《計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)》-王春生-三版課后答案

#/32UnitOne/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:CharlesBabbage;AugustaAdaByroninput;outputVLSIworkstations;mainframesvacuum;transistorsinstructions;softwaredigit;eight;bytemicrominiaturization;chipII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:artificialintelligence人工智能paper-tapereader紙帶閱讀器opticalcomputer光計(jì)算機(jī)neuralnetwork神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)instructionset指令集parallelprocessing并行處理differenceengine差分機(jī)versatilelogicalelement通用邏輯元件siliconsubstrate硅襯底vacuumtube真空管數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)與處理thestorageandhandlingofdata超大規(guī)模集成電路verylarge-scaleintegratedcircuit中央處理器centralprocessingunit個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)personalcomputer模擬計(jì)算機(jī)analoguecomputer數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)digitalcomputer通用計(jì)算機(jī)general-purposecomputer處理器芯片processorchip操作指令operatinginstructions輸入設(shè)備inputdeviceFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Wecandefineacomputerasadevicethatacceptsinput,processesdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput.Accordingtothemodeofprocessing,computersareeitheranalogordigital.Theycanalsobeclassifiedasmainframes,minicomputers,workstations,ormicrocomputers.Allelse(forexample,theageofthemachine)beingequal,thiscategorizationprovidessomeindicationofthecomputer’sspeed,size,cost,andabilities.Eversincetheadventofcomputers,therehavebeenconstantchanges.First-generationcomputersofhistoricsignificance,suchasUNIVAC（通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)）,introducedintheearly1950s,werebasedonvacuumtubes.Second-generationcomputers,appearingintheearly1960s,werethoseinwhichtransistorsreplacedvacuumtubes.Inthird-generationcomputers,datingfromthe1960s,integratedcircuitsreplacedtransistors.Infourth-generationcomputerssuchasmicrocomputers,whichfirstappearedinthemid-1970s,large-scaleintegrationenabledthousandsofcircuitstobeincorporatedononechip.Fifth-generationcomputersareexpectedtocombinevery-large-scaleintegrationwithsophisticatedapproachestocomputing,includingartificialintelligenceandtruedistributedprocessing.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:計(jì)算機(jī)將變得更加先進(jìn)，也將變得更加容易使用。語(yǔ)音識(shí)別的改進(jìn)將使計(jì)算機(jī)的操作更加容易。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)，即使用所有人類(lèi)官能與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行交互的技術(shù)，也將有助于創(chuàng)建更好的人機(jī)接口。人們正在開(kāi)發(fā)其他的奇異計(jì)算模型，包括使用生物機(jī)體的生物計(jì)算、使用具有特定屬性的分子的分子計(jì)算，以及使用遺傳基本單位DNA（脫氧核糖核酸）存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和執(zhí)行操作的計(jì)算。這些都是可能的未來(lái)計(jì)算平臺(tái)的例子，而它們迄今還能力有限或完全屬于理論范疇?？茖W(xué)家們研究它們，是因?yàn)榍度牍柚械碾娐返奈⑿⌒突艿轿锢硐拗?。還有一些限制與甚至最微小的晶體管也會(huì)產(chǎn)生的熱量有關(guān)。UnitOne/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:experimentationinterfacinginterdisciplinarymicroprocessorII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:artificialneuralnetwork人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)computerarchitecture計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)robustcomputerprogram健壯的計(jì)算機(jī)程序human-computerinterface人機(jī)接口knowledgerepresentation知識(shí)表示數(shù)值分析numericalanalysis程序設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境programmingenvironment數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)datastructure存儲(chǔ)和檢索信息storeandretrieveinformation虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)virtualrealityUnitOne/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:formatsynchronizationvirtualmultimedia;third-partyII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:datafield數(shù)據(jù)字段，數(shù)據(jù)域learningcurve學(xué)習(xí)曲線third-partysolution第三方解決方案WindowsMediaPlayerWindows媒體播放器開(kāi)始按鈕Startbutton指定輸入?yún)^(qū)designatedinputarea手寫(xiě)體識(shí)別系統(tǒng)handwriting-recognitionsystem字符集charactersetUnitTwo:ComputerArchitectureUnitTwo/SectionAI．Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:input;output;storageBasicInput/OutputSystemflatbedscanners;hand-heldscannersLCD-baseddot-matrixprinters;inkjetprintersdiskdrives;memoryvolatileserial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:functionkey功能鍵，操作鍵voicerecognitionmodule語(yǔ)音識(shí)別模塊touch-sensitiveregion觸敏區(qū)addressbus地址總線flatbedscanner平板掃描儀dot-matrixprinter點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī)（針式打印機(jī)）parallelconnection并行連接cathoderaytube陰極射線管videogame電子游戲audiosignal音頻信號(hào)操作系統(tǒng)operatingsystem液晶顯示（器）LCD（liquidcrystaldisplay）噴墨打印機(jī)inkjetprinter數(shù)據(jù)總線databus串行連接serialconnection易失性存儲(chǔ)器volatilememory激光打印機(jī)laserprinter磁盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器diskdrive基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng)BIOS（BasicInput/OutputSystem）視頻顯示器videodisplayFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:CD-ROMstandsforcompactdiscread-onlymemory.Unlikefloppyandharddisks,whichusemagneticchargestorepresent1sand0s,opticaldiscsusereflectedlight.OnaCD-ROMdisc,1sand0sarerepresentedbyflatareasandbumpy（高低不平的）areas（called“pits”）onitsbottomsurface.TheCD-ROMdiscisreadbyalaserthatprojectsatinybeamoflightontheseareas.Theamountofreflectedlightdetermineswhetherthearearepresentsa1ora0.LikeacommercialCDfoundinmusicstores,aCD-ROMisa“read-only”disc.Read-onlymeansitcannotbewrittenonorerasedbytheuser.Thus,youasauserhaveaccessonlytothedataimprinted（壓印）bythepublisher.AsingleCD-ROMdisccanstore650megabytes（兆字節(jié)）ofdata.Thatisequivalentto451floppydisks.Withthatmuchinformationonasingledisc,thetimetoretrieveoraccesstheinformationisveryimportant.AnimportantcharacteristicofCD-ROMdrivesistheiraccessrate.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:調(diào)制解調(diào)器是在模擬和數(shù)字信號(hào)之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換的設(shè)備。計(jì)算機(jī)使用的是數(shù)字信號(hào)，這種信號(hào)由離散單元組成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模擬信號(hào)是連續(xù)變化的；聲波就是模擬信號(hào)的一個(gè)例子。調(diào)制解調(diào)器經(jīng)常用于實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)之間通過(guò)電話線的互相通信。調(diào)制解調(diào)器將發(fā)送端計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)字信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成可通過(guò)電話線傳輸?shù)哪M信號(hào)。信號(hào)到達(dá)目的地后，另外一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器重構(gòu)原來(lái)的數(shù)字信號(hào)，供接收端計(jì)算機(jī)處理。如果兩個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器可同時(shí)互相發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的就是全雙工工作方式；如果一次只有一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器可以發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的則是半雙工工作方式。UnitTwo/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:graphicalfile;schedulervirtualsliceII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:interrupthandler中斷處理程序virtualmemory虛擬存儲(chǔ)（器），虛存，虛擬內(nèi)存contextswitch上下文轉(zhuǎn)換，語(yǔ)境轉(zhuǎn)換mainmemory主存（儲(chǔ)器）bitpattern位模式外圍設(shè)備peripheraldevice進(jìn)程表processtable時(shí)間片timeslice圖形用戶界面graphicaluserinterface海量存儲(chǔ)器massstorageUnitTwo/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:repositorycentral;sub-systemsnetworklayered或abstractmachineII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:codegenerator代碼生成程序，代碼發(fā)生器abstractmachine抽象機(jī)programeditor程序編輯程序，程序編輯器configurationitem配置項(xiàng)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)CAD（computer-aideddesign）數(shù)據(jù)冗余dataredundancy指揮與控制系統(tǒng)commandandcontrolsystem視頻壓縮與解壓縮videocompressionanddecompressionUnitThree:ComputerLanguageandProgrammingUnitThree/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:artificial;instructionslow-level;high-levelmachinemachinefunctional;logicstatementmoduledigitalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:storageregister存儲(chǔ)寄存器functionstatement函數(shù)語(yǔ)句programstatement程序語(yǔ)句object-orientedlanguage面向?qū)ο笳Z(yǔ)言assemblylanguage匯編語(yǔ)言intermediatelanguage中間語(yǔ)言，中級(jí)語(yǔ)言relationallanguage關(guān)系（型）語(yǔ)言artificiallanguage人工語(yǔ)言datadeclaration數(shù)據(jù)聲明SQL結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語(yǔ)言可執(zhí)行程序executableprogram程序模塊programmodule條件語(yǔ)句conditionalstatement賦值語(yǔ)句assignmentstatement邏輯語(yǔ)言logiclanguage機(jī)器語(yǔ)言machinelanguage函數(shù)式語(yǔ)言functionallanguage程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言programminglanguage運(yùn)行計(jì)算機(jī)程序runacomputerprogram計(jì)算機(jī)程序員computerprogrammerFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Aprogramminglanguageisalanguageusedtowriteinstructionsforthecomputer.Itletstheprogrammerexpressdataprocessinginasymbolicmannerwithoutregardtomachine-specificdetails.Thedifficultyofwritingprogramsinthemachinelanguageof0sand1sledfirsttothedevelopmentofassemblylanguage,whichallowsprogrammerstousemnemonics（助記符）forinstructionsandsymbolsforvariables.Suchprogramsarethentranslatedbyaprogramknownasanassemblerintothebinaryencodingusedbythecomputer.Otherpiecesofsystemsoftwareknownaslinkingloaders（連接裝入程序）combinepiecesofassembledcodeandloadthemintothemachine’smainmemoryunit,wheretheyarethenreadyforexecution.Theconceptoflinkingseparatepiecesofcodewasimportant,sinceitallowed“l(fā)ibraries”ofprogramstobebuiltuptocarryoutcommontasks—afirststeptowardtheincreasinglyemphasizednotionofsoftwarereuse.Assemblylanguagewasfoundtobesufficientlyinconvenientthathigher-levellanguages（closertonaturallanguages）wereinventedinthe1950sforeasier,fasterprogramming;alongwiththemcametheneedforcompilers,programsthattranslatehigh-levellanguageprogramsintomachinecode.Asprogramminglanguagesbecamemorepowerfulandabstract,buildingefficientcompilersthatcreatehigh-qualitycodeintermsofexecutionspeedandstorageconsumptionbecameaninterestingcomputerscienceprobleminitself.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言，如C++和Java,基于傳統(tǒng)的高級(jí)語(yǔ)言，但它們使程序設(shè)計(jì)員能夠從合作對(duì)象集而非命令列表的角度進(jìn)行思考。諸如圓之類(lèi)的對(duì)象具有像圓的半徑一類(lèi)的屬性，以及在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上繪制該對(duì)象的命令。一個(gè)對(duì)象類(lèi)可以從其他的對(duì)象類(lèi)繼承特征。例如，定義正方形的類(lèi)可以從定義長(zhǎng)方形的類(lèi)那里繼承直角等特征。這一套程序設(shè)計(jì)類(lèi)簡(jiǎn)化了程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作，帶來(lái)了更多“可復(fù)用的”計(jì)算機(jī)代碼?？蓮?fù)用代碼使程序設(shè)計(jì)員可以使用已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)、編寫(xiě)和測(cè)試的代碼。這使得程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作變得比較容易，并帶來(lái)更加可靠和高效的程序。UnitThree/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:objectsplatform-independentmultithreadingruntimeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:nativecode本機(jī)（代）碼headerfile頭標(biāo)文件；頁(yè)眉文件multithreadedprogram多線程程序Java-enabledbrowser支持Java的瀏覽器maliciouscode惡意代碼機(jī)器碼machinecode匯編碼assemblycode特洛伊木馬程序Trojanhorse軟件包softwarepackage類(lèi)層次classhierarchyUnitThree/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:subscript;indexfixedhistogramtwo-dimensionalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:barchart條形圖frequencyarray頻率數(shù)組graphicalrepresentation圖形表示multidimensionalarray多維數(shù)組用戶視圖user(’s)view下標(biāo)形式subscriptform一維數(shù)組one-dimensionalarray編程結(jié)構(gòu)programmingconstructUnitFour:SoftwareDevelopmentUnitFour/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:application;operatingassemblerscompilerinterpreterdebuggerloopdevicedriverJohnvonNeumannII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:inferenceengine推理機(jī)systemcall系統(tǒng)調(diào)用compiledlanguage編譯執(zhí)行的語(yǔ)言parallelcomputing并行計(jì)算patternmatching模式匹配memorylocation存儲(chǔ)單元interpreterprogram解釋程序libraryroutine庫(kù)程序，程序庫(kù)例行程序intermediateprogram中間程序，過(guò)渡程序sourcefile源文件解釋執(zhí)行的語(yǔ)言interpretedlanguage設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序devicedriver源程序sourceprogram調(diào)試程序debuggingprogram目標(biāo)代碼objectcode應(yīng)用程序applicationprogram實(shí)用程序utilityprogram邏輯程序logicprogram墨盒inkcartridge程序的存儲(chǔ)與執(zhí)行programstorageandexecutionFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Acompiler,incomputerscience,isacomputerprogramthattranslatessourcecodeintoobjectcode.Softwareengineerswritesourcecodeusinghigh-levelprogramminglanguagesthatpeoplecanunderstand.Computerscannotdirectlyexecutesourcecode,butneedacompilertotranslatetheseinstructionsintoalow-levellanguagecalledmachinecode.Compilerscollectandreorganize(compile)alltheinstructionsinagivensetofsourcecodetoproduceobjectcode.Objectcodeisoftenthesameasorsimilartoacomputer’smachinecode.Iftheobjectcodeisthesameasthemachinelanguage,thecomputercanruntheprogramimmediatelyafterthecompilerproducesitstranslation.Iftheobjectcodeisnotinmachinelanguage,otherprograms—suchasassemblers,binders(聯(lián)編程序),linkers,andloaders(力口載程序)一finishthetranslation.Mostcomputerlanguagesusedifferentversionsofcompilersfordifferenttypesofcomputersoroperatingsystems,soonelanguagemayhavedifferentcompilersforpersonalcomputers(PC)andAppleMacintoshcomputers.Manydifferentmanufacturersoftenproduceversionsofthesameprogramminglanguage,socompilersforalanguagemayvarybetweenmanufacturers.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在軟件中，錯(cuò)誤是指導(dǎo)致程序發(fā)生故障或產(chǎn)生不正確結(jié)果的編碼或邏輯錯(cuò)誤。較輕微的錯(cuò)誤，如光標(biāo)表現(xiàn)異常，會(huì)造成不便或帶來(lái)挫折，但不會(huì)對(duì)信息產(chǎn)生破壞性影響。較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致程序“中止”（對(duì)命令停止反應(yīng)），可能使用戶別無(wú)選擇，只能重新啟動(dòng)程序，結(jié)果致使任何前面已經(jīng)做好但尚未保存的工作丟失。兩種情況無(wú)論是哪一種，程序員都必須憑借稱(chēng)為調(diào)試的過(guò)程，發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正錯(cuò)誤。由于錯(cuò)誤對(duì)重要數(shù)據(jù)的潛在危險(xiǎn)，商用應(yīng)用程序在發(fā)行前要經(jīng)過(guò)盡可能全面的測(cè)試與調(diào)試。程序發(fā)行后發(fā)現(xiàn)的較輕微錯(cuò)誤在下一次更新時(shí)改正；較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤有時(shí)可用稱(chēng)為補(bǔ)丁的特殊軟件加以修補(bǔ)，以規(guī)避問(wèn)題或減輕其影響。UnitFour/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Machinedevelopers;componentsCORBAruntimeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:messagingmodel消息接發(fā)模型commonlanguageruntime通用語(yǔ)言運(yùn)行時(shí)刻（環(huán)境）hierarchicalnamespace分層名稱(chēng)空間developmentcommunity開(kāi)發(fā)界CORBA公用對(duì)象請(qǐng)求代理（程序）體系結(jié)構(gòu)基本組件basecomponent元數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)記metadatatag虛擬機(jī)virtualmachine集成開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境IDE（integrateddevelopmentenvironment）簡(jiǎn)單對(duì)象訪問(wèn)協(xié)議SOAP（SimpleObjectAccessProtocol）UnitFour/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:heterogeneousasynchronousbridgesopennessII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:procedurecall過(guò)程調(diào)用faulttolerance容錯(cuò)homogeneoussystem同構(gòu)系統(tǒng)autonomousagent自主主體路由算法routingalgorithm異構(gòu)型環(huán)境heterogeneousenvironment多址通信協(xié)議multicastprotocol通信鏈路communication（s）linkUnitFive:SoftwareProcessUnitFive/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:off-the-shelfexclusivecascaderequirements;integrationthrowawayimmediate;stablereuse-oriented;frameworksoftware;compromisesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:systemspecification系統(tǒng)規(guī)格說(shuō)明unittesting單位（或單元、部件）測(cè)試softwarelifecycle軟件生命周期（或生存周期）systemvalidationtesting系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)證測(cè)試evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程simplelinearmodel簡(jiǎn)單線性模型programunit程序單元throwawayprototype拋棄式原型textformatting正文格式編排，文本格式化systemevolution系統(tǒng)演變系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)范例systemdesignparadigm需求分析與定義requirementsanalysisanddefinition探索式編程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach系統(tǒng)文件編制systemdocumentation瀑布模型waterfallmodel系統(tǒng)集成systemintegration商用現(xiàn)成軟件commercialoff-the-shelf（或COTS）software基于組件的軟件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering（CBSE）軟件維護(hù)工具softwaremaintenancetool軟件復(fù)用softwarereuseFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Therearethreedifferenttypesofsoftwaremaintenance.Firstly,thereismaintenancetorepairsoftwarefaults.Codingerrorsareusuallyrelativelycheaptocorrect;designerrorsaremoreexpensiveastheymayinvolverewritingseveralprogramcomponents.Requirementserrorsarethemostexpensivetorepairbecauseoftheextensivesystemredesignthatmaybenecessary.Secondly,thereismaintenancetoadaptthesoftwaretoadifferentoperatingenvironment.Thistypeofmaintenanceisrequiredwhensomeaspectofthesystem’senvironmentsuchasthehardware,theplatformoperatingsystemorothersupportsoftwarechanges.Theapplicationsystemmustbemodifiedtoadaptittocopewiththeseenvironmentalchanges.Andthirdly,thereismaintenancetoaddtoormodifythesystem’sfunctionality.Thistypeofmaintenanceisnecessarywhenthesystemrequirementschangeinresponsetoorganizationalorbusinesschange.Thescaleofthechangesrequiredtothesoftwareisoftenmuchgreaterthanfortheothertypesofmaintenance.Inpractice,thereisn’taclear-cutdistinctionbetweenthesetypesofmaintenance.Whenyouadaptthesystemtoanewenvironment,youmayaddfunctionalitytotakeadvantageofnewenvironmentalfeatures.Softwarefaultsareoftenexposedbecauseusersusethesysteminunanticipatedways.Changingthesystemtoaccommodatetheirwayofworkingisthebestwaytofixthesefaults.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:軟件過(guò)程比較復(fù)雜，而且像所有其他的智能和創(chuàng)造性過(guò)程一樣，依靠人們作出決定和判斷。由于需要判斷和創(chuàng)造性，使軟件過(guò)程自動(dòng)化的嘗試只取得了有限的成功。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具可支持軟件過(guò)程的某些活動(dòng)。然而，至少是在未來(lái)幾年內(nèi)，不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的軟件過(guò)程自動(dòng)化，使軟件能夠接替參與軟件過(guò)程的工程師來(lái)從事創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計(jì)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是軟件過(guò)程多種多樣。不存在理想的過(guò)程，而且許多組織機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展了自己的軟件開(kāi)發(fā)方法。這些軟件過(guò)程不斷演變，以利用組織機(jī)構(gòu)中的人員的能力和開(kāi)發(fā)中的系統(tǒng)的具體特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于一些系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)，需要的是一個(gè)高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程，而對(duì)于另外一些系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)靈活敏捷的過(guò)程很可能更為有效。UnitFive/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:entitydurationdata;process或process;dataimplementedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:checkbox復(fù)選框，選擇框，校驗(yàn)框structureddesign結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì)buildingblock積木塊，構(gòu)建模塊，構(gòu)件databaseschema數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模式radiobutton單選(按)鈕系統(tǒng)建模技術(shù)systemmodelingtechnique模型驅(qū)動(dòng)開(kāi)發(fā)model-drivendevelopment數(shù)據(jù)流程圖dataflowdiagram下拉式菜單drop-down(或pull-down)menu滾動(dòng)條scrollbarUnitFive/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:problemconsequencesdesignspecific;generalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:procedurallanguage過(guò)程語(yǔ)言commondesignstructure通用設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)classandobjectinteraction類(lèi)與對(duì)象交互designconstraint設(shè)計(jì)約束設(shè)計(jì)模式designpattern可復(fù)用軟件reusablesoftware面向?qū)ο蟮南到y(tǒng)object-orientedsystem繼承層次inheritancehierarchyUnitSix:DatabaseUnitSix/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:flatdataapplication;administratorsconceptualtablesfragmented;replicatedstructuredentity-relationship;attributesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:enduser最終用戶，終端用戶atomicoperation原子操作databaseadministrator數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理員relationaldatabasemodel關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模型localdata本地?cái)?shù)據(jù)object-orienteddatabase面向?qū)ο髷?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)databasemanagementsystem(DBMS)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)entity-relationshipmodel(ERM)實(shí)體關(guān)系模型distributeddatabase分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)flatfile平面文件二維表two-dimensionaltable數(shù)據(jù)屬性dataattribute數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì)象databaseobject存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備storagedevice數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型datatype數(shù)據(jù)插入與刪除datainsertionanddeletion層次數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模型hierarchicaldatabasemodel數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)體系結(jié)構(gòu)databasearchitecture關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS)全局控制總線globalcontrolbusFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Adatabaseisanycollectionofdataorganizedforstorageinacomputermemoryanddesignedforeasyaccessbyauthorizedusers.Thedatamaybeintheformoftext,numbers,orencodedgraphics.SmalldatabaseswerefirstdevelopedorfundedbytheU.S.governmentforagencyorprofessionaluse.Inthe1960s,somedatabasesbecamecommerciallyavailable,buttheirusewasfunnelled（傳送）throughafewso-calledresearchcentersthatcollectedinformationinquiriesandhandledtheminbatches.Onlinedatabases—thatis,databasesavailabletoanyonewhocouldlinkuptothembycomputer—firstappearedinthe1970s.Sincetheirfirst,experimentalappearanceinthe1950s,databaseshavebecomesoimportantthattheycanbefoundinalmosteveryfieldofinformation.Government,military,andindustrialdatabasesareoftenhighlyrestricted,andprofessionaldatabasesareusuallyoflimitedinterest.Awiderangeofcommercial,governmental,andnonprofitdatabasesareavailabletothegeneralpublic,however,andmaybeusedbyanyonewhoownsorhasaccesstotheequipmentthattheyrequire.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中，表的行表示記錄（關(guān)于不同項(xiàng)的信息集），列表示字段（一個(gè)記錄的特定屬性）。在進(jìn)行搜索時(shí)，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)將一個(gè)表中的一個(gè)字段的信息與另一個(gè)表中的一個(gè)相應(yīng)字段的信息進(jìn)行匹配，以生成將來(lái)自這兩個(gè)表的所要求數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合起來(lái)的另一個(gè)表。例如，如果一個(gè)表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一個(gè)表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可匹配這兩個(gè)表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有掙到一定薪水的雇員的姓名或所有在某個(gè)日期之后受雇的雇員所屬的部門(mén)。換言之，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)使用兩個(gè)表中的匹配值，將一個(gè)表中的信息與另一個(gè)表中的信息聯(lián)系起來(lái)。微型計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)產(chǎn)品一般是關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。UnitSix/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:commitschedulershared;exclusivewound-waitII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:nonvolatilestoragesystem非易失性存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)equipmentmalfunction設(shè)備故障wound-waitprotocol受傷―等待協(xié)議exclusivelock排它鎖，互斥（型）鎖databaseintegrity數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)完整性共享鎖sharedlock數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)實(shí)現(xiàn)databaseimplementation級(jí)聯(lián)回滾cascadingrollback數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)dataitem分時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)time-sharingoperatingsystemUnitSix/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:dataaccessbridge;native或native;bridgepoolingtry;catchII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:baseclass基（本）類(lèi)datalibrary數(shù)據(jù)（文件）庫(kù)dataaccessstack數(shù)據(jù)存取棧database-specificfunctionality數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)特有的功能默認(rèn)設(shè)置defaultsetting異常處理程序exceptionhandlerB測(cè)試betatesting橋接提供程序bridgeproviderUnitSeven:ComputerCommunicationsUnitSeven/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:telegraphdots;dashesmediapoint-to-pointanalogdigitaltext-basedmodemII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:microwaveradio微波無(wú)線電digitaltelevision數(shù)字電視DSL數(shù)字用戶線路analogtransmission模擬傳輸on-screenpointer屏幕上的指針computerterminal計(jì)算機(jī)終端radiotelephone無(wú)線電話cellulartelephone蜂窩電話，移動(dòng)電話，手機(jī)decentralizednetwork分散型網(wǎng)絡(luò)wire-basedinternalnetwork基于導(dǎo)線的內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有線內(nèi)部網(wǎng)光纜fiber-opticcable傳真機(jī)faxmachine無(wú)線通信wirelesscommunications點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)通信point-to-pointcommunications調(diào)制電脈沖modulatedelectricalimpulse通信衛(wèi)星communication（s）satellite電報(bào)電鍵telegraphkey傳輸媒體transmissionmedium（或media）無(wú)繩電話cordlesstelephone金屬導(dǎo)體metalconductorFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Datacommunicationsistheprocessoftransmittingandreceivingdatainanorderlywaysothedatathatarrivesatitsdestinationisanaccurateduplication（復(fù)制）ofthedatathatwassent.Whendatatravelsashortdistance,suchaswhenyousenddatafromyourcomputertoyourprinter,itisreferredtoaslocalcommunications.Whendatatravelsalongdistance,thecommunicationisreferredtoastelecommunications;theprefix（前綴）“tele”isderivedfromaGreekwordthatmeans“far”or“faroff.”Thedifferencebetweenashortdistanceandalongdistanceissomewhatarbitrary（武斷的）.Forexample,ifyourcomputersendsdatatoaprinterinthenextroom,itisregardedaslocalcommunications;ifyouphonethepersoninthenextroom,youaretransmittingdataoveratelecommunicationsdevice.However,thesamebasiccommunicationsconceptsapplytobothlocalcommunicationsandtelecommunications.Basicdatacommunicationsconceptsarethebuildingblocksforunderstandinghowdatatravelsonacommunicationssystem.Theseconceptscomeinhandy（派得上用處）whenyouinstall,configure,orupgradealocalareanetwork.Inaddition,theseconceptshelpyousetupmodems,faxmachines,andcellulardatatransfers.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)使用電信來(lái)提供傳輸鏈路，用于傳送音頻、視頻、文本、軟件和多媒體服務(wù)。許多專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為，這些服務(wù)的結(jié)合將帶來(lái)用戶對(duì)新一代高速、寬帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)的需求。當(dāng)前，這些音頻、視頻和文本服務(wù)大多通過(guò)現(xiàn)有的電話連接使用因特網(wǎng)傳送。有些計(jì)算機(jī)使用綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng)或數(shù)字用戶線路直接連接到電話網(wǎng)的數(shù)字部分，但這要求在用戶處有專(zhuān)門(mén)的設(shè)備。此外，電話及有線電視公司還必須對(duì)其線路進(jìn)行升級(jí)，以使其能夠進(jìn)行高速數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。在許多地點(diǎn)，有高速數(shù)據(jù)傳輸需求的公司和個(gè)人現(xiàn)在可選擇從電話公司得到數(shù)字用戶線路服務(wù)，從有線電視公司得到光纜調(diào)制解調(diào)器服務(wù)。UnitSeven/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:controllermain;CPUdigital;voiceparallel;serial或serial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:bitmap位圖，位映象parallelport并行端口directmemoryaccess(DMA)直接存儲(chǔ)器存取universalserialbus通用串行總線general-purposeregister通用寄存器電路板circuitboard串行通信serialcommunication數(shù)碼照相機(jī)digitalcamera存儲(chǔ)映射輸入/輸出memory-mappedI/O有線電視cabletelevisionUnitSeven/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:TransfercellslabelintegratedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:high-definitionTV高清晰度電視framerelay幀中繼datarate數(shù)據(jù)(速)率metropolitanareanetwork城域網(wǎng)機(jī)頂盒set-topbox多模光纖multi-modefiber協(xié)議堆棧protocolstack虛擬路徑標(biāo)識(shí)符VPI(virtualpathidentifier)UnitEight:ComputerNetworksUnitEight/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:MANopen;closedbustokenEthernetclient/serverequals;temporarynetworkII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:fileserver文件服務(wù)器carriersense載波檢測(cè)，載波監(jiān)聽(tīng)protocolsuite協(xié)議組，協(xié)議集peer-to-peermodel對(duì)等模型bustopologynetwork總線拓?fù)渚W(wǎng)絡(luò)inter-machinecooperation機(jī)器間合作，計(jì)算機(jī)間合作Ethernetprotocolcollection以太網(wǎng)協(xié)議集proprietarynetwork專(zhuān)有網(wǎng)絡(luò)utilitypackage實(shí)用軟件包，公用程序包starnetwork星形網(wǎng)絡(luò)局域網(wǎng)localareanetwork(LAN)令牌環(huán)tokenring無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)wirelessnetwork封閉式網(wǎng)絡(luò)closednetwork環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)ringtopology客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器模型client/servermodel網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序networkapplication進(jìn)程間通信interprocesscommunication打印服務(wù)器printserver廣域網(wǎng)wideareanetwork(WAN)Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Computerscancommunicatewithothercomputersthroughaseriesofconnectionsandassociatedhardwarecalledanetwork.Theadvantageofanetworkisthatdatacanbeexchangedrapidly,andsoftwareandhardwareresources,suchashard-diskspaceorprinters,canbeshared.Networksalsoallowremoteuseofacomputerbyauserwhocannotphysicallyaccessthecomputer.Onetypeofnetwork,alocalareanetwork(LAN),consistsofseveralPCsorworkstationsconnectedtoaspecialcomputercalledaserver,oftenwithinthesamebuildingorofficecomplex.Theserverstoresandmanagesprogramsanddata.Aserveroftencontainsallofanetworkedgroup’sdataandenablesLANworkstationsorPCstobesetupwithoutlargestoragecapabilities.Inthisscenario(方案),eachPCmayhave“l(fā)ocal”memory(forexample,aharddrive)specifictoitself,butthebulkofstorageresidesontheserver.ThisreducesthecostoftheworkstationorPCbecauselessexpensivecomputerscanbepurchased,anditsimplifiesthemaintenanceofsoftwarebecausethesoftwareresidesonlyontheserverratherthanoneachindividualworkstationorPC.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)中，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是指由通信設(shè)備連接在一起的一組計(jì)算機(jī)及其相關(guān)設(shè)備。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可采用電纜等永久性連接，或者采用通過(guò)電話或其他通信鏈路而實(shí)現(xiàn)的臨時(shí)性連接。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以小到由少數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)、打印機(jī)以及其他設(shè)備構(gòu)成的局域網(wǎng)，也可以由分布在廣大地理區(qū)域的許多小型與大型計(jì)算機(jī)組成。計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)無(wú)論大小，其存在的目的均在于為計(jì)算機(jī)用戶提供以電子方式進(jìn)行信息通信與傳送的方法。有些類(lèi)型的通信是簡(jiǎn)單的用戶到用戶消息；有些稱(chēng)為分布式過(guò)程，可能涉及數(shù)臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，以及在執(zhí)行任務(wù)中分擔(dān)工作量或進(jìn)行協(xié)作。UnitEight/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:terminatorsub-centraltree;centralmeshII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:routingpath路由選擇通路dual-ringtopology雙環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)extendedstartopology擴(kuò)展星形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)backbonenetwork基干網(wǎng)，骨干網(wǎng)meshtopology網(wǎng)格拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)同軸電纜coaxialcable邏輯拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)logicaltopology無(wú)沖突連網(wǎng)環(huán)境collision-freenetworkingenvironment樹(shù)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)treetopology目的地節(jié)點(diǎn)destinationnodeUnitEight/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:repeaterdata-linkgatewayrouterII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:destinationaddress目的地址performancedegradation性能退化(或降級(jí))four-interfacebridge4接口網(wǎng)橋commonbus公共總線，公用總線數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層data-linklayer協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)換器protocolconverter開(kāi)放式系統(tǒng)互連OSI(OpenSystemsInterconnection)物理地址physicaladdressUnitNine:TheInternetUnitNine/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:researchICANN或theInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbersrouter;gatewaytemporary/dial-up;permanent/dedicatedISP或Internetserviceprovidernetwork;hostdecimalmnemonicII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:cellphone蜂窩電話，移動(dòng)電話，手機(jī)IP