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超市管理系統(tǒng)
Chapter1AnIntroductiontoSoftwareEngineering
*Whatissoftware?
-ComputerprogramsandassociateddocumentationandData
-Twofundamentaltypesofsoftwareproduct:genericproductsandcustomizedproducts
*Whatissoftwareengineering?
-Softwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinewhichisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproduction
*Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftwareengineeringandcomputerscience?
-Computerscienceisconcernedwiththeoryandfundamentals;
-softwareengineeringisconcernedwiththepracticalitiesofdevelopinganddeliveringusefulsoftware
*Whatisasoftwareprocess?
-Asetofactivitieswhosegoalisthedevelopmentorevolutionofsoftware
-Genericactivitiesinallsoftwareprocessesare:
?Specification、Development、Validation、Evolution
Chapter4SoftwareProcess
*Softwareprocess
-Softwareprocessesaretheactivitiesinvolvedinproducingandevolvingasoftwaresystem.
-Astructuredsetofactivitiesrequiredtodevelopasoftwaresystem:specification;designandimplementation;validation;evolution.
-Generalprocessactivitiesarespecification,designand
implementation,validationandevolution.
*Softwareprocessmodels
-Softwareprocessmodelsareabstractrepresentationsoftheseprocesses.
超市管理系統(tǒng)
-Genericprocessmodelsdescribetheorganisationofsoftwareprocesses.Examplesincludethewaterfallmodel,evolutionarydevelopmentandcomponent-basedsoftwareengineering.
-waterfallmodelisonlyappropriatewhentherequirementsarewell-understoodandchanges
-Thewaterfallmodelismostlyusedforlargesystemsengineeringprojectswhereasystemisdevelopedatseveralsites
-Therearetwofundamentaltypesofevolutionarydevelopment:exploratorydevelopmentandthrow-awayprototyping
-Exploratorydevelopmentshouldstartwithwell-understoodrequirementsandaddnewfeaturesasproposedbythecustomer
-Throw-awayprototypingshouldstartwithpoorlyunderstoodrequirementstoclarifywhatisreallyneeded.
-Evolutionarydevelopmentismostlyusedforsmallormedium-sizeinteractivesystemsandshort-lifetimesystems
*Iterativeprocessmodelsdescribethesoftwareprocessasacycleofactivities
Chapter5Projectmanagement
*Primaryprojectmanagementactivities:
-Proposalwriting.
-Projectplanningandscheduling.
-Projectcosting.
-Projectmonitoringandreviews.
-Personnelselectionandevaluation.
-Reportwritingandpresentations.
*Projectplanning
-Milestonesaretheend-pointofaprocessactivity.-Deliverablesareprojectresultsdeliveredtocustomers.
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*Projectscheduling
-Organizetasksconcurrentlytomakeoptimaluseofworkforce.
-Minimizetaskdependenciestoavoiddelayscausedbyonetaskwaitingforanothertocomplete.
-Graphicalnotationsusedtoillustratetheprojectschedule:barchartsandactivitynetworks
-Activitychartsshowtaskdependenciesandthecriticalpath.-Barchartsshowscheduleagainstcalendartime.
Taskdurationsanddependencies
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Activitybarchart(Ganttchart)
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Staffallocationvs.timechartchart
*Riskmanagement
-Threerelatedcategoriesofrisk:projectrisks,productrisks,businessrisks
-Projectrisksaffectscheduleorresources;
-Productrisksaffectthequalityorperformanceofthesoftwarebeingdeveloped;
-Businessrisksaffecttheorganisationdevelopingorprocuringthesoftware
-Theprocessofriskmanagementinvolvesseveralstages:Riskidentification,Riskanalysis,Riskplanning,Riskmonitoring.
-Riskidentification:Identifyproject,productandbusinessrisks;
-Riskanalysis:Assessthelikelihoodandconsequencesofthese
超市管理系統(tǒng)
risks;
-Riskplanning:Drawupplanstoavoidorminimisetheeffectsoftherisk;
-Riskmonitoring:Monitortherisksthroughouttheproject;
Theriskmanagementprocess
Chapter6SoftwareRequirements
*Typesofrequirement:
-Functionalandnon-functionalrequirements
-Userrequirementsandsystemrequirements
*Functionalandnon-functionalrequirements
-Functionalrequirements
?Statementsofservicesthesystemshouldprovide,howthesystemshouldreacttoparticularinputsandhowthesystemshouldbehaveinparticularsituations.
-Non-functionalrequirements
?Constraintsontheservicesorfunctionsofferedbythesystemsuchastimingconstraints,constraintsonthedevelopmentprocess,standards,etc.
-Thetypesofrequirements,requirements.
non-functionalorganisational
requirementare:requirements,
productexternal
-Functionalrequirementssetoutservicesthesystemshouldprovide.
-Non-functionalrequirementsconstrainthesystembeingdeveloped
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超市管理系統(tǒng)
orthedevelopmentprocess.
Non-functional
requirements
Externalrequirements
Interoperability
requirements
Implementation
requirements
Space
requirements
Usabilityrequirements
Legislativerequirements
Deliveryrequirements
Standardsrequirements
Organisational
requirements
Privacyrequirements
Ethicalrequirements
Reliabilityrequirements
Performancerequirements
Efficiencyrequirements
Portabilityrequirements
Product
requirements
Safetyrequirements
*Inprinciple,requirementsshouldbebothcompleteandconsistent.
-Complete
?Theyshouldincludedescriptionsofallfacilitiesrequired.-Consistent
?Thereshouldbenoconflictsorcontradictionsinthedescriptionsofthesystemfacilities.
Chapter7RequirementsEngineeringProcesses
*Therequirementsengineeringprocessincludes
-Feasibilitystudy,requirementselicitationandanalysis,requirementsspecificationandrequirementsmanagement.
Chapter8SystemModel
*Differentmodelspresentthesystemfromdifferentperspectives
?Externalperspectiveshowingthesystem’scontextorenvironment;
?Behaviouralperspectiveshowingthebehaviourofthesystem;
?Structuralperspectiveshowingthesystemordataarchitecture.
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超市管理系統(tǒng)
*Twotypesofbehaviouralmodelare:
?Dataflowmodelsthatshowhowdataisprocessedasitmovesthroughthesystem;
?Statemachinemodelsthatshowthesystemsresponsetoevents.
Chapter11ArchitecturalDesign
*Architectureandsystemcharacteristics
-performance
?Localisecriticaloperationsandminimisecommunications.Uselargeratherthanfine-graincomponents.
-security
?Usealayeredarchitecturewithcriticalassetsintheinnerlayers.
-safety
?Localisesafety-criticalfeaturesinasmallnumberofsub-systems.
-Availability
?Includeredundantcomponentsandmechanismsforfaulttolerance.
-Maintainability
?Usefine-grain,replaceablecomponents,avoiddatashare
Chapter12DistributedSystemsArchitectures
*Distributedsystemsarchitectures
-Client-serverarchitectures
?Distributedserviceswhicharecalledonbyclients.Serversthatprovideservicesaretreateddifferentlyfromclientsthatuseservices.
-Distributedobjectarchitectures
?Nodistinctionbetweenclientsandservers.Anyobjectonthe
systemmayprovideanduseservicesfromotherobjects.
*Middlewareisusuallyoff-the-shelfratherthanspeciallywrittensoftware.
*Layeredapplicationarchitecture
-Presentationlayer
?Concernedwithpresentingtheresultsofacomputationto
超市管理系統(tǒng)
systemusersandwithcollectinguserinputs.-Applicationprocessinglayer
?Concernedwithprovidingapplicationspecificfunctionalitye.g.,inabankingsystem,bankingfunctionssuchasopenaccount,closeaccount,etc.
-Datamanagementlayer
?Concernedwithmanagingthesystemdatabases.
*Thinandfatclients
-Thin-clientmodel
?Inathin-clientmodel,alloftheapplicationprocessinganddatamanagementiscarriedoutontheserver.Theclientissimplyresponsibleforrunningthepresentationsoftware.
-Fat-clientmodel
?Inthismodel,theserverisonlyresponsiblefordatamanagement.Thesoftwareontheclientimplementstheapplicationlogicandtheinteractionswiththesystemuser.
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超市管理系統(tǒng)
*Three-tierarchitectures
A3-tierC/Sarchitecture
*P2Parchitecturalmodels
-Peertopeerarchitecturesaredecentralisedarchitectureswherethereisnodistinctionbetweenclientsandservers.
-Thelogicalnetworkarchitecture
?Decentralisedarchitectures;
?Semi-centralisedarchitectures.
n4
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Decentralisedp2parchitecture
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超市管理系統(tǒng)
Discovery
server
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Semi-centralisedp2parchitectureChapter13Applicationarchitectures
*Importantclassesofapplicationtransactionprocessingsystems,eventprocessingsystem.
*Dataprocessingsystemsoperateinput-process-outputstructure.
aredataprocessing
inbatch
processingsystems,systemsandlanguage
modeandhavean
Chapter14Object-orientedDesign
*Objectsandobjectclasses
-Objectsareentitiesinasoftwaresystemwhichrepresentinstancesofreal-worldandsystementities.
-Objectsaremembersofclassesthatdefineattributetypesandoperations.
-Objectclassesaretemplatesforobjects.Theymaybeusedtocreateobjects.
-Objectclassesmayinheritattributesandservicesfromotherobjectclasses.
*Use-casemodelsareusedtorepresenteachinteractionwiththesystem.
超市管理系統(tǒng)
Startup
Shutdown
Report
Calibrate
Test
Chapter16Userinterfacedesign
*Humanfactorsininterfacedesign
-Limitedshort-termmemory
?Peoplecaninstantaneouslyrememberabout7itemsofinformation.Ifyoupresentmorethanthis,theyaremoreliabletomakemistakes.
-Peoplemakemistakes
?Whenpeoplemakemistakesandsystemsgowrong,inappropriatealarmsandmessagescanincreasestressandhencethelikelihoodofmoremistakes.
-Peoplearedifferent
?Peoplehaveawiderangeofphysicalcapabilities.Designersshouldnotjustdesignfortheirowncapabilities.
-Peoplehavedifferentinteractionpreferences
?Somelikepictures,someliketext.
*Userinterfacedesignprinciples
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超市管理系統(tǒng)
*MVCapproaches(Informationpresentation,pp.370)
Figure:theMVCmodelofuserinteraction
*HowtodesignUI(Informationpresentation,pp.375)
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超市管理系統(tǒng)
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