2023年西方原著選讀期末考試翻譯資料

JohｎＬockeLｉfeJoｈnLockｅwasｂorｎatWrｉngｔon,avilｌageinSomerset,ｏnAugｕst２9,163２．Ｈewasｔｈesonoｆacouｎtrysolicitｏranｄsmalｌｌaｎｄｏwnｅrwho,whｅnthｅcｉviｌｗaｒｂrokeout,servｅｄａsａcaptａｉnofhｏrｓeinthepａrlｉａｍentarｙarｍｙ．“InosｏonerｐerceｉｖeｄｍｙseｌfintｈｅwｏrldthanIfounｄmｙselfinａｓtｏrｍ，”hewｒotｅlongａfteｒｗards，duriｎgｔhelｕｌlｉntｈeｓｔorｍwhicｈfolloｗedtheking’sｒetｕrn.Ｂｕｔpｏliｔicalｕnｒｅstdoesnｏｔｓｅe(cuò)ｍｔohａveserｉouslydiｓtuｒbedｔhecoｕrseofhiseｄucatｉoｎ.HeｅnteｒedWｅstmｉnｓterｓｃｈoolin16４6,andｐassｅdtoChｒistＣhurcｈ，Ｏxford,aｓajuniorstｕdeｎｔ,ｉn1652;ａnｄheｈaｄahomeｔｈeｒｅ(thｏuｇhａbsenｔfromiｔforlｏngperioｄs)foｒmｏrｅtｈanthirtｙyears—tillｄｅprivedｏfhｉｓstudeｎtｓｈipbｙroｙａlｍandａt(yī)ein1684．Thｅofｆicialsｔudieｓoftｈeunivｅrsitywereuncｏngeｎialtoｈiｍ;ｈewoｕldhaｖeprｅferｒedtｏhａvelｅarｎeｄｐhilｏsopｈyｆｒomDescartesiｎstｅａdoｆfromＡrｉｓtoｔle；buｔevidentlyhesａt(yī)ｉsfiｅdｔheaｕthoｒities,forhewａｓelecteｄtｏａｓenｉｏｒｓｔudｅｎtshiｐiｎ165９,and，inthetｈｒeｅorfoｕryeaｒsｆollｏwing,hｅtooｋpａrtiｎthetutoriaｌｗorkoｆtｈecｏllege.Ａtonetimehｅｓeemsｔohavｅthoughtoｆthｅclericａlｐrofeｓsionasapossibleｃａrｅe(cuò)r;ｂuthｅdeclｉnedａｎｏｆfｅrofprｅfermentiｎ1666,andinthｅｓameyearobtaiｎeｄａdiｓｐensａt(yī)ionwｈｉchenableｄhiｍtoｈoldｈiｓｓtuｄｅntｓhipwｉthouttａkingoｒderｓ.Ａbouｔtheｓａmetimeweｈeaｒofhｉsintereｓtinexperｉmｅntaｌｓcience,aｎｄhｅwaselecｔedafelloｗoftheRoyａlSocｉｅtyin166８.Lｉttｌeiｓｋnoｗnofｈiｓｅarlymedicalstｕdies.Hecａｎnoｔhａｖｅfoｌｌｏwedtｈeregulaｒｃourｓe,fｏｒhewasunabｌｅtoobtａｉnthedegreeofdｏctorｏfmｅdicine.Ｉｔwasｎottill1674ｔhａt(yī)hegｒaｄuatedaｓbａchｅlorofmedｉcinｅ.InthｅfollｏwiｎgJaｎuaryhiｓｐositioninＣｈrisｔＣｈurcｈｗａsregulaｒｉzｅｄbyｈiｓａppoiｎｔmｅnttoonｅoｆtｈetwomｅｄiｃａｌstuｄｅntshｉpsofthecollｅge.Hiskｎowlｅdgeｏｆmｅdiciｎｅanｄｏccaｓionaｌprａcticeofｔｈｅarｔｌed，in1６６6，toanａcquａintanceｗitｈＬｏrdAｓｈleｙ(afteｒｗardｓ，frｏm1672，EarlofShaftesbury).Theacquaｉｎｔａnｃe,begunacｃideｎｔalｌy,ｈadanｉmmｅdｉatｅe(cuò)ffectonＬocke’scareer.ＷｉthoｕｔseｒvinghisｃoｎｎectiｏnｗithＯxford,hｅbｅcaｍｅamembｅrofShaｆtｅsburｙ’shouseholｄ,andｓeemssoontohavebeenloｏkｅduponasindispeｎsaｂleiｎalｌmatｔeｒsdｏmestiｃaｎdpｏliticaｌ．Ｈesavｅdthｅsｔaｔeｓmａｎ’ｓｌifebyaｓkｉllｆｕloｐeration,arｒangedasuiｔaｂlemarｒiａgeforhiｓｈeir,attendedtheladyｉnhｅrｃonfineｍｅnｔ，andｄirｅcｔｅdｔhenuｒsingandeduｃａt(yī)ioｎofheｒｓon—aｆterwardsfａｍｏusastheauｔhoｒofCｈａracterｉstics．HｅａｓsisｔedＳｈaｆtesｂuryalsoiｎpublicbusiness，comｍercｉalanｄｐolitｉcal,andfollowｅｄhimiｎtothｅgｏverｎmｅntserviｃe.WhｅnShafｔｅｓbｕｒyｗaｓmadeｌoｒdｃｈａnｃeｌlｏrin167２,Lockebecamehisｓｅｃrｅtaryforpreｓeｎｔationｓtｏbｅnefｉceｓ,and,iｎtheｆoｌlowingyｅar,wａsmａdesecretaｒytotheboａrdofｔｒaｄe.Iｎ167５hｉsoｆficiallifecaｍｅtｏanendｆｏrthetimｅｗithtｈeｆaｌｌofhischief.Ｌoｃkｅ’shｅalth,aｌwaysdelｉcaｔe，ｓufferｅdfromtheLondoncliｍate.Ｗhenreleasedfromthecareｓofｏffiｃe，ｈeleｆｔEnｇlaｎdinseaｒchｏfｈeaｌtｈ.Ｔeｎｙｅａｒsｅarｌierｈehaｄhisfｉrstexpeｒienceofforeｉgｎtraveｌanｄoｆpublｉｃeｍｐlｏymｅｎt,asseｃｒetaryｔoSirWａｌterVanｅ,ambassａｄortotｈeElectoｒｏfBranｄｅnburgｄuringtｈefiｒstDutchwar.OnhisreturntｏEnｇｌand,ｅarlyin１66６,hedeclｉｎedanofferoffｕｒtｈｅrｓerviceｉｎSpain，ａnｄsｅttｌedagaｉninOxfｏｒd,butwａssoｏｎinｄuceｄbｙShaｆtesburytｏspｅndaｇreatpaｒtofｈisｔimｅinLｏndｏn．Oｎhisrｅlｅasｅfromofficeｉn16７５hesｏｕｇhtmｉｌderaｉrｉntｈｅsoｕthofFraｎce,maｄｅlｅiｓurｅｌyjｏuｒneys,ａndsettledｄownformanyｍonthsatＭｏｎｔpellieｒ．Thejouｒｎalｗhichhekeptatｔhｉsperiodiｓfｕlｌｏfminutｅdｅｓｃrｉｐｔｉonsoｆｐlaceｓａndcusｔoｍsandiｎｓtｉｔuｔions.ItconｔaiｎｓalsoarecordofmａnｙofｔｈeｒｅfｌｅctionsthataftｅｒwaｒｄstookshapeiｎtｈeEsｓaycoｎcernｉnｇＨuｍanＵnderstandinｇ.ｈereturnedtoＥnｇlaｎｄiｎ16７９,wｈenhispatｒoｎhadａgaiｎaｓhｏrtｓpelｌoｆoffice.HeｄoeｓnｏtseemtｏhavebeenｃoncernedｉｎSｈaｆtesbury’slatersｃhｅmeｓ；ｂutsuspicionｎatｕｒallyfelluponhim,andｈeｆｏunｄｉtprｕdeｎｔtｏｔaｋｅreｆuｇeinＨolｌanｄ.ThishedidｉnAugｕst１683,ｌesｓtｈanayearａfteｒｔhｅｆｌiｇｈｔanｄdeａt(yī)ｈofＳhaｆｔeｓbuｒy.EveninHoｌlaｎdforｓometiｍeｈｅｗaｓnotsａｆefｒomｄanｇerofａｒｒestattｈeinstanceｏftｈｅEnglｉshgoｖeｒnmeｎｔ；hｅmovｅdfromtowntotown，livedｕnderaｎａssumedname,andｖisiｔedhｉｓfriendsbyｓtealtｈ.HisresｉdenｃｅinHoｌlandbroughtpoliticalｏccupaｔｉonswiｔhit,ａmongthemeｎwhowerepｒｅparingtｈeＥnｇlishreｖｏｌｕｔion.ithaｄaｔleasteqｕalｖalｕeinｔheleｉsurewhｉchitgavｅhimfoｒliteraｒyworｋandintｈeｆriendshipｓwhichitoｆｆereｄ.Inｐaｒticular,hefｏrmedaｃloseiｎtimａcywithPhilｉpvanＬｉmbrｏch，theleａdeｒoｆtｈeRｅmonsｔraｎtclerｇy，andtheｓｃhoｌarａndｌiberalｔｈeolｏgｉantowhoｍEpistolａｄeＴolｅrａntiawａsdedicａt(yī)eｄ.Ｔhｉｓletterwaｓcomplｅtedin1６8５,thoughnotｐuｂlishedａｔｔheｔime;and,beｆｏreheleftforEnglaｎd,inFebruarｙ16８９,tｈｅEssaycoｎcerniｎｇHumanUnderｓtａndingseemｓｔohavｅａt(yī)tainｅｄitsfinaｌｆｏｒｍ，ａnｄanabsｔｒａctofitｗaspｕblｉshediｎLｅclｅｒｃ’ｓBiblｉｏtｈｅｑｕeuniversellｅin１688.ThenewgoｖｅrnmenｔｒecognizeｄhｉsservicestotｈecaｕｓeｏffreedombytheofｆerofthepoｓtofambassadoreｉthｅｒatＢeｒlinoratViｅnｎａ.ButLocｋewasnoplaceｈunteｒ;hewassolｉｃiｔｏusaｌsoｏnａccountｏfhisｈeａlth；hｉsearlierｅxｐerienceofGｅrmanylｅdhimtｏｆeartｈe“coｌdair”and“wａrｍdrｉｎkｉｎg”；anｄｔhｅhｉgｈofficｅｗａsdeclined.Butheseｒvedlessimpoｒtantofｆｉcesathomｅ.HewasmadecommisｓioｎｅrofapｐｅalsinＭay1689,ａｎd,froｍ１696to１７00，ｈeｗasacomｍissiｏneroftradeaｎｄplaｎtａｔｉonsatａsalａryofL１000aｙear.Altｈougｈoffiｃialdutieｓcaｌleｄhimtoｔownfoｒpｒotraｃtedpeｒioｄs，ｈｅｗａsａbｌetofixhisrｅsideｎceｉnthecouｎtｒy.In1６91ｈewaspｅｒｓｕadｅdtomakehispermａnentｈｏmeatOatesinEｓsex,ｉｎｔｈeｈouｓeofFrancisaｎdLａdｙMasham．LadyMaｓhaｍｗasaｄaughterofCudwoｒth,theCambriｄｇｅPｌatｏｎist;Lｏckhadmaｎｉｆesteｄagroｗingｓyｍpathyｗithｈiｓtypeoｆliberaｌｔｈeｏloｇy;inｔelｌecｔｕalａffiｎityincrｅasedhｉsfriｅnｄshiｐwｉththeｆamilｙatOａｔes;andhｅcontinuedtoｌiveｗithｔｈemｔiｌlhisdｅatｈｏnＯctobｅｒ28，1704.２．WｒitｉngsWitｈtheeｘceptionofｔｈeabstｒaｃtoｆthｅEssayａndotｈerlesｓｉｍpｏrtantｃｏnｔｒｉbｕtionsｔoｔｈeＢｉbliｏthequeuniveｒｓｅlle,LockehaｄnotpｕbliｓhedanytｈingbefoｒehisreturntoEnglandin１689;aｎdbｙｔhistimehewaｓinｈisfifty-sｅvｅnthyｅar．Buｔmanｙｙｅａrｓｏfreｆleｃtionａndprepａraｔiｏnmａdｅｈiｍreadyａｔthattimetopuｂliｓｈbｏｏksｉnrａpidsuccession．ＩｎMａrｃh168９hｉsＥｐｉｓtolａdeToｌerantiawaspublisｈedinHｏlｌand;anＥｎｇlisｈtranｓlaｔionofｔhｅsame,ｂｙWｉlliａmPoｐpｌｅ，appeaｒedlaｔeriｎtｈesameyear，aｎdinacorｒectedｅｄiｔionin16９0.Ｔhecｏntｒｏveｒsｙwhichfollｏwｅdthisworklｅｄ,ｏnLoｃke’ｓpart,toｔhepublｉcationｏfaSeｃondLeｔter(1690）,anｄtｈｅnaThｉrｄLetter(１692）.InＦeｂｒuary1690theboｏkｅntiｔｌeｄTｗoTｒeatisesｏfGovernmeｎtwaspubliｓhed,aｎdｉnMarｃhoｆtｈeｓameｙeａｒappearｅdｔhelongexpｅcｔｅdEｓsaｙcｏｎcernｉnｇＨumanUnderstａnding，oｎwhichｈｅhadbeenatworｋｉnｔermittｅntlｙｓｉnce1６７1.iｔmetｗitｈimｍedｉaｔｅｓuccess，ａndlｅｄtoavoluminｏuslitｅraｔｕreｏfａt(yī)tackandreply;yｏuｎｇｆellowsofcollegeｓtrｉｅｄtoinｔroduceitａt(yī)tｈeuｎｉversities，andｈeａdsofhousessａt(yī)inｃｏnclavｅtoｄｅｖiｓemeａｎsfｏriｔssuｐprｅssｉon．TooneｏｆhiscriｔｉcsLoｃｋereplｉedatleｎgｔh．ThiswａsＥｄwardSｔｉｌlingｆleet，bｉｓhopofＷo(hù)rｃester，whｏ，ｉnｈiｓVindicatiｏnｏftｈeDoctrineoftheTriniｔy(1696）,ｈａdattackeｄthenｅwｐhilosophｙ.ItwasｔｈetheoloｇiｃａlcoｎｓeｑueｎceswhichwerｅdrawnfｒomthｅｄoctrinesoｆｔheEssay,nｏｔsomuｃhbyLocｋeｈiｍselfasbyToland，inhiｓＣhristianｉｔyｎoｔMｙsｔeｒious,thaｔthebishophaｄchｉefｌyinvｉｅw;ｉｎｐhiｌosophyforitsｏwnsaｋｅhｅdoesnotｓeemｔohavｅbｅe(cuò)nintｅrｅｓｔed.Butｈｉsｃriticismdｒewatｔeｎｔｉontｏoneｏftｈeleaｓtsａｔisfacｔory(ｉｆalｓooneofthemostｓuggesｔive)dｏｃtｒineｓｏftheＥsｓaｙ—ｉtseｘplanaｔionｏｆtheideaofsubstａncｅ;anddｉscｒeditｗaｓｔｈrｏwnoｎｔhe“ｎewwayofideas”ingeｎeral.IｎＪaｎuaｒy1697LockeｒepliedｉnＡLeｔｔeｒtｏthｅBiｓhoｐoｆWorceｓter．ＳtｉllingfleeｔansweredthisinＭay;aｎdLoｃｋewａsreadywｉthasｅconｄｌｅｔｔerinAugｕst.Stilliｎgfleetreplieｄin１６9８,anｄＬocke’sｌengｔhythirｄｌetterappeａｒediｎ１699．Thｅbishop’ｓdeath，laterｉｎthesａmeyeａr,putａｎeｎdtoｔheconｔrovｅrsy．ＴheｓecｏndｅｄitionoftheＥssayｗａspublisｈedin16９4,thethirdin1６９5,andthefourｔhｉn1700．Thesecondａnｄfourtheｄｉtｉoｎscontainｅdimpｏｒtantadｄitions.Anａｂｒiｄgemｅntoｆitaｐpearedin１696，byJohnWｙｎne，ｆellowoｆJesusCollege,Oxford；ｉtwａｓｔranslａt(yī)edintoLａt(yī)iｎandintoFrｅnｃhｓoｏnaftertheappeａrａnceoｆtｈｅfourthｅditioｎ．Tｈeｌatｅｒedｉｔioｎscontaiｎｍanyｍodifｉcatｉｏnsduｅtotheauthor’scorresponｄencewiｔhWilliaｍＭolyneｕｘ，ofTriｎｉｔyCｏllege,Ｄubｌin,adevoｔeｄdｉsciple,foｒｗhomLｏcｋｅhadawoｒｍfriｅndｓhip．OｔheｒcｏrrｅsｐondｅntsａndvisiｔoｒstoＯatｅsdｕrinｇtheseyearswereＩsaacNewｔoｎａndAnｔhonｙCollins,ａｙouｎgsquireoｆtheｎeigｈｂorhood,ｗhoａfterｗardsmadehismａｒkiｎｔheinｔｅllectuaｌcontroveｒsｉｅｓoftheｔime.OtｈerｉｎterestsａlsooｃcｕpｉeｄLoｃkedｕrｉngｔheyｅarsfoｌloｗｉｎgthepublｉｃaｔionofhｉsgreａt(yī)work．Thefinａｎcialdiffｉｃｕltiesｏftheneｗｇｏｖｅrｎｍentleｄin1691tohisｐublicａｔionoｆSoｍｅＣonｓｉdｅｒａt(yī)ｉｏnsoｆtｈeＣonsｅquencesofＬoweringofInteｒeｓｔ,ａｎdRaisiｎgtheVａlueoｆMｏney，andｏｆFｕrｔｈeｒCｏnsidｅｒaｔｉonsonｔhelａｔterquｅstｉon,fｏurｙearslater．Ｉn1６9３hepublishedＳoｍeThｏugｈｔｓconcerningEdｕcａｔioｎ,aｗorｋｆoｕｎdeｄoｎｌetteｒｓwrittｅnｔｏafriend,ａndin１695appeareｄTｈeReaｓonablenessｏｆChｒisｔianｉｔy，anｄlaterAＶindｉｃａｔiｏnｏftｈesａmeagaiｎstｃｅrtａiｎobｊｅｃtionｓ;andｔhiswasfollowedbyａｓeｃondvindiｃationｔwｏｙｅaｒsaｆtｅrwａrds．Ｌocke’srｅligiouｓintｅrｅsthadａｌｗａｙsbeｅnｓｔronglｙmarkｅd,anｄ，inhelateｒｙeａｒsｏｆｈｉslife,muchoｆｈistｉewasgiventｏtｈeｏlogy.ＡmongthｅwritingsofhiswhｉcｈwｅreｐｕblｉshedaftｅrhisdeatharecｏmｍeｎtarｉesontｈｅPａｕｌｉneepiｓｔｌes，andａDｉｓcourｓeonMiｒacles,ａｓｗellａｓafｒａgmentoｆaＦｏurｔｈLetterfｏｒTｏleratｉon.TheposｔhｕmouslyｐublishedｗritingsincludefurtherＡnEｘamｉｎａt(yī)ioｎofFａt(yī)hｅｒMalebrａnche’sOpｉnionofSeｅｉｎgallｔhiｎgsｉnGod,RｅmarksｏｎSoｍeofMrＮoｒris’sＢoｏks,and—mostimportantofall—thesmaｌltreaｔiseｏｎThｅConductoftheUndersｔanｄinｇｗhiｃhhadbeenｏrｉginallｙdesigｎedａsachaｐｔerofｔhｅEｓsａy．TwoTreatisesoｆＧovernｍentInＴwoTreaｔiｓｅsofGovernmｅnthehａｓtｗｏｐurposesinviｅw:tｏrefutethedoctrineofthediｖineandａbｓoｌuｔerｉghtoftheＭonａｒcｈ,asithaｄｂeｅnｐutfｏrwａrdbyRobertFilmer’sＰａt(yī)rｉａrcha,ａndtoestabｌishａt(yī)heorywhiｃhwｏuldreｃonciletｈeｌiｂｅrtyoftheｃｉtizenwithpolitiｃalorder.ThecrｉｔicｉsｍofFilｍeｒinthｅｆｉrsｔTrｅａt(yī)iｓeisｃoｍpleｔe．HisthｅｏryoftheaｂｓolutesｏvｅreigntｙｏfAｄaｍ,andsoofkiｎgsａsAdam’sheirs,hａslosｔａｌlinｔeｒest;ａndLｏckｅ’ｓａrgumｅnthasｂｅe(cuò)noｎlytooｅffｅcｔive:hiｓｅxｈaｕsｔｉveｒeplytosｏａbｓurｄathｅｓisｂecomｅsitselｆwearisome.AlｔhoｕgｈtherｅisliｔｔleｄirｅｃｔrｅfeｒencetoHobbes,LockｅｓｅｅmstohaveｈadＨobbesinｍindｗhenｈeaｒgｕedthaｔｔｈedoｃtrｉneofabsolｕtemonarｃhyleavｅssovereｉgｎanｄsｕbjeｃtsｉnｔhestateｏfnａt(yī)ｕretowardsoneanoｔｈeｒ.Theｃoｎstｒuctivｅdｏctrineswhichareelａborａt(yī)eｄｉntheｓecondtreａｔiseｂecamethebasisofsocialａndpoｌiticalphiｌosophyforｇeｎｅratｉｏns.Laｂoｒisｔheoｒigｉｎandjｕstiｆicatｉonofｐroperty;ｃontｒaｃtorｃonsｅｎtiｓｔhegrｏｕndｏｆgovernmｅｎｔandfixesitsｌimits.Bｅｈindboｔhｄoctrinesｌiestheiｄｅａofthｅindｅpeｎｄencｅofｔheindｉviduaｌｐerｓon.Ｔｈeｓｔａt(yī)eofｎatureｋnｏｗsｎogovernmeｎt;butiｎｉt,ａsinpolｉtｉcalsociety，ｍenａresubjｅcttotｈemｏrallａｗ,wｈｉchｉｓtheｌawofGoｄ．Menaｒeｂornfreｅandequａliｎrights．Wｈateverａman“ｍixeｓhisｌabourwith”ishｉsｔouse.Ｏr,atleaｓt，ｔｈiswassointｈepriｍiｔiｖｅconditｉｏnofｈｕmanlifeinｗhｉcｈtherｅwasｅnouｇhｆorａlｌaｎd“ｔhｅｗholｅe(cuò)ａrthwasＡmericａ．”Loｃｋｅｓeeｓthat,ｗｈenmenhavｅmｕlｔｉplieｄandｌaｎdhａｓbecoｍescａrce,ｒulesａｒeneedｅdbeyonｄｔhosｅwhiｃhthemorallａwｏrlａwｏｆnａt(yī)ｕresupｐliｅs.Ｂutthｅorｉginｏfgoverｎｍentistrａcedｎoｔtothisecoｎoｍｉcnｅcessitｙ,buttoanｏtｈercａuse.Tｈeｍoｒallａｗisalwａysvaｌid,ｂutｉtisnｏtａlwａｙskept.Intｈestaｔeofnａt(yī)urealｌmenｅｑｕallyhavetｈerighｔｔopunisｈtransgrｅssors:civilsocietｙorｉgｉnatesｗhen,ｆｏrtｈｅbetteradministraｔiｏnoｆｔhｅlaw,menaｇrｅe(cuò)todｅｌegaｔethｉsfunctｉontoｃeｒｔainofficｅrs.Thusｇovｅrｎmｅntｉsiｎstitutｅｄbya“sociaｌcontraｃｔ”;ｉtspoweｒsaｒelimitｅd,anｄｔｈeyinｖolvｅrｅｃiproｃａｌobｌigatiｏｎs；mｏrｅoveｒ,theｙｃanbemoｄifiedorｒｅscindｅdbyｔｈｅａｕｔhorｉｔywhicｈｃｏnfｅｒreｄthem.Loｃｋe’sｔhｅoｒｙisthusｎｏmorehｉstｏricalthanＨｏｂbｅs’s．Iｔisaｒenderingoftheｆaｃtsofcｏnsｔｉtutｉoｎalｇｏｖernｍentintermsｏftｈoｕght,anｄiｔｓervｅdｉｔｓpｕｒｐosｅasaｊustｉficaｔｉonofthｅRevolutiｏnseｔtlementｉnaccｏrｄaｎcewｉthｔｈｅideａsofthetimｅ．ＬｅttersoｎRｅlｉgiｏｕsToｌeｒatioｎLocｋe’spｌeaｆortoｌeｒatioｎiｎmａｔｔerｓofbｅｌieｆhasbｅcomeｃlasｓｉcａl．HｉsCommon-Ｐl(wèi)aceBｏokshowstｈathismｉndwasｃｌｅarontｈesubjｅctｍｏrｅthaｎtwｅnｔyｙearｓbeforｅｔhepubｌiｃatiｏｎofhisｆｉｒstLetter.Ｔｈｅtopｉc,indeed,wａsintheａiｒａｌｌthｒoughhiｓlife,anｄａffectedｈimnearｌy．ＷｈenheｗasaｓchｏｌaｒaｔＷesｔminsｔｅr，ｔhｅpowersofｔhｅｃiｖilｍａgｉstｒaｔeｉnｒeliｇiｏuｓｍａt(yī)ｔerｓｗｅrｅｔｈesuｂjectofheateｄdiscｕssｉｏｎbeｔweenPresbyteriａｎｓandindｅpeｎdeｎtsintｈｅassｅmblｙoｆｄivinesthａt(yī)ｈeldｉｔsseｓsioｎｓwithｉnａsｔoｎe’sｔhrｏwofhｉsdormitoｒy;and，ｗhenheeｎtｅreｄChｒiｓtＣｈｕrcｈ,JohnOwen，aleａdeｒoftｈｅinｄependｅntｓ,hadbeeｎreceｎtlyapｐointedtotheｄeaneｒｙ.Thereｈaｄbeｅnmａnyaｒgumｅntsfortoｌerationbefｏｒｅｔhｉstｉme,buttheyhadｃomｅfromtheweakeｒpartｙintheｓtａt(yī)e.ThuｓＪeremyTａｙｌoｒ’sLibeｒtｙｏｆＰｒoｐｈesｙingappｅaｒｅdｉｎ1646,whenthefoｒtｕｎeｓofｈisｓidehaｄsufｆｅrｅdadecliｎｅ．ForOwenthecreditｈasｂeenclaiｍｅdthatｈewaｓthｅfirsｔwhoaｒｇueｄfortoleｒaｔion“ｗhenhｉsparｔyｗａｓｕppｅrmosｔ.”HewasｃaｌｌeｄｕpontopreachｂｅｆoretheHｏuｓeoｆCｏmmonsonJａnuarｙ31,１64９,aｎdpeｒforｍedthetａskｗiｔhoutmakiｎganyrｅｆeｒeｎｃｅtotheｔraｇiｃｅvenｔoｆtheprｅvｉouｓｄay;butｔothepubliｓhedｓeｒmonｈeａｐpeｎdedａｒemａrkablｅｄiscussｉonｏｎｔoleration.OwendidnｏｔtakesuchhighgrｏundaｓＭｉltondｉd,tenｙeａrsｌater,inhiｓTrｅatiｓｅｏｆＣivｉｌPoｗerinEcclesiaｓtｉcａlCauｓｅｓ—aｆｆｉｒmiｎｇthaｔ“itisnｏtｌawｆｕlforanypoｗeronearthtocｏmpeliｎmatｔｅrsofreliｇiｏｎ.”Heaｂoｕnｄsinｄｉstinctions,ａndindｅe(cuò)ｄhiｓｐositｉoncallsfoｒsomesubtｌety.Heholdｓthａｔtheciviｌmagiｓtraｔehasｄutｉｅsｔｏthｅchuｒch,andｔhatheoughtｔｏgｉvefacｉlitｉｅｓandｐroｔeｃtｉontoitsminｉｓtｅrｓ，notmerelyaｓcｉtiｚensbｕtａsｐreachersof“thetruth”;ｏｎｔheoｔheｒhanｄhearguｅsthatｃiviｌorcorpｏｒealpenaltｉesareiｎappｒopｒiaｔeaspｕｎishmenｔsfoｒoffenceｓwhicｈarｅpurelyspirituaｌ.TheposｉtionulｔiｍatelyadoptedbyLoｃｋeｉsnoｔaｌtogｅｔherｔhesａmｅａsｔhｉｓ．Heｗａsｎeｖｅranａrdentpuritaｎ；ｈehadaslittｌeｔastefｏｒelaboraｔｅthｅoｌoｇiesashehａｄfｏｒscｈolastiｃsｙsｔemsofphilｏsophｙ;anｄhisｅarｌiestattemptａt(yī)aｔheoｒyoftoleratiｏnwasｃonnectedwithtｈｅviewｔhａt(yī)inrelｉgiｏn,“aｒticleｓinspeculatiｖeopinions[sｈoulｄ]bｅfewandlarge，andceｒemｏnieｓinｗorshipfｅwandeasｙ．”Ｔhedoctrineswhichheｈeldtobeｎeceｓsaｒｙfoｒsalvａt(yī)ioｎｗoｕldｈaｖeseeｍｅdtoJohnOwenａmeaｇerａｎdpitｉfulcｒeed.Ａndheｈadaｎarｒoweｒviｅwａlｓoofthefunｃtｉoｎｓofthestａt(yī)e.“Thｅbuｓinessoflawｓ,”hesaｙs,isnottopｒoviｄeforthｅtruthofoｐinions,bｕtfortheｓafｅｔyandsecuｒityｏｆtheｃomｍonwealth,ａｎdoｆeveｒypａrticularmａn’sgoｏｄsanｄperｓon.Andｓoｉtｏuｇhttobe．Foｒ