劉潤(rùn)清版語言學(xué)大綱

CHAPTER11.thedefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageorasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.thedefinitionoflanguage:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(system:Theelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Arbitrary任意的:Thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Vocal口頭的:Theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.humancommunication:Languageishuman-specific.)3.designfeaturesoflanguage語言的7種特性:1.Arbitrariness任意性2.Duality雙重性(doublearticulation)3.Productivity創(chuàng)造性(Creativity)4.Interchangeability轉(zhuǎn)換性(Reciprocity)5.Displace替代性6.Specialization7.Culturaltransmission4.functionoflanguage:Phaticfunction/communion(寒暄功能);Directivefunction(指令功能):Informativefunction(信息功能):Interrogativefunction(疑問功能):Evocativefunction(情感功能):Performativefunction(施為功能):Expressivefunction(表達(dá)功能)5.someconceptsinlinguistics:Descriptive(描寫式)andprescriptive(規(guī)定式)grammars:Descriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,whileprescriptivegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Itattemptstodescribewhatpeopleactuallysay.Traditionalgrammarsisprescriptiveforittellpeoplehowtousealanguage.Synchronicanddiachronic(historical)linguistics:Whenwestudylanguageatoneparticulartime,itiscalledsynchroniclinguistics共時(shí)語言學(xué).Whenwestudylanguagedevelopmentsthroughtime,itiscalleddiachronicorhistoricallinguistics歷史的.Langueandparole:Langereferstotheabstract抽象的linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolerefertoparticularrealizationsoflangue.Langueisthesocial,conventionalsideoflanguage,whileparoleisindividualizedspeech.Langeisthecode,andparoleisthemessage.--Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic,whereasparoleismorevariableandmaychangeaccordingtocontextualfactors.Paroleandlanguetogetherconstitutelanguage.Competenceandperformance：Competencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractformalrelations.Performancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,theactualuseofthisknowledge.--Similarity:Theybothdividelanguageintoknowledgeandbehavior.Difference:Chomsky’s（喬姆斯基美語言學(xué)家轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法創(chuàng)始人）competenceisapsychologicalconstructandSaussure’slangueisasetofsocialconvention慣例.CHAPTER2：1．Phone,phoneme,allophone:Aphone--aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phoneistherealizationofthephoneme.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedon’t.Aphoneme---isaphonologicalunit;anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedbycertainphonesincertainphoneticcontext.itisaunitofdistinctivevalue(Aphonemeiscapableofdistinguishmeaning.)Allophones----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.2.ThedescriptionofEnglishconsonants:輔音描述(1.voicedorvoiceless(2,placeofarticulation發(fā)音部位---Bilabial(雙唇音):[p][b][m][w],Labiodental(唇齒音):[f][v],Dental(齒音)[θ][e],alveolar(齒齦音):[t][d][s][z][n][l][r],Palatal(腭音):[∫][з][t∫][dз][j],Velar(軟腭音):[k][g][η],glottal(喉音[h](3,mannerofarticulation發(fā)音方法---stop(塞音)[p][b][t][d][k][g]Fricative(擦音):[f][v][s][z][θ][e][∫][з][h],affricate(塞擦音):[t∫][dз],liquid(流音):[l][r],nasal(鼻音):[m][n][η]glide(滑音):[w][j]3.Classificationofmonophthongs單元音的描述：(1.thepositionoftongueFrontvowels:[i:][i][e][?]Centralvowels:[з:][?][∧]Backvowels:[u:][u][?:][T][α:]lipsareroundedornot---Roundedvowels:[u:][u][?:][T],Unroundedvowels:[i:][i][e][?][з:][?][∧][α:]opennessofmouth---Closevowels:[i:][i][u:][u]Centralvowels:Semi-closevowels:[e][з:],Centralvowels:Semi-openvowels:[?][?:]Openvowels:[?][T][α:][∧]tensenessofthevowel---Longvowels:[i:][u:][α:][з:][?:],Shortvowels:[i][u][?][T][?][e][∧]4.Minimalpairsandsets：Minimalpair：Twodifferentwordsthatareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings.Minimalset：Agroupofwordswhichmeetalltheabove3conditions.5．Thesyllablestructure：Asyllablemusthaveanucleus(核心)orpeak(峰)whichisoftenavowel,sometimesaconsonantplaysthepartofanucleus.Eg:tableconsistsofasyllable[tei]andasyllable[bl],inthefirstsyllable,thenucleus中心is[ei]whileinthesecondoneitistheconsonant[1]tofunctionasthenucleus(apple,bottle,mammal,etc).Differencesinsyllablestructureexistindifferentcultures.Eg:sixths→CVCCCC[siksθs],spring→CCCVC[spriη],eye→V[ai],CV-do,VC-eat,CVC-cat,CCVC-green,VCC-eggs,CCCVC-strike,CVCC-nest,CVCCC-next.6.發(fā)音規(guī)則？speaking).Theperlocutionaryact(言后行為):anactperformedasaresultoftheutteranceonthehearer.Forexample,“Itiscoldinhere.”Itslocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaningtheweatheriscoldinhere;Itsillocutionaryactcanbearequestoftheheartoshutthewindow;Itsperlocutionaryactcanbethehearer’sshuttingthewindoworhisrefusaltocomplywiththerequest.3.classificationofspeechacts:Assertives/representatives(陳述)(sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue,itcanbestatementsoffact,assertions,conclusions,anddescriptions,e.g.Theearthisflat.)Directives(指令)(Tryingtogetthehearertosomethingandtheyarecommands,orders,requests,suggestions,beggingandpleading,e.g.Iorderyoutoleaverightnow.)Commissives(承諾)（Committing承諾thespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofactionandtheyarepromises,threats,refusals,pledges,e.g.Ipromisetocome.）Expressives(表達(dá))（Expressinganattitudeaboutthesituationorthespeaker’spsychologicalstateandcanbestatementsofpleasure,pain,likes,dislikes,joy,orsorrow,e.g.I’msorryforbeinglate.）Declarations(宣告)thoseutterancesthatthespeakerusestochangeasituation,e.g.Inowappointyouchairmanofthecommittee4.Principleofconversation合作原則Cooperativeprinciple(CP)----AccordingtoGrice,inmakingconversation,thereisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.Itgoesasfollows: