胡壯麟語言學(xué)第一章練習(xí)

ChapterOneExercise1(1.1-1.4)I.Definethefollowingterms:designfeaturearbitrarinessdualitydisplacementlanguagelinguisticsII.Beneatheachsentencethereare4choicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonewhichisthebestanswer.Whichisthecommonlyaccepteddefinitionof“l(fā)inguistics”?ThescientificsocialscienceoflanguageThescientificlearningandteachingoflanguageThescientificstudyoflanguageD.Theprescriptivestudyoflanguage2.isconsideredas4tfathcrofmodernlinguistics”.A.BloomfieldB.JackobsonC.AristotleD.Saussure""isawordinEnglishwhichisonomatopoeic.A.WalkmanB.WaterlooC.TicktackD.SeesawWhichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.MeaningfulnessLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhuman.AcontactBcommunicationCrelationDcommunitywhichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary.AtreeBcrashCtypewriterDbangInmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,becauseinlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingspeechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueAlloftheaboveLanguageisfirstandforemosta.A.systemofwordssystemofgrammarsystemofvocalsymbolssystemofmeaningsWhenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn'tbesorrowfulfbrsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality10.Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystems,humanlanguageisstimulusfreestimulusboundunderimmediatestimuluscontrolstimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest.HI.Fillintheblanks.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansofcommunication.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthetheory.Thetheorythatlanguagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoyhasbeencalledthetheory.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofoverwriting.Languageispinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.Pmeanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Languagehastwolevels.Theyarelevelandlevel.Languageisbecauseeverylanguageconsistsofasetofruleswhichunderliepeople'sactualspeechorwriting.Bysaying“l(fā)anguageisarbitrary”,wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningand.IV.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F],Dualityisoneofthecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehastwolevelsofstructures:thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Asaforeignlanguagelearner,thelatterismoreimportantfbrus.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.Languageisasystemofarbitrary,writtensignswhichpermitallthepeopleinagivenculture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnedthesystemofthatculture,tocommunicateorinteract.Therelationbetweenformandmeaninginhumanlanguageisnatural.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation.Everylanguagehastwolevels:grammatically—meaninglessandsoundmeaningful.9.10.Modemlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.V.AnsweringthequestionsCanyouthinkofsomewordsinEnglishwhichareonomatopoeic?AstorybyRobertLouisStevensoncontainsthesentence“Asthenightfell,thewindrose.^^Couldthisbeexpressedas“Asthewindrose,thenightfeH?,,Ifnot,why?Doesthisindicateadegreeofnon-arbitrarinessaboutwordorder?AdiscussiononSaussureasthefatherofmodernlinguistics.Direction:Youcantrytoanswerthisquestionfromthefollowingpointsforanswer:1)Saussure5greatachievementsindifferentfields.2)Saussure'slinguisticviews3)Saussure'sinfluenceonmodernlinguistics.Howdoyouunderstandarbitrarinessinhumanlanguages?Answersforexercise1-1I.Definethefollowingterms:designfeature:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.arbitrariness:Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.duality:Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.displacement:Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.language:"Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.nItisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itisalsosocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.linguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itendeavorstoanswerthequestion-whatislanguageandhowisrepresentedinthemind?Linguistsfocusondescribingandexplaininglanguageandarenotconcernedwiththeprescriptiverulesofthelanguage.II.Beneatheachsentencethereare4choicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonewhichisthebestanswer.1-5CDCDB6-10ADCCALU.Fillintheblanks.1.verbal2.creativity/productivity3.yo-he-ho4.pooh-pooh5.Speech6.potential7.Productivity8.Primarysecondary9.Conventional10.formIV.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F]..T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F10.FV.Answeringthequestions1?CanyouthinkofsomewordsinEnglishwhichareonomatopoeic?creak:thesoundmadebyabadlyoileddoorwhenitopens.cuckoo:thecallofcuckoo.bang:asuddenloudnoise.roar:adeeploudcontinuingsound,buzz:anoiseofbuzzing,hiss:ahissingsound.neigh:thelongandloudcrythatahorsemakes.mew:thenoisethatagullmakes.bleat:thesoundmadebyasheep,goatorcalf.AstorybyRobertLouisStevensoncontainsthesentence“Asthenightfell,thewindrose.”Couldthisbeexpressedas"Asthewindrose,thenightfell?MIfnot,why?Doesthisindicateadegreeofnon-arbitrarinessaboutwordorder?Thissentencecouldn51beexpressedas“Asthewindrose,thenightfell"，ifso,theoriginalintentionofwriterisdistorted.Thatmeansthefocusandthemeaningofthesentenceisforcedtochange,andwecanfeeliteffortlesslybyreading.BasedonsystemicfunctionalistsandAmericanfunctionalists,languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel,becauseclausesoccurringinlinearsequencewithouttimeindicatorswillbetakenasmatchingtheactualsequenceofhappening.Therefore,toacertainextent,wecanseeadegreeofnon-arbitrarinessaboutwordorder.AdiscussiononSaussureasthefatherofmodernlinguistics.ThethreelinesalongwhichSaussure'sideasweredeveloped:linguistics,sociology,andpsychology.Inlinguistics,SaussurewasgreatlyinfluencedbytheAmericanlinguistW.D.Whitney,whoinsistedontheconceptofARBITRARINESSofthesigntoemphasisethatlanguageisaninstitution.Insociology,followingtheFrenchsociologistE.Durkheim,Saussureheldthatlanguageisoneofthe“socialSets”,whichareideasinthe^collectivemind“ofasocietyandradicallydistinctfromindividualpsychologicalacts.Inpsychology,SaussurewasinfluencedbytheAustrianpsychiatristS.Freud,whohypothesizedthecontinuityofacollectivepsyche,calledtheunconscious.Saussure,sideasSaussuresawhumanlanguageasanextremelycomplexandheterogeneousphenomenonandbelievedthatlanguageisaSYSTEMOFSIGNS.Thesignistheunionofaformandanidea,whichSaussurecalledtheSIGNIFIERandtheSIGNIFIED.Thesignifierandthesignifiedexistonlyascomponentsofthesign,whichisthecentralfactoflanguage.ForSaussure,langueis“absence“inthevirtualworldandparoleis“presence“intheactualworld.Absence/virtualsystemsareconsideredstableandinvariable,whilepresence/actualsystemsareconsideredunstableandvariable.Saussure,sinfluenceonmodemlinguistics.Heprovidedageneralorientation,asenseofthetaskoflinguisticswhichhadseldombeenquestioned.Heinfluencedmodernlinguisticsinthespecificconcepts.Manyofthedevelopmentsofmodernlinguisticscanbedescribedashisconcepts,i.e.hisideaofthearbitrarynatureofthesign,languevs.parole,synchronyvs.diachrony,syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations,etc.AlllinguisticsinthetwentiethcenturyareSaussureanlinguistics.4?Howdoyouunderstandarbitrarinessinhumanlanguages?Whenwearediscussingarbitrarinessinhumanlanguages,wehavetoputitonthediff