太陽(yáng)能光伏：性別視角（英）-IRENA

SOLARPV

AGENDER

PERSPECTIVE

?IRENA2022

Unlessotherwisestated,materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedIRENAisappropriatelyacknowledgedasthesourceandcopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationthatisattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions,andappropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial.

ISBN:978-92-9260-466-0

Citation:IRENA(2022),SolarPV:Agenderperspective,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.

ABOUTIRENA

TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)isanintergovernmentalorganisationthatsupportscountriesintheirtransitiontoasustainableenergyfutureandservesastheprincipalplatformforinternationalco-operation,acentreofexcellence,andarepositoryofknowledgeonpolicy,technology,resourcesandfinancingrelatedtorenewableenergy.IRENApromotesthewidespreadadoptionandsustainableuseofallformsofrenewableenergy,includingbioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solarandwindenergyinthepursuitofsustainabledevelopment,energyaccess,energysecurityandlow-carboneconomicgrowthandprosperity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThisstudywasdevelopedundertheguidanceofRabiaFerroukhi(Director,IRENAKnowledge,PolicyandFinanceCentre),authoredbyCeliaGarcía-Ba?osandMichaelRenner(IRENA)withvaluableinputsfromArslanKhalidandDivyamNagpal(IRENA)

ThestatisticalanalysiswascarriedoutbyAdrianWhiteman(IRENA).

ThesurveywastranslatedbyAbdullahAbouAli(Arabic),KathlenSchneider(Brazilian-Portuguese),HuiyiChenandJinleiFeng(Chinese),ElenaTaglianiandEmanueleBianco(Italian)andCeliaGarcía-Ba?os(Spanish).Survey'sdisseminationbenefitedfromeffortsbyAfricaSolarIndustryAssociation(AFSIA),APPARenovables,CleanEnergyBusinessCouncil(CEBC),CleanEnergyCouncil,CouncilonEnergy,EnvironmentandWater(CEEW),ENERGIA-Hivos,EnergyCommunity,GlobalSolarCouncil(GSC),GlobalWomen'sNetworkfortheEnergyTransition(GWNET),Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(IADB),NationalEnergyAdministration(NEA),PowerForAll,RedeBrasileiradeMulheresnaEnergiaSolar(MESol),RegionalCenterforRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiency(RCREE),REN21,SADCCentreforRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiency(SACREEE),SustainableEnergyforAll(SEforALL),SELCOFoundation,SolarPowerEurope,SosaiRenewableenergies,UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO),WorldResourcesInstitute(WRI),andmanyindividualswhoanonymouslysharedthelinkinwithintheirnetworks.

DISCLAIMER

Thispublicationandthematerialcontainedhereinareprovided"asis".AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyIRENAtoverifythereliabilityofthematerial.However,neitherIRENAnoranyofitsofficials,agents,dataprovidersorotherthird-partycontentprovidersoffersawarrantyofanykind,expressedorimplied,andtheyacceptnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequenceofuseofthepublicationorthematerialitcontains.

TheinformationcontainedhereindoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofallMembersofIRENA.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorcertainprojectsorproductsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyIRENAinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialhereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartofIRENAconcerningthelegalstatusofanyregion,country,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiersorboundaries.

TABLEOFCONTENTS

3

Contents

AbouttheGenderPerspectiveSeries___________6Keyfindings______________________________8

Introduction_________________________9

solarPVworkforce_____50

Practicalmeasures

tosupportwomen

03insolarPV______________42

3.1Availabilityofemploymentbenefits_______43

Employmentbenefitsaccordingtoorganisations43Part-timeemployment__________________45Employmentbenefitsaccordingtoindividuals45

3.2Broadersolutionstosupportingwomen

inthesolarPVworkforce________________46Understandingthecomplexityofissueswomenfacebyraisinggenderawareness__________47Improvingnationalpoliciesandremovingrestrictivelaws________________________47Establishingbetterworkplacepractices,

policiesandregulations_________________48Formingnetworksandsystemstosupporttrainingandmentorship_________________49

04Diversifyingthe

Theultimategoal:

01

Womeninthe

solarPVworkforce_____12

1.1Narrowingthedatagapongenderinthe

solarenergysector:IRENA’ssurvey_________13

1.2ShareofwomeninthesolarPVworkforce____19Women’sshareinsolarPV,byrole__________19Women’sshareinsolarPV,byregion________21Women’sshareinsolarPV,byactivity_______23Women’sshareinsolarPV,byorganisationsize_24

02

women’sparticipationin

2.1Barrierstoentry,retentionandadvancement_29

Barrierstoentry_______________________29Barrierstoretention_____________________30

Barrierstoadvancement_________________322.2Thegenderpaygap____________________34

Upclose:Challengesandopportunities

forwomeninoff-gridsolarpower____________40

References___________________________52

AnnexIRENA’s2021onlinesurveyongender

andsolarPVenergy________________54A.1.Limitationsofthesurvey__________55A.2.Representativenessofthesurvey____55

?Toa55/S

?JuiceFlair/S

SOLARPV:AGENDERPERSPECTIVE

Boxes,tables

andfigures

Boxes

Box1.1Glossaryofterms______________18

Box2.1Thesalienceofmore-generous

maternityandpaternityleave_____31

Box2.2Theglassceilingandthesticky

flooreffectasfactorsinthegenderpaygap______________________34

Box2.3Initiativesempoweringwomenin

theoff-gridsolarPVworkforce____41

Tables

Table1.1

Table2.1

Table2.2

Sexandeducationalstatus

ofindividualsrespondingto

thesurvey____________________18

Availabilityofmaternityand

paternityleave________________31

Perceptionsofpayequityand

barrierstoparticipationinthe

solarenergyworkforce,byregion_36

Table2.3Differencesinperceptionsofpay

equityandbarriers,byorganisation

sizeandactivities______________38

TableA.1Locationofsurveyrespondents

andemploymentinsolarPV______55

5

LISTOFBOXES,TABLESANDFIGURES

SOLARPV

AGENDERPERSPECTIVE

Figures

FigureI.1Labourrequirementsalongthe

valuechainandoccupational

patternsforworkersinsolarPV_____10

Figure1.1

Figure1.2

Figure1.3

Figure1.4

Figure1.5

Figure1.6

Figure1.7

Figure1.8

Figure1.9

Figure1.10

Figure1.11

Figure1.12

Geographicaldistributionof

surveyrespondents______________15

Distributionofsurveyrespondentsbyregion______________________15

Distributionofsurveyrespondentsbymainactivity_________________16

Distributionofsurveyrespondentsbyorganisationsize______________17

Womeninoilandgas,renewablesoverall,wind,solarPV,and

economy-wideaverage___________19

WomeninthesolarPVworkforce,byrole________________________20

WomeninmanagementpositionsinsolarPVandwindenergy________21

WomeninthesolarPVworkforce,byregion______________________22

WomeninthesolarPVworkforce,byactivityandregion_____________22

WomeninthesolarPVworkforce,byactivity______________________23

WomeninthesolarPVworkforce,byactivityandrole_______________24

SharesofwomeninthesolarPVworkforce,byorganisationsize_____25

Figure2.1

Figure2.2

Figure2.3

Figure2.4

Figure2.5

Figure2.6

Figure2.7

Figure2.8Figure2.9

Figure3.1Figure3.2

Figure3.3

FigureA.2

Maleandfemaleperceptionsof

gender-relatedbarriersinsolarPV___27

Perceptionsofgender-relatedbarriersinsolarPV,byregion,activity,sizeoforganisation,andrespondents’educationalbackground___________28

Relevanceofvariousbarriersto

entryforwomenworkingin

solarenergy____________________29

Relevanceofvariousbarriersto

retainingwomenworkinginsolarPV_30

Relevanceofvariousbarriersto

advancementforwomeninsolar

energy________________________33

Individuals’perceptionsofpaygapsinsolarPVandintheoveralleconomy__35

PerceptionsofpaygapsinsolarPVandtheoveralleconomy,bygender_____37

Reasonsgivenforgenderpaygaps__38

Barrierstowomen’sparticipationinexpandingaccesstoenergyusingrenewables,byregion_____________40

Availabilityofemploymentbenefits___44

Availabilityofotheremployment

benefitsandmeasures,by

organisationsize_________________45

PreferencesformeasurestosupportwomeninsolarPVenergy_________46

Weightoforganisationsizecategoriesincalculationofglobalaverages_____56

SOLARPV:AGENDERPERSPECTIVE

6

?Pressmaster/S

?PriceM/S

AbouttheGenderPerspectiveSeries

TheGenderPerspectiveseriesisanintegralpartofIRENA’sextensiveresearchworkontheeffectsofrenewableenergydeploymentduringenergytransitions.Theinitialfocusonemploymentcreationandskillswasexpandedovertimetocoverothersocio-economicelementssuchasgrossdomesticproduct,broadermeasuresofwelfare,localeconomicvaluecreation,improvedlivelihoodsandgender-differentiatedimpacts.

IRENAhasexploredopportunitiestoimprovethegenderbalanceintheglobalenergytransformation,firstbydeployingagenderlensinmostoftheagency’spublicationsdealingwiththesocio-economicsoftheenergytransition,andsecondbyresearchingwaystomaximisethesocio-economicdividendsofgendermainstreaminginstand-alonereports.Someofthehighlightsofthelattercategoryofworkarementionedbelow.

?In2017,IRENA,BloombergNewEnergyFinanceandtheCleanEnergyBusinessCouncilpublishedajointbriefthatreportedtheresultsofaregionalsurveyoftheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregion.

?In2019,thefirstglobalreportdedicatedtogenderinrenewableenergywaspublished.RenewableEnergy:AGenderPerspectiveexaminedthequestionofgenderequityacrossvariousrenewableenergytechnologies.Itwasoneofthemostextensivesurveysconductedongenderinrenewableenergytodate.Buildingonaground-breakingsurveyofemployees,companiesandinstitutions,thestudyfoundthatmuchremainedtobedonetoboostwomen’sparticipationandallowtheirtalentstobefullyutilised.Itrevealedthat32%oftherenewableenergyworkforcewerewomenandhighlightedsubstantialopportunitiesforabettergenderbalanceintheglobalenergytransformation.

?Inearly2020,anewpublicationfocusedonthewindenergysector.Basedonasurveyofaroundathousandindividualsandorganisations,ittrackedthepresenceofwomeninthewindenergyvaluechainandexaminedgender-inclusivepoliciesandperceptionsofgenderbiasintheindustry.Akeyfindingwasthattheshareofwomeninthewindindustry’sworkforce(21%)remainedsubstantiallybelowtheaverageforallrenewables.

SecondInternationalOff-GridRenewableEnergyConference-IOREC2014

IRENAwoRkINgpApER

IRENAwoRkINgpApER

RENEWABLE

ENERGYBENEFITS

LEVERAGINGLOCAL

CAPACITYFORSOLARPV

RENEWABLE

ENERGYBENEFITS

LEVERAGINGLOCALCAPACITY

FORONSHOREWIND

RENEWABLE

ENERGYBENEFITS

LEVERAGINGLOCALCAPACITY

FORSOLARWATERHEATERS

Community

andcitizen

empowerment

Localvalue

creation

economic

development

Adaptable

andscalable

Decentralised

anddemand-

driven

Livelihood

improvement

Proven

technology

Cost

competitive

Environmentally

sustainable

Off-gridrenewableenergysolutionstoexpandelectricityaccess:

Anopportunitynottobemissed

Socio-

StatisticsDivision

TRACKINGSDG7

THEENERGY

PROGRESS

REPORT

2020

Ajointreportofthecustodianagencies

UnitedNations

FOSTERINGLIVELIHOODSWITHDECENTRALISEDRENEWABLEENERGY

ANECOSYSTEMSAPPROACH

THEENERGY

PROGRESS

REPORT

2021

IRENAIRENA

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgencyInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency

RENEWABLEENERGYBENEFITS

DECENTRALISEDSOLUTIONSINTHEAGRI-FOODCHAIN

TRACKINGSDG7

Ajointreportofthecustodianagencies

UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision

IOREC2012

InternationalOff-GridRenewableEnergyConference

KEYFINDINGSANDRECOMMENDATIONS

RenewableEnergyJobs&Access

AcceleratingOffgridRenewableEnergy

IOREC2016

KeyFindingsandRecommendations

ThirdInternationalgridRenewableEnergyConference

ACCELERATINGOFF-GRIDRENEWABLEENERGY

IOREC2014:

KEYFINDINGSAND

RECOMMENDATIONS

June2012

RenewableEnergyandJobs

AnnualReview2022

millionjobsin2021

2

RenewableEnergyandJobs

AnnualReview2021

milionjobs

SPECIALEDITION

LabourandPolicyPerspectives

InCollaborationwith

in2020

RenewableEnergyandJobs

AnnualReview2020

11.5

millionjobs

in2019

RenewableEnergyandJobs

AnnualReview2019

11

millionjobsin2018

RenewableEnergyandJobs

AnnualReview2017

8

in

9

million

.

2

IRENA

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency

RenewableEnergyandJobs

AnnualReview2015

RenewableEnergyandJobs

AnnualReview2014

RenewableEnergyandJobs

AnnualReview2018

RenewableEnergy

Renewable

JoE:EnergyandJobs

StAtUS,PROSPECtS&POlICIES

BIOfUElSANDgRID-CONNECtEDElECtRICItygENERAtION

10.3

millionjobsin2017

December2013

InCollaborationwith

2015

June2012MAY2014

2019

RENEWABLEENERGY:

AGENDER

PERSPECTIVE

2020

WINDENERGY:

AGENDER

PERSPECTIVE

2017

2022

WomeninCleanEnergy,MiddleEastandNorthAfricaSurvey2017

TheCleanEnergyBusinessCouncil,theInternationalRenewableEnergyAgencyandBloombergNewEnergyFinancehavegatheredbaselinedataonchallengesfacedbywomeninthecleanenergysectorintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MENA).Findingsfromthesurveysuggestkeyactionstoattractmorewomenanddrawfromamorediversetalentpool.

?Morethan50%oftherespondentsinMENAsaytheirworkplacehasmorementhanwomen,withonly29%reportinganevengenderbalance.

?Womenfaceadditionalchallengescomparedwithmen,accordingto34%ofsurveyrespondentsfromMENA.Keybarrierstotheirentrytothecleanenergyindustryincludelowerenrolmentinscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics(STEM)programmesandabiasedviewofgenderroles.

?Somerespondentssuggestthatwomenjointheindustryinentry-levelroles,butdonotreachthehighestlevels.KeychallengesforwomenintheMENAregion,asintherestoftheworld,includetheglassceilingforpromotionprospectsandlowerwagesforsimilarwork.

?AlthoughtwothirdsofMENAparticipantssaidthecompanieswheretheyworkpaywomenandmenthesame,onethirdsaidwomenstillreceivealowersalaryforthesamerole.Menaremorelikelytobelievethatsalariesareequalthanwomen.

?ManyMENAcountrieshavepoliciesonmaternityleavethataresimilaronpapertothoseinEuropeandbetterthanintheUnitedStates.However,only60%ofrespondentsnotedtheavailabilityofparentalleave,whichmightreflectanabsenceofpaternityleave.

?Comparedwithrespondentsfromoutsidetheregion,MENArespondentsreportedlowerlevelsoffamily-friendlypoliciesthatallowforbetterwork-lifebalancewithintheircompaniesParentalleavewasreportedtobethemostadoptedpolicy,followedbyflexibilitymeasureslikeflexi-time,part-timehoursandwork-from-homeschemes.

?Femalerespondentsweremostenthusiasticaboutnetworkingevents,mentoringandtrainingaspotentialwaystohelpthemintheircareerprogression.

?Networkingeventsshouldnotbelimitedtowomen,since14%offemalerespondentssaidthat theypreferredeventsopentobothgenderswhile84%hadnopreferenceeitherway.

Figure1:GenderbalanceinMENAcleanenergyworkplaces(percentageofrespondents)

29%29%

SOLARPV:

AGENDERPERSPECTIVE

23%

10%

8%

CeliaGarcia

CGarcia@

JennyChase

jchase12@

AmandaGlatthaar

StrongmaleMoremenRoughlyevenMorewomenStrongfemale

majoritythanwomennumbersthanmenmajority

Source:WomeninCleanEnergyMENA2017

Noportionofthisdocumentmaybereproduced,scannedintoanelectronicsystem,distributed,publiclydisplayedorusedasthebasisofderivativeworkswithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofBloombergFinanceL.P.Formoreinformationontermsofuse,pleasecontactsales.bnef@.Copyrightand

?BloombergFinanceL.P.2017Disclaimernoticeonpage12appliesthroughout.1

IRENA

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency

Renewable

EnergyJobs:

StAtUS,PROSPECtS&POlICIES

BIOfUElSANDgRID-CONNECtEDElECtRICItygENERAtION

H

ABOUTTHEGENDERPERSPECTIVESERIES

ThepresentreportevaluatestheroleofwomeninthesolarPVindustryusingthelargestsampleofglobalresponsesonsolarPVenergyandgendergatheredtodate.Basedonoursurveyofsome1300individualsandorganisations,

itreportstheshareofwomenintheindustry(40%),highlightsthebarriersandopportunitieswithinthesector,andflagsthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthesolarPVworkforceandthepreviouslyanalysedsectors.

Assessinggenderequityinrenewableenergy

Analysesoflocalcapacities

2016201720182021ForthcomingForthcoming

RENEWABLE

ENERGYBENEFITS

LEVERAGINGLOCALCAPACITY

FOROFFSHOREWIND

Studiesofaccesscontext

2021

2020

2019

2018

2012201420162017

Annualreviewsofemploymentinrenewables

2018

2022

2021

2020

2019

2011-20132014201520162017

RenewableEnergyandJobs

AnnualReview2016

8.1

Theseandotherreportscanbedownloadedfrom/Publications.

7

SOLARPV:AGENDERPERSPECTIVE

8

KEYFINDING2

?Thesolarphotovoltaic(PV)sectoristhelargestemployerwithintherenewableenergysector,accountingforsome4.3millionjobsin2021–one-thirdofallrenewableenergyjobs.

?ThesolarPVsub-sectorwillremainthelargestsourceofemploymentinanenergytransitionpathwayconsistentwiththeParisClimateAgreement,accountingforalmost14millionjobsby

2030–37%ofthetotalfortherenewableenergysector.

?Theshareofwomenworkinginfull-timepositionsinthesolarPVindustryis40%.Thisisalmostdoubletheshareinthewindindustry(21%)andtheoilandgassector(22%).ThesolarPVindustry

alsocompareswellwiththe32%shareacrosstheentirerenewableenergylandscape.

?MostwomeninsolarPVareemployedinadministrativejobs,wheretheyaccountfor58%oftheworkforce.Theyarenotaswellrepresentedintechnicalpositionsnotrelatedtoscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics(STEM),wheretheyholdonlyaround38%ofthejobs.Examplesofsuchpositionsincludelawyersorprocurementexperts.TheirshareinSTEMpositionsisevenlower:just32%ofthetotal.Meanwhile,driveninpartbyoff-gridsolarPVdeployments,womenaccountfor35%ofothernon-technicalpositions(e.g.marketing,sales,distribution,andproductassemblyandinstallation).

?Regardingleadershippositions,womenhold30%ofmanagerialjobsandbarely13%ofseniormanagementpostsinthesolarPVindustry.

?SolarPVmanufacturingdoesbestinemployingwomen,witha47%share.Serviceprovidersanddevelopersfollowwith39%and37%,respectively.ItisharderforwomentofindajobasasolarPVinstaller,anactivityinwhichwomenaccountforbarely12%ofthetotal.

?Womenfacechallengestoentry,retentionandadvancementinthesolarPVworkforce.Themostprominentbarriersareperceptionsofgenderroles,lackoffairandtransparentpolicies,andculturalandsocialnormsthatshapebehaviour.

?Inthecontextofexpandingaccesstoenergywomenalsofacechallenges,butoff-gridsolarPVoffersplentyofopportunities,especiallyinconsultationandplanning,construction,andoperation,aswellasthroughthedevelopmentofproductiveusesenabledbytheavailabilityofdecentralisedenergysolutions.

?Measurestoeliminatebarriersarecritical.Addressingthecomplexissueswomenfacewillrequireraisinggenderawareness;improvingnationalpoliciesandremovingrestrictivelaws;establishingbetterworkplacepractices,policies,andregulations;andformingnetworksandsystemstosupporttrainingandmentorship.

?Improvingwomen’srepresentationinsolarPVneedstobepartofabroaderobjective:diversifyingtheworkforceasawholesoitincludeseveryone’svision,talentsandskills.Thismeansnotonlywomen,butalsoallotherminoritygroups.

9

?KornT/S

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Economicempowermentisaparticularlyeffectivemeansforwomentogainmorecontrolovertheirownlives.Yetwomenarestillfrequentlyignored,undervaluedandunpaid,preventingthemfromfulfillingtheirfulleconomicpotential.Withouttheirfullengagement,inclusivegrowthisunattainable.Yetgenderequalityremainsthegreatesthumanrightschallengeofalltime(Ban,2016),andtheCOVID-19pandemicappearstohavemademattersworse.1

Genderequalityisessentialbecauseitisanintrinsichumanrightandacoredevelopmentobjective.2Itisalsoacriticalinstrumentfordevelopment.ItincreasesproductivityandimprovesthewelfareoffamiliesandchildrenwhileexertingpositiveeffectsonGDPpercapita.Furthermore,climatechangeandgenderequalityareinextricablylinked.Strategiesandprogrammestoaddresstheeffectsofclimatechangemustincludetheparticipation,experiencesandvoicesofwomen,notonlybecausetheyaredisproportionatelyaffectedbyclimatechange,butalsobecausetheyhavevaluablepointsofview,experienceandknowledgetocontributetobuildingcommunityandnationalresilience(Williams,2021).

Energysourcedfromrenewablesandefficiencyintheuseofthatenergyarethekeystodecarbonisingallenduses,massivelycuttingcarbonemissionsandhelpingtomitigateclimatechange(IRENA,2022).Theenergytransitioncanboosteconomicdevelopment,createjobsandsignificantlyimprovewelfare.Infact,theglobalrenewableenergylabourmarketisestimatedtohavegrowntoaround12.7millionjobsin2021andisestimatedtonearlyquadrupleby2050ifaholisticpolicyframeworkcanbeputinplace(IRENA,2021a;2022;IRENAandILO,2022).

Thesolarphotovoltaic(PV)sectoristhelargestemployerwithintherenewableenergyfield,accountingforsome4.3millionjobs(IRENAandILO,2022).Large-scalesolarfacilitiesfeedpowertothegrid,whilesmall,off-gridsolarapplicationsoffermuch-neededaccesstoelectricityinremoteandenergy-poorcommunities(IRENA,2021a).InIRENA’senergytransitionscenario,solarPVwillremainthelargestdriverofjobgrowthinrenewableenergy,becomingthesourceof14millionjobsby2030alongapathwayconsistentwiththeParisClimateAgreement(IRENA,2021a;2022).Inotherwords,itsjobcreationpotentialallalongthevaluechain(fromprojectplanningtodecommissioning)isimmense.

?ImageSourceTradingLtd/S

1WomensufferdisproportionatelyfromeconomicshocksandrestrictionssuchasthoseinducedbyCOVID-19,inpartbecausenearly60%ofwomenworkintheinformaleconomy.Additionally,womenhaveplayedadisproportionateroleinrespondingtothevirus(frontlinehealthcareworkersandprovidersofhomecare).Moreover,schoolclosureshaveaccentuatedwomen’salreadydisproportionateburdenofchildcare(UnitedNations,n.d.).

2GenderequalityisthefifthoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsestablishedbytheUnitedNationsin2015.

10

SOLARPV:AGENDERPERSPECTIVE

Foratypical50MWsolarPVfacility,about230000person-daysarerequiredforprojectplanning,manufacturing,construction,installation,andoperationsandmaintenance.Thatworksouttoayear’sworkfor885peopleforasinglelarge-scalefacility.SolarPVoffersemploymentprospectsforpeoplewithawiderangeofexperiencesandoccupations.ThereisdemandforindividualswithtrainingintheSTEMfields(science,technology,engineeringandmathematics)andwithhigh-levelqualificationsinnon-STEMfields(suchaslawyers),aswellaspeoplewithlowerformalskills(suchasconstruction)whocouldbeleveragedfromdifferentindustrieswithminimumtraining(seeFigureI.1).Thelowthresholdofskillsrequiredformanyofthesejobsopensdoorstoemploymentformanypeople.Policymakersneedthentomatchskillsdemandandfacilitatethesupplyofanadequateworkforcethroughactivelabourmarketpolicies;andwhenpossible,createnewjobopportunitiesbyleveragingcapabilitiesofthefemalehalfoftheworkforce(IRENA,2016).

FigureI.1LabourrequirementsalongthevaluechainandoccupationalpatternsforworkersinsolarPV

Humanresources

requirements

l229055

person-days

4%1%

certi?cation

professionals

Lower

STEM

professionals

Non-STEM

Administrative

31%

64%

gTransportacnding

1%22%2%17%56%2%

Source:BasedonIRENA(2016).

Note:Newdataandanalysisareforthcoming,bu