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Chapter1AnIntroductiontoSoftwareEngineering

*Whatissoftware?

-ComputerprogramsandassociateddocumentationandData

-Twofundamentaltypesofsoftwareproduct:genericproductsandcustomizedproducts

*Whatissoftwareengineering?

-Softwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinewhichisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproduction

*Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftwareengineeringandcomputerscience?

-Computerscienceisconcernedwiththeoryandfundamentals;

-softwareengineeringisconcernedwiththepracticalitiesofdevelopinganddeliveringusefulsoftware

*Whatisasoftwareprocess?

-Asetofactivitieswhosegoalisthedevelopmentorevolutionofsoftware

-Genericactivitiesinallsoftwareprocessesare:

?Specification、Development、Validation、Evolution

Chapter4SoftwareProcess

*Softwareprocess

-Softwareprocessesaretheactivitiesinvolvedinproducingandevolvingasoftwaresystem.

-Astructuredsetofactivitiesrequiredtodevelopasoftwaresystem:specification;designandimplementation;validation;evolution.

-Generalprocessactivitiesarespecification,designand

implementation,validationandevolution.

*Softwareprocessmodels

-Softwareprocessmodelsareabstractrepresentationsoftheseprocesses.

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-Genericprocessmodelsdescribetheorganisationofsoftwareprocesses.Examplesincludethewaterfallmodel,evolutionarydevelopmentandcomponent-basedsoftwareengineering.

-waterfallmodelisonlyappropriatewhentherequirementsarewell-understoodandchanges

-Thewaterfallmodelismostlyusedforlargesystemsengineeringprojectswhereasystemisdevelopedatseveralsites

-Therearetwofundamentaltypesofevolutionarydevelopment:exploratorydevelopmentandthrow-awayprototyping

-Exploratorydevelopmentshouldstartwithwell-understoodrequirementsandaddnewfeaturesasproposedbythecustomer

-Throw-awayprototypingshouldstartwithpoorlyunderstoodrequirementstoclarifywhatisreallyneeded.

-Evolutionarydevelopmentismostlyusedforsmallormedium-sizeinteractivesystemsandshort-lifetimesystems

*Iterativeprocessmodelsdescribethesoftwareprocessasacycleofactivities

Chapter5Projectmanagement

*Primaryprojectmanagementactivities:

-Proposalwriting.

-Projectplanningandscheduling.

-Projectcosting.

-Projectmonitoringandreviews.

-Personnelselectionandevaluation.

-Reportwritingandpresentations.

*Projectplanning

-Milestonesaretheend-pointofaprocessactivity.-Deliverablesareprojectresultsdeliveredtocustomers.

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*Projectscheduling

-Organizetasksconcurrentlytomakeoptimaluseofworkforce.

-Minimizetaskdependenciestoavoiddelayscausedbyonetaskwaitingforanothertocomplete.

-Graphicalnotationsusedtoillustratetheprojectschedule:barchartsandactivitynetworks

-Activitychartsshowtaskdependenciesandthecriticalpath.-Barchartsshowscheduleagainstcalendartime.

Taskdurationsanddependencies

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Staffallocationvs.timechartchart

*Riskmanagement

-Threerelatedcategoriesofrisk:projectrisks,productrisks,businessrisks

-Projectrisksaffectscheduleorresources;

-Productrisksaffectthequalityorperformanceofthesoftwarebeingdeveloped;

-Businessrisksaffecttheorganisationdevelopingorprocuringthesoftware

-Theprocessofriskmanagementinvolvesseveralstages:Riskidentification,Riskanalysis,Riskplanning,Riskmonitoring.

-Riskidentification:Identifyproject,productandbusinessrisks;

-Riskanalysis:Assessthelikelihoodandconsequencesofthese

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risks;

-Riskplanning:Drawupplanstoavoidorminimisetheeffectsoftherisk;

-Riskmonitoring:Monitortherisksthroughouttheproject;

Theriskmanagementprocess

Chapter6SoftwareRequirements

*Typesofrequirement:

-Functionalandnon-functionalrequirements

-Userrequirementsandsystemrequirements

*Functionalandnon-functionalrequirements

-Functionalrequirements

?Statementsofservicesthesystemshouldprovide,howthesystemshouldreacttoparticularinputsandhowthesystemshouldbehaveinparticularsituations.

-Non-functionalrequirements

?Constraintsontheservicesorfunctionsofferedbythesystemsuchastimingconstraints,constraintsonthedevelopmentprocess,standards,etc.

-Thetypesofrequirements,requirements.

non-functionalorganisational

requirementare:requirements,

productexternal

-Functionalrequirementssetoutservicesthesystemshouldprovide.

-Non-functionalrequirementsconstrainthesystembeingdeveloped

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orthedevelopmentprocess.

Non-functional

requirements

Externalrequirements

Interoperability

requirements

Implementation

requirements

Space

requirements

Usabilityrequirements

Legislativerequirements

Deliveryrequirements

Standardsrequirements

Organisational

requirements

Privacyrequirements

Ethicalrequirements

Reliabilityrequirements

Performancerequirements

Efficiencyrequirements

Portabilityrequirements

Product

requirements

Safetyrequirements

*Inprinciple,requirementsshouldbebothcompleteandconsistent.

-Complete

?Theyshouldincludedescriptionsofallfacilitiesrequired.-Consistent

?Thereshouldbenoconflictsorcontradictionsinthedescriptionsofthesystemfacilities.

Chapter7RequirementsEngineeringProcesses

*Therequirementsengineeringprocessincludes

-Feasibilitystudy,requirementselicitationandanalysis,requirementsspecificationandrequirementsmanagement.

Chapter8SystemModel

*Differentmodelspresentthesystemfromdifferentperspectives

?Externalperspectiveshowingthesystem’scontextorenvironment;

?Behaviouralperspectiveshowingthebehaviourofthesystem;

?Structuralperspectiveshowingthesystemordataarchitecture.

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*Twotypesofbehaviouralmodelare:

?Dataflowmodelsthatshowhowdataisprocessedasitmovesthroughthesystem;

?Statemachinemodelsthatshowthesystemsresponsetoevents.

Chapter11ArchitecturalDesign

*Architectureandsystemcharacteristics

-performance

?Localisecriticaloperationsandminimisecommunications.Uselargeratherthanfine-graincomponents.

-security

?Usealayeredarchitecturewithcriticalassetsintheinnerlayers.

-safety

?Localisesafety-criticalfeaturesinasmallnumberofsub-systems.

-Availability

?Includeredundantcomponentsandmechanismsforfaulttolerance.

-Maintainability

?Usefine-grain,replaceablecomponents,avoiddatashare

Chapter12DistributedSystemsArchitectures

*Distributedsystemsarchitectures

-Client-serverarchitectures

?Distributedserviceswhicharecalledonbyclients.Serversthatprovideservicesaretreateddifferentlyfromclientsthatuseservices.

-Distributedobjectarchitectures

?Nodistinctionbetweenclientsandservers.Anyobjectonthe

systemmayprovideanduseservicesfromotherobjects.

*Middlewareisusuallyoff-the-shelfratherthanspeciallywrittensoftware.

*Layeredapplicationarchitecture

-Presentationlayer

?Concernedwithpresentingtheresultsofacomputationto

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systemusersandwithcollectinguserinputs.-Applicationprocessinglayer

?Concernedwithprovidingapplicationspecificfunctionalitye.g.,inabankingsystem,bankingfunctionssuchasopenaccount,closeaccount,etc.

-Datamanagementlayer

?Concernedwithmanagingthesystemdatabases.

*Thinandfatclients

-Thin-clientmodel

?Inathin-clientmodel,alloftheapplicationprocessinganddatamanagementiscarriedoutontheserver.Theclientissimplyresponsibleforrunningthepresentationsoftware.

-Fat-clientmodel

?Inthismodel,theserverisonlyresponsiblefordatamanagement.Thesoftwareontheclientimplementstheapplicationlogicandtheinteractionswiththesystemuser.

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*Three-tierarchitectures

A3-tierC/Sarchitecture

*P2Parchitecturalmodels

-Peertopeerarchitecturesaredecentralisedarchitectureswherethereisnodistinctionbetweenclientsandservers.

-Thelogicalnetworkarchitecture

?Decentralisedarchitectures;

?Semi-centralisedarchitectures.

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Semi-centralisedp2parchitectureChapter13Applicationarchitectures

*Importantclassesofapplicationtransactionprocessingsystems,eventprocessingsystem.

*Dataprocessingsystemsoperateinput-process-outputstructure.

aredataprocessing

inbatch

processingsystems,systemsandlanguage

modeandhavean

Chapter14Object-orientedDesign

*Objectsandobjectclasses

-Objectsareentitiesinasoftwaresystemwhichrepresentinstancesofreal-worldandsystementities.

-Objectsaremembersofclassesthatdefineattributetypesandoperations.

-Objectclassesaretemplatesforobjects.Theymaybeusedtocreateobjects.

-Objectclassesmayinheritattributesandservicesfromotherobjectclasses.

*Use-casemodelsareusedtorepresenteachinteractionwiththesystem.

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Startup

Shutdown

Report

Calibrate

Test

Chapter16Userinterfacedesign

*Humanfactorsininterfacedesign

-Limitedshort-termmemory

?Peoplecaninstantaneouslyrememberabout7itemsofinformation.Ifyoupresentmorethanthis,theyaremoreliabletomakemistakes.

-Peoplemakemistakes

?Whenpeoplemakemistakesandsystemsgowrong,inappropriatealarmsandmessagescanincreasestressandhencethelikelihoodofmoremistakes.

-Peoplearedifferent

?Peoplehaveawiderangeofphysicalcapabilities.Designersshouldnotjustdesignfortheirowncapabilities.

-Peoplehavedifferentinteractionpreferences

?Somelikepictures,someliketext.

*Userinterfacedesignprinciples

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*MVCapproaches(Informationpresentation,pp.370)

Figure:theMVCmodelofuserinteraction

*HowtodesignUI(Informationpresentation,pp.375)

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