英語詞匯學(xué)-Unit10English-Idioms備課講稿

英語詞匯學(xué)-Unit10English-IdiomsSemanticunityEachidiomisasinglesemanticunity.Themeaningofanidiomisopaque;i.e.themeaningofanidiomisnotthetotalsumofthemeaningofitsconstituents.tillthecowscomehome:foraverylongtime;foreverHomeStructuralstabilityThestructureofanidiomusuallyremainsunchangeable.

burythehatchet*burytheaxin(*the)questionoutof(the)questionManyidiomsaregrammaticallywrong,butidiomaticallyaccepted.Longtimenosee.Likecureslike.Gogreatguns.HomeGradableidiomaticityNoticetheidiomaticityofidiomsisgradableandmaybestbethoughtasacontinuum（連續(xù)體）.idiomssemi-idiomslooselyidiomaticexpressions(themeaningcanbeunderstoodfromtheliteralmeaningoftheconstituents)makefriendswithsb.raincatsanddogsascoolasacucumberThemoreidiomatictheidioms,themorefixedthestructure.HomeIdiomsnominalinnatureTheyfunctionasthesubjectortheobjectinasentence:awhiteelephant(沉重的負(fù)擔(dān),無用的累贅東西)braintrust(智囊團(tuán))appleofdiscord(禍根)thesaltoftheearth(非常正派﹑誠(chéng)實(shí)等的人)HomeIdiomsverbalinnatureTheyfunctionaspredicateverbsinasentence.a)verb+prepositionlookafter,lookinto,diginto,pickup

b)verb+particlelookup,putoff,turnon,putonc)verb+particle+prepositioncomeupwith,liveupto,getawaywithHomeCompare:turnoffvslookafterTurnitoff.*Turnoffit.Turntheradiooff.Turnofftheradio. *Lookhimafter.Lookafterhim.Lookafterthebaby.*Lookthebabyafter.Home“verb+object”idiomskeepthepotboiling（維持生活）bitethehandthatfeedsone（恩將仇報(bào)）givesb.thebag（解雇某人）HomeIdiomsadjectivalinnatureTheyfunctionascomplementsormodifiersinasentence.cutanddried(determined)Theplaniscutanddried.wideofthemark(inaccurate)Hisguesseswereallverywideofthemark.upintheair(uncertain)Theplanisstillupintheair.HomeIdiomsAdverbialinnatureTheyfunctionasadverbialsinasentence:toothandnail（全力以赴）Wewillworktoothandnail.heartandsoul（全心全意）Wewillservepeopleheartandsoul.

innothingflat（立刻）Wewillgothereinnothingflat.throughthickandthin（不畏艱險(xiǎn)/同甘共苦）Wemadeitthroughthickandthin.

HomeSentenceidiomsSuchidiomsareusuallyincompletesententialform.Theyareusuallyproverbsorsayings.Neverdothingsbyhalves.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.Nothingventured,nothinggained.Oneswallowdoesnotmakeasummer.

HomeUseofidiomsInordertousetheidiomsappropriately,oneshouldbeawareofthefollowingfeaturesofidioms:stylisticfeaturesrhetoricalfeaturesstructuralvariationsHomeStylisticfeaturesofidiomDifferentidiomsshowdifferentstylisticmeanings.Somearecasual,othersformalorneutralinstyle.1)Colloquialismbigwheel:importantperson Chomskyisabigwheelinlinguistics.2)Slanghitthesack:gotobedinthesoup:introuble Iamdeepinthesoupnow.3)Literary

expressionsbearwitnessto:prove,show Hisactionborewitnesstohiskindness.RhetoricalfeaturesofidiomApartfromthestylisticfeatures,idiomscanbringaboutcertainrhetoricaleffectsintermsofsoundandmeaning.(1)Phonetic

manipulation音韻手段a.alliterationsuchas“partandparcel”b.rhymesuchas"toilandmoil”(2)Lexical

manipulation詞語手段a.Reiteration,whichmeanstheduplicationofsynonymssuchas“pickandchoose”.同義詞迭用b.Repetition,whichmeanstherepetitionofthesameword,suchas“byandby”.詞語重復(fù)c.Juxtaposition,whichmeansthecombinationoftwoantonymssuchas“dayandnight”.并置對(duì)舉Rhetoricalfeaturesofidiom(3)Figurativemanipulation修辭手段a.Simile

asproudasapeacock/asmuteasafishb.Metaphor awhiteelephant/ablacksheep(敗家仔)c.Metonymy fromcradletograve/livebyone’spend.Personification Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.e.Hyperbole aworldoftroubles/afloodoftearsStructuralVariationsofidiomsDespitethepropertyofstructuralstability,idiomsoccasionallydoshowstructuralchanges:Addition“ingoodcondition”from“incondition”Deletion“thelaststraw”from“Itisthelaststrawthatbreaksthecamel'sback.”StructuralVariationsofidiomsPosition-shifting

dayandnight=nightanddayReplacement“breakone’sword”vs.“keepone’sword”Dismembering分裂，另增加“Thisfinalfeatherbrokethecamel’sback.”HomeOriginofEnglishIdiomsLiteraryworksTheBibleMythologyFablesHistoricaleventsAnimalmetaphorDailylifeHomeIdiomsfromliteraryworksscrewone’scourage（鼓起勇氣、壯起膽子）--ShakespeareMacbethtothemannerborn（與生俱來的）--Hamletpondofflesh（合情但悖于情理的要求）--MerchantofVenicemanFriday（忠仆、得力助手）--DanielDefoeRobinsonCrusoeBrevityisthesoulofwit.(Shakespeare)Livenottoeat,buteattolive.(Franklin)Knowledgeispower.(Bacon)IdiomsfromtheBibleJudas’skiss（猶大之吻，比喻出賣朋友）muchcryandlittlewool（雷聲大，雨點(diǎn)小，比喻空叫喊——根據(jù)圣經(jīng)故事：魔鬼看見納巴爾在羊身上剪羊毛，也模仿著在豬身上剪，結(jié)果把豬弄得嗷嗷叫，卻什么也沒有剪下來）turntheothercheek（忍受暴力、忍受侮辱，上帝在布道時(shí)講如果有人打你的左臉，你就把右臉也遞出去)Thespiritiswilling,butthefleshisweak.（心有余而力不足）Sparetherodandspoilthechild.（棒打出孝子）。IdiomsfromMythologyPandora’sbox（潘多拉的盒子，引申為災(zāi)禍之源）Sphinx’sriddle（難解之謎，獅身人面怪獸提出“什么動(dòng)物早晨四條腿，中午兩條腿，而晚上三條腿”的謎語）theheelofAchilles（亦作theAchilles’heel，阿基里斯的腳踵，引申為唯一的弱點(diǎn)、要害）betweenScyllaandCharybdis（比喻進(jìn)退維谷、腹背受敵）DeadSeafruit（比喻某些事物金玉其外、敗絮其中，華而不實(shí)）Idiomsfromfablesnakedtruth（原原本本的事實(shí)、赤裸裸的事實(shí)）killthegoosethatlaidthegoldeneggs（殺雞取卵、涸澤而魚）sourgrapes（聊以自慰的話，狐貍吃不到葡萄就說葡萄是酸的）bellthecat（替別人冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，老鼠要給貓帶上鈴鐺的寓言故事）cat’spaw（被別人利用的人，猴子想吃火中的栗子，騙貓為其火中取栗）thelaststraw（終于使人不能忍受的最后一擊）awolfinsheep’sclothing（披著羊皮的狼，比喻危險(xiǎn)人物、面善心毒的人）crywolf（狼來了！比喻發(fā)假警報(bào)）Idiomsfromhistoricaleventsmeetone’sWaterloo（一敗涂地，出自1815年的“滑鐵盧之戰(zhàn)”，類似中國(guó)的敗走麥城）burnone’sboats(bridges)（破釜沉舟，講的是古羅馬愷撒等名將出征時(shí)，常燒毀船只，士兵無路可退，只有勇往直前，戰(zhàn)勝敵人）Idiomsfromanimalmetaphoraswiseasowl