xdf閱讀基礎(chǔ)講義及長難句解析

2016考研英語基閱讀基礎(chǔ)及長難句解主講老師：注：為了方便同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)，該講義按照授課順序給出對應(yīng)年份，其年份會(huì)根據(jù)老師課程安排，在下一階段給出。此講義并非老師授的逐字稿，還請認(rèn)真聽課，并適當(dāng)做筆記。任何疑問，請同學(xué)登陸知識(shí)堂進(jìn)行提問。另,講義為老師手打,并且經(jīng)過仔細(xì)校對,拼 OfallthechangesthathavetakenceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnest,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.―Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorlirygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,‖wrote,―thatIamtemptedtodefine?journalism‘a(chǎn)s?atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare‘.‖Unfortunay,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland‘sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabestseller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardus‘scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2 ［A］artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-city［B］English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymorearts［C］high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyof［B］Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobe［C］Writersarelikelytobetemptedinto［D］NotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticWhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwo［A］Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaders［B］Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenin［C］Hisstylecaterslargelytomodern［D］HiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurWhatwouldbethebesttitleforthe［A］NewspapersoftheGoodOld［B］TheLostHorizonin［C］MournfulDeclineofThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.―Hooray!Atlast!‖wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert‘sappointmentintheTimes,callshim―anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim‖.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto―amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization‖.Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra‘srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica‘soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert‘sappointment TommasiniregardsGilbertasanwho Theauthorbelievesthatthedevoted ［A］ignoretheexpensesoflive［B］rejectmostkindsofrecorded［C］exaggeratethevarietyoflive［D］overestimatethevalueofliveAccordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistureof［A］Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsin［B］Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneral［C］Theyhelpimprovethequalityof［D］TheyhaveonlycoveredRegardingGilbert‘sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthor hewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn‘talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexnationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionnsinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon‘tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardswillaboundforaspiringThedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:―Ican‘tthinkofasinglesearchI‘vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.‖Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven‘talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.―Thetraditionalrulewasit‘ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat‘sbeenfundamentallyinverted,‖saysoneheadhunter.―Thepeoplewho‘vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho‘vestayedtoolong.‖WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedas AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives‘quittingmaybespurred ［A］theirexpectationofbetterfinancial［B］theirneedtoreflectontheirprivate［C］theirstrainedrelationswiththe［D］theirpursuitofnewcareer［D］it‘ssafertosticktothetraditionalWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthe［A］CEOs:Whereto［D］TheOnlyWayOutforTopComeon－Everybody‘sngit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood－drinking,drugsandcasual.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafeamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypublic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.―Daretobedifferent,pleasedon‘tsmoke!‖pleadsonebillboardnaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagerswhodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit‘spresentedhereisthatitdoesn‘tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There‘snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits—aswellasnegativeones—spreadthroughnetworksof［C］anobstacletoschool［D］acauseofundesirableRosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocates ［C］stayawayfromcommercial［D］recognizethelimitationsofIntheauthor‘sview,Rosenberg‘sbookfails ［A］adequayprobesocialandbiological［B］effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocial［C］illustratethefunctionsofstate［C］producealong-lastingsocialParagraph5showsthatourimitationof ［A］isharmfultoournetworksof［C］occurswithoutourrealizing［D］canproducenegativehealthTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressure Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossibly technology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinctionandbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual‘sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity‘scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas pleteorincorrect.Littlereward duplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gy?rgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas―seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.‖Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility―happens‖toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.―Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother‘sreasoningandeachother‘sconceptionsofreason.‖Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedby ［ essandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocess ［D］persistentParagraph3showsthatadiscovery escredibleafter ［A］hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneral［C］EvolutionofCredibilityinng［D］ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoIfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa‘sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericanernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica‘spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions‘thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica‘spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain‘sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate‘sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers‘unionskeepaneyeonschools,theOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthInmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly―backloaded‖public-sectorpaydeals,keethepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers‘unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehas eclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardline［C］unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sector［D］theernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithWhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph［A］Public-sectorunionsareprudentintaking［B］Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunion［C］LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sector［D］Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheirItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that einthestatesector TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthat ［A］oftenrunagainstthecurrentpolitical［C］maybeabarriertopublic-sector［D］aredominantintheJohnDonahue‘sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisone Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,yedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn‘taffecther.Priestlyexinshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant‘ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn‘tbemoreoutofdateoratoddsThevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300-plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Overdressedisthefashionworld‘sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan‘sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.―a-producedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durable,andwasteful,‖Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear—about64itemsper —andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes—andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan‘tbeknockedoff.Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment—includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline—Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshopmoresustainablywhentheycan‘taffordnotto.Priestlycriticizesherassistantfor ［A］poorbargaining［C］obsessionwithhigh［D］lackofAccordingtoCline,mass-marketlabelsurgeconsumers ［B］shutoutthefeverishfashion［C］resisttheinfluenceof［D］shopfortheirgarmentsmoreThewordictet(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaning WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastAnoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted—thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim―behavioural‖adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2010America‘sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga―donottrack‖(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.‘sInternetExplorerandApple‘sSafaribothofferDNT;‘sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.OnMay31stsetofftherow.ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.Advertisersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays.―They‘llgetlessmeaningful,lesstargetedads.‖Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.Unabletolwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwith ‘sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.Alsouncleariswhyhasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.Ifitistryingtoupset,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:thereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwill ethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8—thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywith‘son merceBobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault ［A］maycutthenumberofjunk［B］failstoaffectthead［C］willnotbenefit［D］goesagainsthumanWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph［A］DNTmaynotserveitsintended［C］DNTislosingitspopularityamong［D］AdvertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralTheauthor‘sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisone Inordertocanelivesforthebetter‖andreduce―epenec,GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe―upfrontworksearch‖scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker‘sallowance.―Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon,‖heclaimed.―We‘rengthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.‖Help?Really？Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith―efrstoanobviouslyindulgentstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucial etofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency–permanentdependencyifyoucangetit–supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase―jobseeker‘sallowance‖—inventedin1996—isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa―obeekewhohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited―allowance,‖conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at￡71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.GeorgeOsborne‘sschemewasintended motivatetheunemployedtoreportprovidetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstoencouragejobseekers‘a(chǎn)ctiveengagementinjobguaranteejobseekers‘legitimaterighttoThephrase―tosignon‖(Line3,Para.2)mostprobably toregisterforanallowancefromthetoaccept ernment‘srestrictionsonthetocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobtoattendaernmentaljob-trainingWhatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisAdesiretosecureabetterlifeforAneagernesstoprotecttheAnurgetobegeneroustotheApassiontoensurefairnessforAccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesone TowhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyAllaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewceswhereshavemoregroundsforcomintthanAmerica.Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopile