2023年考研外語考前密押卷4

考研外語考前密押卷4

一、UseofEnglish

1、Thecellphone,adevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecade,offersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology'sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare(1)_____usearoundtheworld,andwhenasked,their(2)_____saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience(3)_____provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare(4)_____intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey(5)_____that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom(6)_____whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"(7)_____"86percentsaythey'never'or'rarely'speak(8)_____wirelessphones"whenconducting(9)_____withclerksorbanktellers.Clearly,thereexistsa(10)_____betweenourreportedcellphonebehavior.andouractualbehavior.

Cellphoneusersthatistosay,mostofusare(11)_____instigatorsandvictimsofthisform.ofconversationalpanhandling,andit(12)_____acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGuttmannobservedinanother(13)_____,thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"(14)_____contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto(15)_____tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou(16)_____unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic(17)_____.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon'talwayspassively(18)_____thissituation:inrecentyears,peoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters,(19)_____fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof(20)_____behavior.ontheircellphones.

A.of

B.for

C.in

D.by

2、(2)

A.masters

B.owners

C.holders

D.inventors

3、(3)

A.they

B.who

C.that

D.which

4、(4)

A.careful

B.careless

C.courteous

D.cautious

5、(5)

A.expressed

B.exposed

C.discovered

D.found

6、(6)

A.other

B.others

C.theother

D.another

7、(7)

A.andthat

B.asfor

C.whereas

D.onthecontrary

8、(8)

A.on

B.by

C.via

D.from

9、(9)

A.acts

B.actions

C.operations

D.transactions

10、(10)

A.limit

B.gulf

C.river

D.boundary

11、(11)

A.either

B.neither

C.both

D.all

12、(12)

A.has

B.had

C.hashad

D.hadhad

13、(13)

A.place

B.location

C.spot

D.context

14、(14)

A.in

B.outof

C.on

D.with

15、(15)

A.insist

B.adhere

C.continue

D.attach

16、(16)

A.and

B.in

C.into

D.from

17、(17)

A.space

B.phone

C.service

D.facility

18、(18)

A.have

B.find

C.receive

D.accept

19、(19)

A.refused

B.ejected

C.rejected

D.repelled

20、(20)

A.good

B.poor

C.polite

D.rude

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

SomeonehascalculatedthatbythetimeanAmericanreachestheageof40,heorshehasbeenexposedtoonemillionads.Anotherestimateisthatwehaveencounteredmorethan600,000adsbythetimewereachtheageofonly18.Now,ofcourse,wedon'trememberwhatexactlytheysaidorevenwhattheproductwas,butacompositemessagegetsthrough:thatyoudeservethebest,thatyoushouldhaveitnow,andthatit'sokaytoindulgeyourself,becauseyoudeservethecompliments,sexappeal,oradventureyouaregoingtogetasaresultofbuyingthiscarorthosecigarettes.

Ourconsumer-basedeconomymakestwoabsolutelyreciprocalpsychologicaldemandsonitsmembers.Ontheonehand,youneedthe"discipline"valuestoensurethatpeoplewillbegoodworkersandleadorderly,law-abidinglives.Ontheotherhand,youneedthe"enjoyyourself"messagestogetpeopletobegoodconsumers.Oneauthorwasdisturbedaboutthe"enjoyyourself"side,butacknowledgedthat"withoutameansofstimulatingmassconsumption,theverystructureofourbusinessenterprisewouldcollapse."

Theinterestingquestionhastodowiththepsychologicalconsequencesofthediscrepancybetweenthedualmessages.The"discipline"or"traditionalvalues"themedemandsthatonecompartmentofthepersonalityhaveawillstrongenoughtokeeptheindividualdoingunpleasantworkatlowwages,ortostayinanunhappymarriage,and,ingeneral,todothingsforthegoodofthecommonwealth.

The"enjoyyourself"message,ontheotherhand,tendstoencourageaverydifferentkindofpersonality-onethatisself-centered,basedonimpulse,andisunwillingtodelayrewards.Asanillustration,Ican'tresistrecitingoneofmyfavoriteadsofalltime,anadfromapsychologymagazine:"Iloveme.I'mjustagoodfriendtomyself.AndIliketodowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iusedtositaround,puttingthingsofftilltomorrow.TomorrowI'lldrinkchampagne,andbuyasetofpearls,andpickupthatnewstereo.ButnowIlivemydreamstoday,nottomorrow."

Sowhathappenstousaswetakeintheseopposingmessages,asweare,infact,tornbetweentheoppositepersonalitytypesthatoursocietyseemstorequireofus?Tileresultisanxiety,fear,andamysteriousdread.Thefearofbeingsuckedinanddraggeddownbyourconsumercultureisreal:thecreditcardcompanyisnotfriendlywhenyoudefaultonyourbills.Andweallknowthatthepathofpleasure-seekingandblindacquisitionisarecipeforfinancialruin-formostofus,anyway-andthat,inAmericansociety,thereisn'tmuchofasafetynettocatchyouifyoufall.

FromthefirstparagraphweknowthatadsinAmericaarevery______.

A.pervasive

B.successful

C.convincing

D.impressive

2、

Accordingtothepassage,the"discipline"valuesandthe"enjoyyourself"are______.

A．contradictoryneedsfromtheconsumers

B．mutuallycorrespondingpsychologicaldemandsontheconsumers

C．forgoodworkerswholeadorderly,law-abidinglives

D．messagestogetpeopletobegoodconsumers

3、

Accordingtothe"discipline"or"traditionalvalues"theme______.

A．therearedualmessagesforthepsychologicalconsequences

B．oneshouldsacrificehimselffortheinterestofthecommonwealth

C．peoplewouldstayinanunhappymarriage

D．theindividualisgladtodounpleasantworkatlowwages

4、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtruewiththe"enjoyyourself"message?

A．Itisadifferentkindofpersonalityfromothers.

B．Itisonethatisself-centered.

C．Iliketodowhatmakesmefeelgood.

D．Ilivemydreamstoday,nottomorrow.

5、

Fromthelastparagraphwemayinferthat______.

A．thereisafearofbeingsuckedinanddraggeddownbyourconsumerculture

B．pleasure-seekingandblindacquisitionispopularinoursociety

C．oneshouldnotdefaultonone'sbills

D．Americansocietyisnotassecureaspeopleassume

6、The1920swasthedecadeofadvertising.Theadvertisingmenwentwild:everythingfromsalttohouseholdcoalwasbeingnationallyadvertised.Ofcourse,adshadbeenaroundforalongtime.Butsomethingnewwashappening,intermsofbothscaleandstrategy.Forthefirsttime,businessbegantouseadvertisingasapsychologicalweaponagainstconsumers.Withouttheirproduct,theconsumerwouldbeleftunmarried,fallvictimtoaterribledisease,orbepassedoverforapromotion.N/Isdevelopedanassociationbetweentheproductandone'sveryidentity.Eventuallytheycametopromiseeverythingandanything-fromself-esteemtostatus,friendship,andlove.

Thispsychologicalapproachwasaresponsetotheeconomicdilemmabusinessfaced.Americansinthemiddleclassesandabove(towhomvirtuallyalladvertisingwastargeted)werenolongerbuyingtosatisfybasicneeds-suchasfood,clothingandshelter.Thesehadbeenmet.Advertisershadtopersuadeconsumerstoacquirethingstheymostcertainlydidnotneed.Inotherwords,productionwouldhaveto"createthewantsitsoughttosatisfy".Thisisexactlywhatmanufacturerstriedtodo.Thenormallyconservativetelephonecompanyattemptedtotransform.theplaintelephoneintoaluxury,urgingfamiliestobuy"allthetelephonesthattheycanconvenientlyuse,ratherthanthesmallestamounttheycangetalongwith".Oneadcampaigntargetedfifteenphonesasthestyle.forawealthyhome.

Businessclearlyunderstoodthenatureoftheproblem.Accordingtoonehistorian:"Businesshadlearnedasneverbeforetheimportanceofthefinalconsumer.Unlessheorshecouldbepersuadedtobuy,andbuyextravagantly,thewholestreamofnewcars,cigarettes,women'smake-up,andelectricrefrigeratorswouldbedammedupatitsoutlets."

Butwouldtheconsumerbeequaltoher/histaskasthefoundationofprivateenterprise?AtopexecutiveofoneAmericancarmanufacturerstatedthematterbluntly:businessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumer;itsmissionis"theorganizedcreationofdissatisfaction".Thisexecutiveledthewaybyintroducingannualmodelchangesforhiscompany'scars,designedtomaketheconsumerunhappywithwhatheorshealreadyhad.Othercompaniesfollowedhislead.Economicsuccessnowdependedonthepromotionofqualitieslikewasteandself-indulgence.

Thecampaigntocreatenewandunlimitedwantsdidnotgounchallenged.Tradeunionsandthoseworkingforsocialreform.understoodthelong-termconsequencesofmaterialismformostAmericans:itwouldkeepthemlockedincapitalism'strap.Theconsumptionofluxuriesrequiredlonghoursatwork.Businesswasexplicitinitsresistancetoincreasesinfreetime,preferringconsumptionasthealternativetotakingeconomicprogressintheform.ofleisure.Ineffect,businessofferedupthecycleofwork-and-spend.

The1920s'advertisingmenwentwild______.

A.aboutsaltandhouseholdcoal

B.overtheiradsscaleandstrategy

C.aboutapsychologicalweapon

D.todevelopanassociationbetweentheproductandtheconsumer

7、

Atypicalexampleof"createthewantsitsoughttosatisfy"is______.

A．a(chǎn)cquiringthingstheymostcertainlydidnotneed

B．transformingtheplaintelephoneintoaluxury

C．fifteenphonesasthestyle.forawealthyhome

D．buyingallthetelephonesthattheycanconvenientlyuse

8、

Theimportanceofthefinalconsumerliesin______.

A．thepotentialbuyingpower

B．thenatureoftheproblem

C．changingtheproductsintocapital

D．thedemandsforvariousmerchandises

9、

Businessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumerbecauseit______.

A.promotescompetition

B.helpsimproveproduction

C.putshigherstandardonthemanufacturer

D.pushesforwardproductrenovation

10、

Accordingtothepassage,theterm"materialism"refersto______.

A．a(chǎn)theorythatphysicalmatteristheonlyreality

B．a(chǎn)doctrinethattheonlyvalueslieinmaterialwell-being

C．a(chǎn)doctrinethateconomicorsocialchangeismateriallycaused

D．a(chǎn)focusonmaterialratherthanintellectualorspiritualthings

11、Youmayfallpreytoanonviolentbutfrighteningandfast-growingcrime:identitytheft.Ithappenstoatleast500,000newvictimseachyear,accordingtogovernmentfigures.AndithappensveryeasilybecauseeveryidentificationnumberyouhaveSocialSecurity,creditcard,driver'slicense,telephone"isakeythatunlockssomestorageofmoneyorgoods,"saysafraudprogrammanageroftheUSPostalService."SoifyouthrowawayyourcreditcardreceiptandIgetitandusethenumberonit,I'mnotbecomingyou,buttothecreditcardcompanyI'vebecomeyouraccount."

Onemajorproblem,expertssay,isthattheSocialSecurityNumber(SSN)—originallymeantonlyforretirementbenefitandtaxpurposes—hasbecometheuniversalwaytoidentifypeople.Itisusedasidentificationbythemilitary,collegesandinbillionsofcommercialtransactions.

YetashrewdthiefcaneasilysnatchyourSSN,notonlybystealingyourwallet,butalsobytakingmailfromyourbox,goingthroughyourtrashfordiscardedreceiptsandbillsoraskingforitoverthephoneonsomepretext.

UsingyourSSN,thethiefappliesforacreditcardinyourname,askingthatitbesenttoadifferentaddressthanyours,andusesitformultiplepurchases.Acoupleofmonthslaterthecreditcardcompany,oritsdebtcollectionagency,pressesyouforpayment.

Youdon'thavetopaythedebt,butyoumustcleanupyourdamagedcreditrecord.Thatmeansgettingapolicereportandcopyoftheerroneouscontract,andthenusingthemtoclearthefraudfromyourcreditreport,whichisheldbyacreditbureau.Eachstepcanrequireahugeamountofeffort.

IntheCollins'case,theclearanceoftheerroneouschargesfromtheirrecordrequiredthreeyearsofporingoverrecordsand$6,000insolicitor'sfees.Inthemeantime,theyweredeniedaloantobuildavacationhome,forcedtopaycashforanewheatingandcoolingsystem,houndedbydebtcollectors,andembarrassedbythespectacleofhavingtheirhomewatchedbyinvestigatorslookingforthemissingcar.

Ofcourse,thousandsofpeoplearecaughtandprosecutedforidentitytheft.ButitwasonlylastyearthatCongressmadeidentitytheftitselfafederalcrime.Thatlawsetupaspecialgovernmentofficetohelpvictimsregaintheirlostcreditandtostreamlinepoliceeffortsbytrackingcasesonanationalscale.

Consumeradvocatessaythismayhelpbutwillnotaddressthebasicproblems,which,theybelieve,arecausingtheoutbreakinidentitytheft:industry'srushtoattractmorecustomersbyissuinginstantcredit,inadequatecheckingofidentity,andtoofewlegalprotectionsforconsumerspersonalinformation.

Whichofthefollowingmayleastmakeyoufallpreytoanonviolentcrime?

A.YourSocialSecurityNumber.

B.Yourcreditcardreceipt.

C.Yourdriver'slicense.

D.Yourtelephone.

12、

Themostcommonlyusedtrickforashrewdthiefis______.

A.peepingintocommercialtransactions

B.seizingyourSSN

C.takingmailfromyourbox

D.askingyouoverthephone

13、

Ifthethiefappliesforacreditcardinyourname,you______.

A.shouldn'tbotheritatall

B.hadbetterpayforyourcarelessness

C.shouldgetareportfromthepolice

D.havetospendmuchefforttotackleit

14、

TheCollins'caseimpressthat______.

A.theclearanceoftheerroneouschargesisnoteasy

B.theycouldnotapplyaloantobuildavacationhome

C.theyhavetopaycashforalmosteverything

D.itisembarrassedtocleanupthedamagedcreditrecord

15、

Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe______.

A.StolenIdentity:ANewEpidemic

B.GuardagainstIdentityTheft

C.HowtoKeepYourIdentitySafe

D.BeCautiousofUsingYourSSN

16、Bythemid-sixties,bluejeanswereanessentialpartofthewardrobeofthosewithacommitmenttosocialstruggle.IntheAmericanDeepSouth,blackfarmersandgrandchildrenofslavesstillsegregatedfromwhites,continuedtowearjeansintheirmid-nineteenth-centurysense;butnowtheywerejoinedbycollegestudents-blackandwhite-inabattletooverturndeeplyembeddedracehatred.Theclothesoftheworkersbecameasacredbondbetweenthem.Theclothingoftoilcametosignifythedignityofstruggle.

Inthestudentrebellionandtheantiwarmovementthatfollowed,bluejeansandworkshirtsprovidedacontrasttotheuniformsofthedominantculture.Jeansweretheoppositeofhighfashion,theoppositeofthesuitormilitaryuniform.

Withtheriseofthewomen'smovementinthelate1960s,thepoliticalsignificanceofdressbecameincreasinglyexplicit;Rejectingorthodoxsexroles,bluejeanswereawoman'sweaponagainstuncomfortablepopularfashionsandtheviewthatwomenshouldbepassive.Thiswastheclothofaction;theclothoflaborbecamethebadgeoffreedom.

Ifbluejeanswereforrebelsinthe1960sandearly1970s,bythe1980stheyhadbecomeafoundationoffashion-availableinavarietyofcolors,textures,fabrics,andfit.Thesesimplepantshavemadethelongjourney"fromworkers'clothestoculturalrevolttostatussymbol."

Ontelevision,inmagazineadvertising,onthesidesofbuildingsandbuses,jeanscallouttous.Theirhumblepastisobscured;practicalrootsareincorporatedintoanewaesthetic.JeansarenowtheuniversalsymboloftheindividualandWesterndemocracy.Theyarethecostumeofliberatedwomen,withafittightenoughtorestrictliketheharnessofold-butwiththelookoffreedomandmotion.

Inbluejeans,fashionrevealsitselfasacomplexworldofhistoryandchange.Yetlookingatfashions,inandofthemselves,revealssituationsthatoftendefyunderstanding.Ourabilitytounderstandaspecificfashion-thecurrentoneofjeans,forexample-showsusthataswetrytomakesenseofit,ourconfusionintensifies.Itisafashionwhoseveryessenceiscontradictionandconfusion.

Topursuethegoalofunderstandingistomovebeyondtheactualclothitself,towardthemoregeneralphenomenonoffashionandtheworldinwhichithasrisentoimportance.ExploringtheroleoffashionwithinthesocialandpoliticalhistoryofindustrialAmericahelpstorevealtheparametersandpossibilitiesofAmericansociety.Theultimatequestioniswhetherthedevelopmentofimagesofrebellionintomass-producedfashionshasactuallyresultedinsocialchange.

Intheeyesofcollegestudentsinthemid-nineteenth-centurybluejeanssymbolized______.

A.acommitmenttosocialstruggle

B.astruggleforsegregation

C.thedignityofstruggle

D.militaryuniform

17、

Whatisthemoststrikingfeatureofjeansinthewomen'smovement?

A.Theclothofaction.

B.Theorthodoxsexroles.

C.Theirpoliticalsignificance.

D.Theweaponagainstuncomfortablepopularfashions.

18、

Bysaying"jeanscallouttous",(Lines1-2,Para.5)theauthorimpliesthat______.

A.jeanssummonusintoaction

B.jeanschallengeustoaduel

C.jeansaskustogetoutofhome

D.jeansbecomeaneye-catchingfashion

19、

Accordingtotheauthorjeansareafashionthat______.

A.causesthechangeofworldhistory

B.isbeyondourunderstanding

C.makesnoeconomicsenseatall

D.causescontradictionandconfusionamongpeople

20、

Fromthelastparagraphwemayconclusionthat______.

A.itisdifficulttounderstandthebluejeans

B.jeansareafashionrevolution

C.jeanshelprevealthebackgroundofthesocialchangesintheU.S.

D.jeanshelpshapethecharacteristicsofAmericansociety

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalistofexamplesorheadings.ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedposition(41-45).Theremaybecertainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.(10points)

A.Periodicalsininitialstage

B.Thefunctionofperiodicals

C.Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline

D.Theintroductionofreviews

E.Featuresofperiodicals

F.Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals

Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenews,featurearticles,poems,fictionalstories,orothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudience,suchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublications,arealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudience,suchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizations,canbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicals,thetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies.

(41)______.

Historically,mustperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformat,publicationschedule,andcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylarge,unboundpages.Bycontrast,othertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterial,andwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheform.ofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspapers,withsmallerboundpages,andissuedatintervalslongerthanaday(weekly,everytwoweeks,monthly,quarterly,orevenannually).

(42)______.

Inthe1990s,withthegrowthoftheInternet,publishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilar,andthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexample,manynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughouttheday,andsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchanges,thetwoformsdifferingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor.

(43)______.

TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-Unterredungen(EdifyingMonthlyDiscussions,1663-1668),theFrenchJournaldesScavans(1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavants),andtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions(1665)oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummaries(lateressays)ondevelopmentsinart,literature,philosophy,andscience.

(44)______.

Thefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltype,devotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainment,wastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman'sMagazine(1731—1907)-thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebates,essays,stories,andpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicals,GeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,inJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonths,however.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford.

(45)______.

Monthlyorquarterlyreviews,usuallypartisaninpolitics,andwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticians,wereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthese,twobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview(1802-1929),foundedinsupportoftheWhigParty,wasoneofthemostinfluent

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

(46)Today,there'sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn'tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescro