diǎn)的表示法Whatdateisittoday?January25th.Whatdayisittoday?Saturday.5點(diǎn)20分——twentypastfive;fivetwenty5點(diǎn)50分——tentosix;fivefifty六、數(shù)詞四、序數(shù)詞與冠詞a連用表示“又、再”的意思序數(shù)詞與定冠詞連用表示“第幾次、第幾個(gè)”Heisthesecondtallestboyinourclass.他是我們班第二高的男孩。Don’tworry.Tryasecondtime.不要著急，再試一次Itriedsixtimes,butIwanttotryaseventhtime.我已試過(guò)六次了，但我想再試一次。Thevillageisfarawayfromherindeed.It’s

walk.afourhourB.afourhour’sC.afour-hoursD.afourhours’2.Theheroofthestoryisanartistinhis

.A.ThirtiethB.thirtyC.thirty’sD.thirties.3.Ittookusquitealongtimetogetthere.Itwas

journey.A.three-hourB.athreehourC.athree-hourD.threehours4.Ofthesemachines,

can’twork.A.FiveninethsB.fifthnineC.fifthsnineD.fiveninths5.Shewenttothebookstoreandbought

.A.hunderdbooksB.hundredsbooksC.hundredofbooksD.hundredsofbooks6.HebegantolearnRussian

.A.inthe1970B.inthe1970sC.in1970’sD.in1970s7.Hewasbusywriting

report.A.a800-wordB.an800-wordsC.800-wordD.an8000-word8.Althoughhetriedsixtimes,hewantstotry

time.A.theseventhB.aseventhC.asevenD.asecond.七、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)：1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：①用來(lái)表示狀態(tài)，特征或不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在和真理。如：Theearthmovesaroundthesun②表示習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如：Ioftengotobedat9∶３０③在時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如：AssoonasIgetthereI'lltelephoneyou.2一般過(guò)去時(shí)：①主要用于表達(dá)過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，如：Iwasilllastweek②過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，如：Iusedtogetupatsix.七、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)：3一般將來(lái)時(shí)：①用ｗill(shall)+動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)表達(dá)將來(lái)在某一時(shí)間內(nèi)要發(fā)生，或經(jīng)常、將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，如：SchoolwillbeginonSepember1st②用begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形，用來(lái)表示不久將要發(fā)生或打算去作的動(dòng)作。如：I'mgoingtoswimthisafternoon③be+現(xiàn)在分詞，也就是用某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)，如：I'mcoming。這些動(dòng)詞只限于：go,come,leave,start,move,sail,arrive,reach,getto等動(dòng)詞。④在狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。七、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：要注意的是表示狀態(tài)，情感的某些詞沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞有：like,have(有)，love,know,understand,remember,forget,see,hear,smell,taste,feel,wishhope,expect…5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)①用來(lái)表達(dá)在過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，如：I‘vestudiedEnglishfortwoyears（since

twoyearsago.）②用來(lái)表達(dá)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事但它影響到現(xiàn)在，如：Ihaven'thadmybreakfast.soI'mhungrynow一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)“be+過(guò)去分詞”和“get+過(guò)去分詞”“be+過(guò)去分詞”表示狀態(tài)；“get+過(guò)去分詞”表示動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的結(jié)果Theseyoungpeoplearemarriedandtheygotmarriedlastyear.這些年輕人都已經(jīng)成家了。他們是去年結(jié)婚的。Thetreeisbrokenanditgotbrokeninthesandstrom.這個(gè)樹(shù)斷了，是在沙塵暴中折斷的。二、容易出錯(cuò)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（1）Wesawthegirlenterthesupermarketjustnow.（2）Mothermademewashhandsbeforesupper.（3）Weoftenheartheboysingasonginthenextroom.二、容易出錯(cuò)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（1）Wesawthegirlenterthesupermarketjustnow.Thegirlwasseentoenterthesupermarketjustnow.（2）Mothermademewashhandsbeforesupper.Iwasmadetowashhandsbeforesupper（3）Weoftenheartheboysingasonginthenextroom.

Theboyisoftenheardtosingasonginthenextroom.使役動(dòng)詞make,let等，以及感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,observe,feel,hear,listento,lookat等在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，接動(dòng)詞原形。變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要加to。三、不用呢被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況（1）Thiskindofcakeistasteddelicious.×

Thiskindofcaketastesdelicious.√（2）Whatdoyouthinkwashappenedjustnow.×

Whatdoyouthinkhappenedjustnow.√（3）Soonthebirdwasdisappearedinthedistance.×

Soonthebirddisappearedinthedistance.√四、不用呢被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況（1）Thiskindofcakeistasteddelicious.×

Thiskindofcaketastesdelicious.√（2）Whatdoyouthinkwashappenedjustnow.×

Whatdoyouthinkhappenedjustnow.√（3）Soonthebirdwasdisappearedinthedistance.×

Soonthebirddisappearedinthedistance.√確認(rèn)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的四種方法一、根據(jù)連接詞確定例1.Allmorningasshewaitedforthereportfromthedoctor,hernervousness

.A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown例2.–Sorrytohaveinterruptedyou.Pleasgoon-WherewasI?-you

youdidn’tlikeyourfather’sjob.hadsaidB.saidC.weresayingD.say例3.Let’skeeptothepoingorweanydecision.A.willneverreachB.haveneverreachedC.neverreachD.nerverreached確認(rèn)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的四種方法一、根據(jù)連接詞確定例1.Allmorningasshewaitedforthereportfromthedoctor,hernervousness

.A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown例2.–Sorrytohaveinterruptedyou.Pleasgoon-WherewasI?-you

youdidn’tlikeyourfather’sjob.hadsaidB.saidC.weresayingD.say例3.Let’skeeptothepoingorweanydecision.A.willneverreachB.haveneverreachedC.neverreachD.nerverreached確認(rèn)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的四種方法二、根據(jù)介詞、副詞確定一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)/一般過(guò)去時(shí)：often,frequently,seldom,sometimes,everyday/month/year,onceaweek/month完成時(shí)：for,since,eversince,sofar,inthepast/last+具體時(shí)間，recently/lately,bynow.進(jìn)行時(shí)：now,thistimeyesterday,always,allthetime.確認(rèn)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的四種方法二、根據(jù)介詞、副詞確定例1.IwonderwhyJenny

usrecently.Weshouldhaveheardfromherbynow.A.hasn’twrittenB.doesn’twriteC.won’twriteD.hadn’twritten例2.Withtherapidgrowthofpopulation,thecity

inalldirectionsinthepastfiveyears.spreadsB.

hasspreadC.spreadD.hadspread例3.Atthistimetomorrow

overtheAtlantic.A.we’regoingtoflyB.we’llbeflyingC.we’llflyD.we’retofly確認(rèn)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的四種方法二、根據(jù)介詞、副詞確定例1.IwonderwhyJenny

usrecently.Weshouldhaveheardfromherbynow.A.h