2015年醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語輔導(dǎo)講義-基礎(chǔ)起步核心語法精講

考博英語基礎(chǔ)語法與長難第二部分長難句第一礎(chǔ)語實形容詞性從句－定語從句步／條件）簡單 復(fù)合 并列一、動詞1著進行簡單的復(fù)習(xí)，讓熟悉一下謂語動詞不同形式所表示的不同時態(tài)。時現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來態(tài)一般進行完成完成進行—2am/is/are3have/has4have/hasbeen二1do-2was/were3had4hadbeen三2will/shallbe4will/shallhavebeen四1would2wouldbe3wouldhave4wouldhavebeen2Gerund現(xiàn)在分詞（thePresentParticiple）和過去分詞（thePastParticiple，即動詞的非謂語形式。todo-二、名詞通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。①Thathewillcomeandhelpyouis②WhetherthereislifeonthemoonisaninterestingWhathewants lusisnotclear.Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.①Itisknowntoushowhebecamea②WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenItThathewillcomeandhelpyouiscertain.Itiscertainthathewillcomeandhelpyou.Tostudyhardisnecessary.Itisnecessarytostudy被省去，但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。Ibelievethatheishonest.②Wemustneverthink(that)wearegoodineverythingwhileothersaregoodin①Iwonderwhetherhewillcomeornot.知道他來還是不來Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.Idon’tknowifwhetheritisinteresting.Hedoesn’tcareifitisn’tafineday.whowhom,whichwhosewhatwhenwherewhy,how,whoever,whatever,whichever。賓語從句作及物動詞賓語也可做介詞的賓語。①Pleaselmewhatyouwant.請告訴我你需要什么Shealwaysthinks ③ShewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmWemustmakeitclearthatanyonewhobreaksthelawwillbethink,believe,imagine,suppose等動詞引出的賓語從句，要將從句中的否定形式，移動①Wedon’tthinkyouarehere.Idon’tbelievehewilldoso.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.②That’sjustwhatIwant.這正是要的②Thequestioniswho(whichofyou)willbethenextThisiswhereourproblemlies.②Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometothemeeting.那就是不到會的原因同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容，常用的名詞如：factnews,idea,hope,thought,question,order,fear,doubt,word,proof,belief,story等。①ThenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheIhavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.③ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.他想到可能生病了④Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitor＋動詞，如MotherinsistedthatJohngotobedat9o’clock.（賓語從句Wesuggestedthatthemeetingshouldnotbeheld.（賓語從句Itwasrequiredthatthecropsshouldbeharvestedatonce.（主語從句）Thesuggestionthathebeinvitedwasrejected.（同位語從句）Thatistheirdemandthattheirwagesbeincreased.（表語從句）whowho在從句中做主語，whomwhowhom，也可以被省去，但做介詞賓語時只能用whom。①Thisisthedoctorwhosavedtheboy’slifeSheisthenewstudentwhomIwanttointroducetoyou.例句：Canyoulendmethemagazineaboutwhichyoutalkedwhose指物時也可以用…ofwhich=Thebikethebrakeofwhichwasdamagedhasnowbeenwhenwhen在定語從句中做時間狀語。要注意的是，先time,minute,moment,nexttime很少用關(guān)系副詞when,that但通常省去。Hecameatatimewhenweneededhimmost.他在我們最需要的時候來了。We’llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofwasfoundedGeorge,whoismyclassmate,haswonascholarship.獲得了獎學(xué)金，他是我的同學(xué)Dr.Li,whomIknowverywell,willcomeheretomorrow.明天將來這兒，我跟他很熟,which引導(dǎo)，修飾前面整個句子，此時沒有固定的先行詞，which作主語指它前面的整個句子，不可用that代替，強調(diào)結(jié)果。Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlifeas引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。在定語從句的非限制性定語中，whichas是容易的。在很多情況下兩者兼可互換，但是通常As可以放在整句的句首，而which，只能在逗號之后，as本身含有“正如”，as在定語從句中既可是主語也可做賓語。as指前面整個句子，as在從句中充當(dāng)主語例句：Hegetsupearly，asisalwayshishabit.as指前面整個句子，as例句：Johnwasadmittedintothecollege,aswehadthesameassuchasas…as副詞（adverbadv）是指在句子中表示行為或狀態(tài)特征的詞，用以修飾動詞、1Ifitrainswewillnotgotoschool.2虛擬條件句would--would(could/should/might)+havehadwould---shouldIfIwereaboy,IwouldchaseafterLadygaga.Ifitrained,wewouldnotbehere.Ifthedoctorhadcomelastnight,thelittleboywouldhavebeensaved.Ifitshouldrain,wewouldnotgotoschool.第二部分難Thatisdefeatist:gettingpeopletochangetheirbehaviortakestimeandeffort,heldbackaswearebyourbiologicaltendencytoeatmorethanweneed,andbythefoodindustry’sruthlessopportunisminexploitingthat.Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.一主語從句ItisrecountedofCarlylethatwhenheheardoftheillnessofhisfriend,Henry,hewentoffimmediaytovisithim,carryingwithhiminhispocketwhatremainedofabottleofmedicineformerlyprescribedforanindispositionofMrs.Carlyle’s.Whethertheremarkablegrowthoforganizedcammeanstheeventualdeathofthemoreindependentkindishardtosay.TheinvestorgroupbehindtheschemehopesthenewtownwillattracttouristsandbusinesstorivalthefamedtownsofSanFranciscoandNewYorkbydeliveringan"authenticexperience."First,modelswillneverprovideastraightforwardpredictionofhowtheclimatewillOnepointrepeatedlymadeatlastweek’sclimatechangecongressinCopenhagenwasthatformulatinganactionntocurbclimatechangeisnotajobofscientists.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Thereisnoquestionthatadvancessuchasthisaregoodnewsforthosewithastronggeneticpredispositiontoobesity.ThismodernfaithinmedicinesisprovedbythefactthattheannualdrugbilloftheHealthServicesismountingtoastronomicalfiguresandshowsnosignsatpresentofceasingtorise.Third,interferingwiththebraincircuitsthatcontrolthedesireforfoodcanhaveanonotheraspectsofa’salityandtheirmentalandphysicalSettingasidethehabitualcomplexityofmedicalschools,whichhaveseparatehealthcareandfinanceissues,thestructureoftheseinstitutionsisstraightforwardandconsistent.Whileitisnotclearhow-manymigrantswillultimaysettleinthenewGermantown,developershopetheprojectwillincreaseGermans’understandingforandculture.Initiallythebraincanfunctionnormallyasitlosesdopaminergicneuronsinthesubstantianigra,eventhoughitcannotrecethedeadcells.Weneedtwoapproaches:moreresearchintothegeneticsofobesitytounderstandwhysomepeoplearemoresusceptible,andgreatereffortstohelppeopleavoideatingtheirwaytoanearlydeath.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdis.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakesideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsoWhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasoneexpects,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses.的意義很容易理解，所以也比較容易翻譯，如：Iamtallerthanhe.（我比他高。因此，這里不再敘述基本比較結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯方法，而主要介紹在意義上容易的比較結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯。（二）notasorso)…as…as…as…notasorso)…as…表示兩者的程度不一樣，前者不如后者，…（四）notsomuchas…請注意與notsomuch…as…這個結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。二、+thantodo…句IhadabettercommandofEnglishthantomakesuchfoolishmistakes.（一）moreAthanBA比B多l(xiāng)essAthanBA比B少morethan…句型后面所跟的詞性不相同，意義也不盡相同，所以應(yīng)該nomoreAthannotAanymorethanBA不是B也不是nolessAthanBA是B也是Thereisprobablynobetterwayforaforeigner(oranEnglishman)toappreciaterichnessandvarietyoftheEnglishlanguagethanbystudyingthevariouswaysinwhichShakespeareusedit.Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.morethancan…anythingbut…too…todonot…to（nonenothing，hrly…wen（Hedoesn’tstudyintheclassroom.是not…because….，可以翻譯為“并不是因為…才…”。ShedidnotcomebecauseshewantedtoseeThecontemporaryphenomenonofcarworshipistobeexinednotleastbythesense