2023年英美概況題庫(kù)美國(guó)部分

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ｒsofanａt(yī)ｉonalaｕthｏritｙd.Ｔhｅyspｅlloｕtthepeople’ｓrigｈｔ３9.TheamｅｎdmentｏftheＣｏnstｉｔutionｒｅquirｅsｔheapprovalofatlｅaｓtｃofthesｔates．ａ.one-thirdb.two－tｈｉrdsｃ.tｈｒee-ｆoｕrthsd.thrｅe(cuò)－fifths40．WｈeｎtheＳecoｎｄWarofIndｅpｅｎdｅnｃebrokeｏutｉn1８12,theUSｐresidｅntwasｂ．a(chǎn).ThomaｓＪｅffeｒｓonb.JamesMadisoｎｃ．ＪoｈnAdamsd．JaｍesＭoｎrｏe41.TheMoｎｒoeＤｏctrｉnehadthefｏlloｗiｎgfeａt(yī)ｕｒesoｒiｄeａsexceptｄ.ａ．nｏn-colonizａt(yī)ｉonb.ＡmerｉｃafoｒAmeriｃａnsc.nｏn-ｉnterｖentionｄ.ＬaｔiｎＡmｅricaｆｏrEuroｐeanｓ42.TheUSｃｏntinenｔalｅxpansioｎwasalmｏｓtｃoｍｐletｅbｙd.a.1８４0b.１845c.1８４6d.184843.CotｔｏnbecamethemｏｓtpｒofｉｔａｂlｅcropiｎｔheSouｔｈmaiｎlｙbecauseoftｈeb.a．useofirｒigatiｏnonｐｌantatiｏnｂ．Wｈitneｙ’scottoｎgiｎｃ.slaveｌaｂｏurd.ｉmｐrovedagricultuｒaltechniqｕes４４.ｉn１854，theRepublicaｎPartywasfｏuｎdｅｄbyｓｏmeb．a(chǎn).ｓlａveholｄersb.abｏlitｉonisｔsc.ｄemｏcratsｄ.ｐｒosｌaveryｐeｒsoｎs45.Inｈｉsinaugｕrａladｄｒｅsｓin186１,Ｌｉｎcolｎshowｅdclearｌythａt(yī)heb．ａ.wouldabolishslaveryinthｅSoutｈｂ.wouldnｏtａｂolisｈslaverｙｉmｍeｄiatelybuttopｒeserveｔｈeUnioｎｃ．woulｄwaｇeａwaｒaｇａｉnｓtｓlaｖerｙd.hadnoｉｄeａt(yī)ｏaboliｓhslaｖeryiｎtheSoｕth46.WhicｈｏｆthefolｌowinｇstatｅmeｎtsａbｏuttheＥｍancｉpａｔｉonProclamaｔionisｎotacｃｕｒate?ａa.ItiｍmediａｔelｙfreedａlｌslａvｅsliｖingintheＵｎｉtｅｄStates.b.ItｆreeｄslａvesonlｙinｔheConfederａcy.c.ＩtbroughtmanybｌacｋstoserveintheUｎiｏｎA(yù)rmy.d．ＩｔgavetheNorｔhaｈighｍｏrａlｒｅaｓonforcｏｎtiｎｕingｔhewar．47.ｔｈemoｓｔiｍportａnｔａdvａntagｅthｅNortｈhadｏvertｈeSouthinｔheCivilＷarwasｉtsｄ.a．manpowerb.ｓuperiｏrmiｌｉtaryleadeｒsｈipｃ.Ｅuropeaｎallｉesｄ．iｎdustrialsuperiority４8.AnａdvantagetheSoｕｔhｈadovｅｒtheNｏｒｔhwａsitsd．ａ.greａt(yī)ｍinｅralｒesoｕrcesb．grｅatｎumberofrailｒｏaｄsc．manpowｅｒd.sｕperｉitaｒyleadership49．ThefiｒstＵSｐrｅｓidentwhoｆacedｉmｐeacｈmeｎｔｐrocｅe(cuò)ｄinｇswasb.a.JamesBｕchananｂ.AndrewJｏhnsoｎc．Ｕl(shuí)yｓｓｅsS.Granｔｄ.RuｔhｅｒｆｏrdB．Ｈays50.TheradicaｌReconｓtｒuｃｔioｎwasｅndeｄunｄｅrPｒｅｓｉｄｅntd．ａ.ＡbrahａmLｉncolｎb.AｎｄｒewJohｎsｏnc.UlysｓｅｓＳ.Grantd.RutｈｅｒforｄB．Hays51.GｏldwasｄiscovｅｒedｉnCaｌｉfornｉainc．a(chǎn).1８２8ｂ.１838c．18４8d.185852.ThefirstｔranscontｉnｅntalraiｌroadintｈeＵＳｗａscoｍplｅtedinc．ａ.18５0b.1859c.18６9ｄ．189053.Telephonewasinvｅntedin1876ｂyｂ．ａ.TｈoｍaｓB.Ｅdiｓｏｎb.AlｅｘandeｒＤ．Bellc.GｕglｉeｌmoMarconid.GeorgeWestinｇhｏusｅ54.ＡcｃｏrdｉngtｏtｈｅtｅxtｔhevａlueｏfmanufａctｕreｄgｏｏｄsintheＵＳwaswortｈtwiｃｅaｓｔhａｔofherａgrｉｃulturａlproductsbｙd.a.１８6０b.１890c.1８９4d．190055．Thefｉrsｔimｐeriａｌist，tｈeＵＳ-ＳpaniｓｈWar,brokｅoutiｎc.ａ．1886b．18９0c.18９8d.190056.AｆtｅrUS－SｐａniｓhWar,theＵSacｑuireｄａｌltｈefoｌｌｏwingarｅasexｃepｔd.a.PｕerｔｏRicｏb.Guaｍｃ．tｈePhｉlｉppinｅｓｄ．Cuｂa57.Byｔheｂeginｎinｇoｆｔｈｅ20thcenturｙtｈecouｎｔrｙthaｔtookｔhｅfirstplacｅiｎeconomyiｎEurｏpewａsa．a(chǎn).Ｇermａnyb.Frａｎcec.Ｂriｔaｉｎd.Ruｓsiａ58．WｈｅntheＦｉrｓtWorldWａrbegaｎ,ＰｒeｓideｎtWilsonimmediａt(yī)ｅlｙcallｅｄｕpoｎthｅＡｍericaｎpeopｌeｔoｂ.a.beｒｅaｄｙforthｅwaｒb．ｏbseｒｖestrictｎeｕtraｌityc．gｉvｅfinanciaｌｈeｌｐtothｅAlｌiesd.endthｅtｒaderelatioｎswiｔhＧｅrmａny59．TheUSjｏinedtheFirｓtWorldWａｒind.a.1９１４b.1915c.1916d.191760.Wilsｏn’sFｏｕrteenPｏｉnｔsdidｎotincｌudethｅpｏｉnｔofd．a(chǎn)．ｄisarmamentｂ.ｃｒeaｔionofanｉnteｒnaｔiｏnａlorganizatｉonoｆnatiｏnｓc.ｆreedomoftｈeseas,inpｅaceandward.cｒｅationoｆanintｅｒnatioｎaｌｐeacｅkeepingfoｒce6１.WhicｈstaｔementaboｕttheUSin192０sisｎoｔtｒｕe?ba.Tｈegｒossnａt(yī)ｉonalprodｕctｒｏse．ｂ.Onlytｈeｒichｃouldａffordnｅwcｏｎsumerｇoods.c．Theyouｔｈsuspｅｃtedｔheｖaluesｏfthｅolｄergeneｒａt(yī)ion．d.Therewasafａsturbanizaｔｉonｉnthewholｅcoｕntｒy.６2.InrespoｎdingtotheDｅpressiｏｎ,PresiｄentHooverｔhｏughｔｔhａt(yī)ｔhebａsｉｃroleｏftheGｏvernmｅｎtwａｓtob.ａ．prｏｖiｄeｇoveｒnｍentaｉｄfoｒｔheｐoorb.ｃreateconｄｉｔiｏｎsｆａｖoｒabletothedevelopmentoｆｐrivaｔeentｅrpriｓesc.ｉｎterｖｅnｅｉntｈeａffａirsｏfeconomｙd.tａkｅｔhｅreｓpoｎsibilityfortｈｅwｅlfaｒeofｔhepeople63．ＴheagricｕlturalAｄｊｕsｔmｅnｔActｗaｓａnａt(yī)tempttoｄeaｌwiththeｆａrｍerｓ’ｐｒoblemofd.ａ.soileｒoｓionb.dｅclｉｎinｇlaborsｕpplyc．inflａｔiond.ovｅｒpｒoｄuctｉoｎ64.WhichoneｉsnotｒiｇhttoｃommentｏntheNeｗDｅaｌ？ｄａ．Itrelieveｄｕnｅmploymentthrougｈavastschemeofｐubｌｉcwｏrｋs.b.Itｏffｅredｒｅlieftｏfarmｅrstｈrouｇhpｒｏvidｉngmｏneyatlowraｔesｏfｉntｅrest.c.Itｂrouｇhtｉｎoｌdagｅanduｎemｐloyｍentiｎsuｒancｅtｈｒｏughｐrovｉdinｇａsｙstemoｆpenｓｉoｎ.ｄ.Iｔreducedｔｈｅcｏmmoditｙpｒｉcｅsbyliｍitingpｒｏductionanddevalｕinｇtheｄolｌar.６5．Beｔween19３5and1939,Ａｍericａnfoｒｅｉｇnpolicyincluｄedaｌlofｔhefｏlｌoｗｉｎgexceptd.ａ.theｐｒoｈibiｔｉonofｔhesaｌeofarmｓoreqｕiｐｍenｔtoｎａｔioｎsａt(yī)warb．thepｒohｉｂitiｏnoｆloａnsｔobeｌligereｎtnａt(yī)ionsc.cａｓｈ-ａｎd-cａrrｙpolｉｃyｄ.acｔiveinterveｎｔiｏntopreｖentaｇｇrｅssｉｏn66．ＴheＵSfｏrｍeｒlyeｎtereｄtｈeSｅcondWorlｄWarind.a.１937b.1939c.1940d.194167.NormandyLaｎｄingtookpｌａcｅona.ａ．Jｕne6,1944ｂ.Ｊuly6,19４4c.Apｒil30,1９45ｄ．Aｐril12，194５６8.ＡtwｈiｃhｃｏnｆereｎceｄidＲｏosevelt,ChｕｒcｈiｌｌandSｔalinａgreetｏcalｌacｏｎfｅrｅnｃeｏfaｌltheＵｎitedNatｉｏｎsｉnＳanＦrａｎｃisｃoiｎA(yù)priｌ1９４5?ｄa.ＴheConｆereｎceinＴｅheran,onNov.28,1943.ｂ.ＴheCｏｎferenceiｎＣairo，ｏnＮov.２3,１943．c．TheＣonferｅnceatＤumｂaｒtonＯａｋs，inｔｈefalloｆ１944．ｄ.YaltａConfeｒence,ｉｎFeb.１9４5.６9.Tｈepoｓt-WorldＷａrIＩproｇｒamofeconomicａｓsiｓtanｃｅｔoWesternEｕropｅwasknｏwｎａsｃ.a.ｃontainｍentpｏlｉcyb．TrｕmａnＰｌａnc．MarshallPlａnｄ.Ｃommunisｔprevｅntiｏn７0.Dr．ＭartinＬutherKinｇ，Ｊｒ.,ａdvoｃatｅdthephilｏsopｈyｏfb.ａ.ecｏnomicequaliｔyb.nonｖiolencec.mｉliｔaｒyprｏtesｔd.blａｃkpoｗｅｒ7１．ThouｓａｎｄｓｏfAｍeriｃａｎsｏldierswｅｒesenｔtoVietnamundeｒPresideｎtc．a(chǎn).DwighｔD.Eiseｎｈoｗeｒｂ.ＪohnF.Keｎnedｙc.ＬｙndｏnB.Joｈnsｏnd.RichardM.Nixon72.Theformaldiplｏmaticrelationattheaｍbassaｄ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oiｎtswithaｎolｄｅｒｅxecutive,thejｕnｉｏrｉscoｎsｉderedbｅingd.ａ.ｉmpｏlｉｔｅb.rudec.imｍorald.hａｒｍｌeｓs111.Tomａkediｓtinctioｎsｂetweenpersｏｎs,theAmeriｃａnsmayuseb.a.thefamilyｔiｔleｂ.theocｃuｐationａltiｔlec.Mr.ｏrMs.d.SiｒoｒMa’aｍ１１2．ToAmerｉcans，ifｗeaknesｓeswｅrepｏiｎtedｏutbyothers，itｗouldｂec．a(chǎn).disgracefulｂ.alｌrｉghtc.ｒeｓentfuld．iｎdiｆfeｒent113．BｙAmericａnstaｎdarｄｓ,ｗhiｃhonｅｉnｔhｅｆｏｌlｏwinｇｉsnｏｔatａｂoo？ｄａ.Fｉnaｎciaｌaｆfａirs.b.Ｐeｒｓon’ｓage.ｃ.Religｉｏｎ.d.Person’ｓwork.114.Ａccｏｒdinｇｔotｈeｔexｔ，whｉchwoｒｄｉntｈefoｌｌｏｗingiｓnｏｔｐroperｔodeｓcribeanAｍerican?ｃa.Optimiｓtｉc．ｂ.Ａcquisitｉvｅ.c.Ｆormａｌ.d.Ｆrａnｋ.

II.Ｆillｉntheｂlａnks：“Thebackboneofthecｏｎtiｎent”rｅｆerｓｔｏ．(thｅRockｙＭountaiｎｓ)DuｒingＲatificaｔioｎ,thｏsewhoｓｕpportedtｈeConstitutｉｏｎandpreferｒedａsｔrongｎationａlgoverｎmeｎｔｗerecａlled，tｈeiroppｏnentｓweｒecallｅd.(Federalists，Antifederａlisｔs）Tｈewarof1812wａsａlsoknowｎasforAmｅriｃagｏteconｏｍｉcalｌyindepｅnｄｅntａfterit.(SeｃondWarofＩndeｐｅｎｄｅnce)ＷashingtonD.Ｃ．issiｔuａt(yī)eｄonRｉverwｈiｃｈisｔｈeｔｒadｉtionaldivｉdinｇliｎebｅtweenｔheSoｕthａnｄｔheＮorth．(thePotomaｃ）TheUnｉtedStaｔｅsiｓthemｏsｔpopulouscｏuntｒｙ.（third)InhisAbrａhamLincolnｅxpressｅｄhｉｓideasoｆaｄemocｒaticgoｖernmenｔ“ofｔhepeoplｅ,bｙtheｐｅoplｅandｆｏrｔhｅpｅｏpｌe.”（ＧｅttysburｇAddresｓ)Iｎtｈeｙeａr,PrｅsideｎtNiｘonｖiｓitedChｉｎａ,anｄlａt(yī)ｅrdurｉng‘spreｓideｎcｙ,fｏｒｍａldiploｍａｔicrelationsbetweenChinaandｔheUniteｄStatｅｓｗeｒeｅｓｔabliｓhｅd.(19７2,JimmyCarｔer）Ｔｈedｉvisionofpｏweｒｓbyacｏnstｉtutｉonbetweｅｎｔｈeｃenｔｒalgovernmentandｓｔategoｖeｒnmenｔiscaｌleｄ.(Federａlism)BｙlawanyAmerｉcａnciｔiｚeｎofａndovｅryeａrｓｏfageaｎdofｂeingarｅsidｅｎtwithintheUnitedStatesfoｒyearｓcａnrｕnfoｒtｈePresｉdent.Ｔhedulyelecteｄanｄdｕｌyquａlｉfiedｐrｅｓｉdeｎｔ-electtakesoffiｃeontheoｆJanｕaｒｙfolloｗiｎghiｓelｅctiｏｎ.(ｎaｔural-ｂoｒn,3５，14,２0th)WｈenaBiｌlisvetoedbｙthｅPrｅsident,ｉtcanｓtiｌｌbecomealawifthｅConｇｒess．thevetｏbyavoteofbothhouses.（ｏverrｉde，tｗo-thirｄｓ)TｈeUniｔｅｄＳtａt(yī)ｅsｉsboｒｄeｒeｄｏntheｎoｒthby,ｏnｔhesouthbyaｎｄ,ontｈeeａstby,ａnｄonthｅｗｅstbｙ.(Caｎadａ，Mｅｘico,ＴｈeＧuｌfｏｆMexico，ＴheAtlａntic,theＰaciｆic)BecauseｔｈｅNｅｗEnｇlandcoloｎieswerediｆficｕltoffａrmｉng,tｈeｙbｅcamｅacenterfｏｒ.ａｎd.Tｈｅmｉddlecoloniesｗeｒeｋｎowｎasthe，ｗhicｈprｏducedwheaｔaｎdpotatoｅsaｓthemajoｒｓｔaple.Thesouｔheｒncolｏnieｓｄeｖeｌoｐeda．system.TheｍａincｒopｉｎtｈeＳouthｗas,muchlａt(yī)er,.（fisｈinｇ,sｈiｐbuｉldinｇ,bｒｅａdbasket,plaｎtａｔion，toｂａcｃo,ｃoｔton）TｈeFirstＷo(hù)ｒldWａｒwａswagedｂｅtweentowgrｏupsoｆimｐerialisｔpoweｒｓ:．a(chǎn)nd.(thｅAllies/thｅEnteｎtｅ,tｈeCｅntraｌEｕropeａnPoweｒs)ThｅmａｊortｒiumphforＷilｓonattheParisPeaｃｅConｆeｒenｃｅwaｓtｈeformａt(yī)ｉｏnofｔhｅ.(ＬeagueofNatｉoｎs)ＴｈeＮｉneｔeｅnthAmendmenttothｅUSCｏnstitutｉonwａsａdopｔeｄin,whichgrａntedwomｅnｔheriｇhtto.(1920，vote）TheGreａt(yī)DeprｅssｉonstａrtｅdwｉthtｈesｕddencollapseｏｆtheinＮeｗYorkinOctober，.ＴhiｓeｃｏnomicｄiｓtresseｘtendedtｏEuｒｏpe，Asia，ＡustralｉａanｄSｏutｈAmｅricａ.(ｓｔｏckmａｒkeｔ，1929）Theｃanｄiｄatewithtｈemｏstvotersｉnastatｅwｉｎｓａlloftｈatstatｅ’ｓvotes.Ｔｈｉｓiｓknｏｗnasthe“”ｐrｉnciple．Ｔhecaｎdiｄａt(yī)esｗhowinsｔhｅofthe5３8ElectoｒalCollegevoｔeswillｂeＵSPreｓidｅnｔinｔhｅneｘtfoｕryeａrs.(electoｒａl,ｗiｎneｒ-take-all,２70)Aｍｅricａnｕnｉvｅrsitｉesｏｆferｔhｒeeｍaiｎcaｔegorｉｅsoｆgraduａt(yī)edeｇｒees:1）,2),3）．（bachｅｌor’s,ｍasｔer’s,Pｈ.D)EａcｈofthefiftｙstatesｉｎtheUSｐroｖidesａfreｅsｃｈoolinｇofyeａｒsｔoitｓresｉdentｓ.(12)AmongtｈeｆiｖｅＧreatＬakeｓ,oｎlyLａkebelongsｅntirelytｏtheUS．(Michiｇａn)Thｅe(cuò)ｍblemoftｈeDｅｍoｃｒａｔｉcＰarｔyｉs，anｄthatｏftheReｐuｂｌｉcanＰaｒｔyiｓ.isｃoｎｓideredthefｉrｓtDｅmocratｉｃPresiｄｅnｔ,andｆirstReｐｕblicanPresiｄentis．(ｄoｎkey,ｅlephaｎt,ＴhｏｍasJｅffeｒｓｏn，AbｒahamＬiｎcｏln)III.TruｅoｒFalseStateｍents：ＰｅoｐｌｅuｓuallyreｇａrdChristoｐｈｅrＣolumbusasｔhｅdｉscovererｏftheＮｅｗWorld,thouｇhbeforｅhim,NorｓemenｆromSｃandinavｉaｈadalreａdyfｏundthiscontinent.ＤurｉｎgtheRａｔifｉcatioｎｏfthｅCoｎｓｔｉtｕｔioｎ,ＴhoｍasJefｆersonanｄｏｔherfederalistsworｋｅdharｄｔosｕppｏrtastrｏngcenｔraｌgovｅrnｍｅnt.TheMisｓoｕriCompromisｅｂroughｔasolutioｎtotheｉmｍeｄblemofthｅｅｘtｅｎｓiｏnofsｌaｖｅrｙ.Germany’suｎrestrｉｃteｄsubmａrinecaｍpaignaｇａinstmerｃhantｓhipｓwasｏnｅoｆtｈｅreａｓoｎｓｔhaｔpｕｓｈｅdAmericａintｏWｏrldＷarI.ＳtaｎdingcoｍｍitteesarepｅrｍａnentｏnestodetｅrminewhethｅrｐropｏsedlegiｓlaｔｉｏnsｈｏｕldbepｒesenｔedtｏｔheｅntirｅHｏuｓｅorＳenaｔeforｃｏnsiｄｅｒａt(yī)ion.LouｉsiaｎａPurcｈａsewaｓthｅｌargｅｓｔreａlestatｅdeａｌinUShistoｒｙ,ｗhicｈgｏtforAｍericatheｐresentLouｉｓｉanaFranklｉｎRoｏseveltwａsoｎeofthegrｅateｓtAｍｅｒicanPresidentswhoseNewＤeａleffecｔiveｌyputanenｄｔothｅGreatＤepressiｏn.ThｅVｉcｅPrｅsiｄentisoffiｃialｌｙthepreｓiｄingoffiｃeｒoftｈeＨｏuseofRepresｅnｔatｉvｅs,ａndiｎｈisabsence,ｔheprｅsidenｔprｏtemporetaｋｅshisplacetodeaｌwiｔhday-ｔｏ－dayｂusｉnｅsｓ.ＩmｍｅdiatelyafterＡｂrａｈamＬiｎcolntooｋoffｉce,theｓouthernｓtatesｂeｇａｎtｏsｅcｅdｅfｒoｍtheFｅｄｅｒaｌUnionandｏrgaｎｉｚedtheCｏnfedeｒateStatesｏｆAmeriｃa.TheｐeｏpleoｆtｈeUSarepredomｉｎantｌywｈｉｔe，ａｍｏｎgwｈomｔhemosｔpｏweｒfuｌandｉnｆluentｉalgroupiｓｔheWｈiｔｅAnglo－SaxoｎPｒｏｔestantｓｗhoaｒｅtheｄeｓcｅndeｎtsoftｈeｅarlyEnglishsｅttlers．Votingrｅｑuｉｒeｍenｔsarｅdｉｆferｅｎtｉｎonestateｆｒｏmanoｔｈｅr,andｖｏｔingqualiｆiｃａｔionsａrenotdｅterｍinedbyfederａlgoverｎmｅnt．Wheｎtｈeerｎmｅｎtsacｔｏuttheｐowersgiventｏitintheconstiｔｕｔｉon，thｅFederaｌGｏvernmentｈasnorigｈttointerfｅre.ＩntｈeU．S.A.,eｖeryｓｔａｔｅconsｔitutiondivideｄｐoｌiticalpoｗerａmｏngｔhreeｅleｍents.Thepoｗerｏftｈesｔａt(yī)eintheUSiｓａctｕaｌｌyfｒｏmthestaｔecoｎｓtiｔutionandｔheUＳCoｎｓtｉtｕtioｎ.TｈｅsｕpreｍelａｗｏftheUniteｄStａt(yī)eｓinclｕｄesｔｈeUＳCｏnｓtｉｔutｉon,ｔｒeatiesｕndeｒｔheauｔhｏrityｏftheＵnitedStatｅsandlａwstoensureｔheconsｔitutiｏnalｐoweｒｂeinｇpracticeｄ.ItｗastheNｅwYorkTimesｔhatfｉrｓｔuｎcoｖｅredtｈeWaｔｅrｇatescanｄａlin1972.Genｅrａllyｓｐeaｋing，olｄｅrpeoｐlewitｈmｏreedｕcationanｄhighincｏmetenｄtｏvotewhｉｌｅthｅyｏuth，eｓpeciaｌｌyaged1８ｔo２1,hastheloｗeｓｔvotingperceｎtageinｔｈeＵｎｉteｄSｔateｓ.AsｔｈeopｐosｉteoｆFedｅralists,ｔheAｎｔi-Feｄeｒａlistｓinsistedonthｅe(cuò)xpansionｏｆsｌａveryｉｎthecoｕntry.IＶ.Ｅxpｌaｉntｈｅfollowingterｍs:FedeｒalismMｅlｔinｇpotＭｏsaicSeparａt(yī)ionofpowersJudｉｃiaｌrｅviｅwWｉnner-take-aｌlFilibｕsteｒPｏｃkｅｔ