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TableofContents

Uuit1WhatisGeomatics?(什么是:則繪學(xué))2

Unit2GeodeticSurveyingandPlaneSurveying(大地測量與平面測量)6

Unit3DistanceMeasurement(品巨離測量)10

Unit4AngleandDirectionMeasurement(角度和方向測量)14

Unit5Traversing(導(dǎo)線)則量)18

Unit6MethodsofElevationDetermination(高程測量方法)22

Unit7RoboticTotalStation(智能型全站儀)26

Unit8ErrorsinMeasurement(測量工作中的誤差)30

Unit9BasicStatisticalAnalysisofRandomErrors34

Unit10AccuracyandPrecision(準(zhǔn)確度和精度)37

Unit11Least-SquaresAdjustment40

Unit12GeodesyConcepts42

Unit13GeoidandReferenceEllipsoid44

Unit14Datums,CoordinatesandConversions46

Unit15MapProjection48

Unit16GravityMeasurment51

Unit17OptimalDesignofGeomaticsNetwork53

Unit18ConstructionLayout(施工放樣)56

Unit19DeformationMonitoringofEngineeringStruvture59

Unit20UnderstandingtheGPS(認(rèn)識(shí)GPS)62

Uuit21UnderstandingtheGPS(II)認(rèn)識(shí)GPS(II)65

Unit22CompetitioninSpaceOrbit(太空軌道上的競爭)68

Unit23GISBasics(GIS的基礎(chǔ))73

Unit24DataTypesandModelsinGISGIS中的數(shù)據(jù)類型和模型79

Unit25DigitalTerrainModeling(數(shù)字地面模型)83

Unit26ApplicationsofGIS88

Unit27Developmentsofphotogrammetry92

Unit28FundamentalsofRemoteSensing(遙)感的基礎(chǔ))95

Unit29DigitalImageProcessingandItsApplicationsinRS99

Unit30AirborneLaserMappingTechnology(機(jī)載激光測圖技術(shù))104

Unit31InterferometricSAR(InSAR)108

Unit32BriefIntroductiontoAppliedGeophysics110

Unit33OrigonofInducedPolarizationIll

Unit34InternationalGeoscienceOrganization114

Unit35PrestigiousJournalsinGeomatics117

Unit36RelevantSurveyingInstrumentCompanies122

Unit37ExpressionofSimpleEquationsandScientificFormulsa123

Unit38ProfessionalEnglishPaperWriting127

Unit39TranslationTechniquesforEST134

Uuit1WhatisGeomatics?(什么是測繪學(xué))

GeomaticsDefined(測繪學(xué)定義)

WheredoesthewordGeomaticscomefrom?(Geomatics一測繪或地球空間信息學(xué),這個(gè)名詞是怎么來的呢?)

GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICSorGEO-forearthand-MATICSformathematicalorGEO-for

Geoscienceand-MATICSforinformatics.(大地測量學(xué)+地理信息學(xué)=GEOMATICS測繪學(xué)或者geo代表地球,

matics代表數(shù)學(xué),或者geo代表地球科學(xué),matics代表信息學(xué))Ithasbeensaidthatgeomaticsismanythingstomany

people.(據(jù)說測繪學(xué)這個(gè)詞對(duì)不同的人有不同的理解)ThetermgeomaticsemergedfirstinCanadaandasanacademic

discipline;ithasbeenintroducedworldwideinanumberofinstitutesofhighereducationduringthepastfewyears,mostly

byrenamingwhatwaspreviouslycalled“geodesy"or"surveying",andbyaddinganumberofcomputerscienceand/or

GIS-orientedcourses.(這個(gè)術(shù)語[term術(shù)語】作為一個(gè)學(xué)科【academicdiscipline學(xué)科】第?次形成(emerge1于

加拿大;在過去的幾年里被全世界的許多高等教育研究機(jī)構(gòu)所熟知,通常是以前的“大地測量學(xué)”或“測量學(xué)”在引入

了許多計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和GIS方向[或“基于GIS”]的課程后重新命名的。)Nowthetermincludesthetraditional

surveyingdefinitionalongwithsurveyingsteadilyincreasedimportancewiththedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesandthe

growingdemandforavarietyofspatiallyrelatedtypesofinformation,particularlyinmeasuringandmonitoringour

environment.(隨著新技術(shù)的發(fā)展和不斷增長的對(duì)空間關(guān)系的信息類型的需求,尤其是在測量和監(jiān)測我們的環(huán)境方

面【環(huán)境監(jiān)測】,現(xiàn)在,傳統(tǒng)測量學(xué)定義連同【alongwith】日益【steadily穩(wěn)定的】增長的測量的重要性一起包

含在這個(gè)術(shù)語里了。【逗號(hào)后面的句子修飾demand])Increasinglycriticalareareasofexpandingpopulations,

appreciatinglandvalues,dwindlingnaturalresources,andthecontinuingstressingofthequalityofourland,waterandair

fromhumanactivities.(”益增長的危機(jī)來自人口擴(kuò)張,地價(jià)上漲,資源緊縮【緊張】,還有由于人類活動(dòng)引起的

土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量的持續(xù)的壓力【由人類活動(dòng)帶來的土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量的惡化】Assuch,geomaticsbridgeswide

arcsfromthegeosciencesthroughvariousengineeringsciencesandcomputersciencestospatialplanning,land

developmentandtheenvironmentalsciences.(這樣,測繪學(xué)在地球科學(xué),各種工程學(xué)【engineeringsciences工程學(xué)】,

計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué),空間規(guī)劃,土地開發(fā)和環(huán)境科學(xué)相互之間架起了廣泛的橋梁。)Nowthewordgeomaticshasbeen

adoptedbyseveralinternationalbodiesincludingtheInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO),soitisheretostay.(現(xiàn)在

geomatics這個(gè)詞已經(jīng)被包括ISO【國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織】在內(nèi)的數(shù)個(gè)國際機(jī)構(gòu)【internationalbodies]所采用,因此

它就這樣被普遍接受【beheretostay習(xí)慣用語”被普遍接受“]Theterm4€surveyo^,,istraditionallyusedtocollectively

describethoseengagedintheaboveactivities.(surveyor這個(gè)詞按慣例用來總指(這換成"總稱"較好)[collectively

全體的】那些從事上述活動(dòng)的人。)MoreexplicitjobdescriptionssuchasLandSurveyor,EngineeringSurveyoror

HydrographicSurveyorforexample,arecommonlyusedbypractitionerstomoreclearlydescribeandmarkettheir

specializedexpertise.(更具體的【explicit清楚的、直接的】工作如土地測量員、工程測量員和水道測量員,

[commonly一般一-般地】被業(yè)內(nèi)人士【practitioners從業(yè)者】用來更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)?!局弊g為:更

清楚的工作描述就如如土地測量員、工程測量員和水道測量員,一般被從業(yè)者用來更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技

術(shù)。)]Thetenngeomaticsisarecentcreationtoconveythetruecollectiveandscientificnatureoftheserelatedactivities

andhastheflexibilitytoallowfbrtheincorporationoffuturetechnologicaldevelopmentsinthesefields.(geomatics這個(gè)

術(shù)語是個(gè)新詞,表達(dá)【convey傳達(dá)】了實(shí)體集合和它們相關(guān)聯(lián)【related】的活動(dòng)的自然科學(xué),并使這些領(lǐng)域的未

來技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)合【incorporation結(jié)合】成為可能。[flexibility彈性、機(jī)動(dòng)性】)Adoptionofthetermalsoallows

acoherentmarketingoftheprofessiontoindustryandschoolsonaworldwidebasis.(這個(gè)術(shù)語的采用同時(shí)也在全世界

范圍里為行業(yè)【industry】里和學(xué)校建立了【allow允許了】一個(gè)一致的【coherent】專業(yè)市場)Asaresult,bothcourse

andawardtitlesinthetraditionalLandSurveyingsectoratmanyoftheworld'sleadinguniversitiesarebeingchangedto

-DegreeinGeomatics".(結(jié)果,世界上許多一流大學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)的測量專業(yè)【部門】的無論是課程還是授予資【授

予學(xué)位名稱】格都改為“測繪學(xué)位"[DegreeinGeomatics]的了)Thisdoesnotsuggestthedemiseoftheterm

“surveyor”andgraduateswillstillpracticeaslandsurveyorsorphotogammertrists,etc.asappropriatetotheirspecialization.

(這并不意味著“surveyor”這個(gè)詞的消亡,測繪畢業(yè)生還將從事適合他們專業(yè)的【asappropriatetotheir

specialization]土地測量員、攝影測量員及其他【ect.】的工作)Inthelastdecade,therehasbeendramaticdevelopment

andgrowthintheuseofhardwareandsoftwaresolutionstobothmeasureandprocessgeo-spatialdata.(在過去的年中,

在應(yīng)用硬件和軟件的方法【solution解決方法】來測量和處理地球空間數(shù)據(jù)工作時(shí)有著戲劇性的發(fā)展和增長)the

useof在使用...[in時(shí)]Thishascreatedandwillcontinuetocreatenewareasofapplication,withassociatedjob

opportunitiesforsuitablyqualifiedgraduates.(創(chuàng)造并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造新的應(yīng)用【application】領(lǐng)域,并為合適的、合格

[qualified有資格的】的畢業(yè)生提供相關(guān)的【associated[工作。)Asaresult,theroleofthe“surveyor”isexpanding

beyondtraditionalareasofpractice,asdescribedabove,intonewareasofopportunity.(結(jié)果是,“surveyor”的角色大大

超越傳統(tǒng)實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域如前面所述的領(lǐng)域,進(jìn)入到新的【opportunity機(jī)會(huì)、時(shí)機(jī)】的領(lǐng)域。)Inaddition,recent

advancesinthetechnologyofdatacollectionandprocessinghaveblurredtheboundariesofpracticeandactivitybetween

whatwerepreviouslyregardedasrelatedbutseparateareas.(另外,最近的數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展模糊了以前被

認(rèn)為有聯(lián)系卻分離的領(lǐng)域的【實(shí)踐的活動(dòng)的practiceandactivity】界限)Suchdevelopmentsareforecasttocontinueand

willcreatenewcareerpathsfbrgraduateswhoseeducationandtrainingisbroadlybasedandofahighacademicstandard.

(可以預(yù)見【fbrecast],這種發(fā)展繼續(xù)并將為涉獵廣泛、學(xué)識(shí)一流的【broadlybasedandofahighacademicstandard]

畢業(yè)生倉ij造新的事業(yè)。)Toenablegraduatestotakefulladvantageofthesedevelopments,significantchangesin

educationandtrainingarerequired.(為了使畢業(yè)生能充分利用【takefulladvantageof]這些發(fā)展,教育和訓(xùn)練的重

大改革【significantchanges】成為必需的)Academicandprofessionalinstitutionsarealsoresponding,inpart,byadopting

thetermgeomaticsbothasacourseandasanawardtitle.(學(xué)院的和專業(yè)的機(jī)構(gòu)也作出反應(yīng),部分地,采用術(shù)語

“geomatics”作為TJ課程和?項(xiàng)授予資格【授予學(xué)位名稱】)。Aworkingdefinitionofgeomatics,whichreflects

currentthinkingandpredictedchange,is:(測繪學(xué)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)在使用的反映了當(dāng)前的思想和對(duì)未來的預(yù)期的定義是:)

Thescienceandtechnologyofacquiring,storing,processing,managing,analyzingandpresentinggeographically

referencedinformation(geo-spatialdata).(獲取、處理、存儲(chǔ),分析和上呈【presenting呈現(xiàn)】地理參考信息(地理

空間信息)的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。)Thisbroadtermappliesbothtoscienceandtechnology,andmapping,geodesy,satellite

positioning,photogrammetiy,remotesensing,geographicinformationsystems(GIS),landmanagementcomputersystems,

environmentalvisualizationand旭rg/w/n'es.(這個(gè)廣泛的術(shù)語應(yīng)用于科學(xué)和技術(shù),以及制圖、大地測量學(xué)、

衛(wèi)星定位、攝影測量學(xué)、遙感、地理信息系統(tǒng)、土地管理、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)、環(huán)境可視化和計(jì)算機(jī)制圖等領(lǐng)域)

Severaltermssuchas“geomatics","geomaticengineering,and“geoinfbrmatics''arenowincommonusepertaining

toactivitiesgenerallyconcernedwithgeographicinfbnnation.(現(xiàn)在一些術(shù)語如“測繪學(xué)”,“測繪工程”“地學(xué)信息

學(xué)”和共同應(yīng)用于某些活動(dòng)中專屬于【pertainto】[generally]通常涉及[concernwith]地理信息的活

動(dòng)o)Thesetermshavebeenadoptedprimarilytorepresentthegeneralapproachthatgeographicinformationiscollected,

managed,andapplied.(這些術(shù)語起初被采用用來表示地理信息的采集、管理和應(yīng)用的總體的方法。)Alongwith

landsurveying,photogrammetry,remotesensing,andcartography,GISisanimportantcomponentofgeomatics.(連同土

地測量學(xué),攝影測量學(xué),遙感和制圖學(xué)一起,GIS也是測繪學(xué)中重要的一個(gè)組成部分。)

BranchesofGeomatics(測繪學(xué)分支)

Dataacquisitiontechniquesincludefieldsurveying,globalpositioningsystcm(GPS),satellitepositioning,and

remotelysensedimageryobtainedthroughaerialphotographyandsatelliteimagery.(數(shù)據(jù)獲取技術(shù)包括普通野外測量,

GPS測量,衛(wèi)星定位和遙感圖像獲取,通過航空攝影和衛(wèi)星成像)Italsoincludestheacquisitionofdatabasematerial

scannedfromoldermapsandplansanddatacollectedbyrelatedagencies.(它還包括數(shù)據(jù)庫資料的獲取通過掃描就

有地圖和設(shè)計(jì)圖,還有有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)收集的數(shù)據(jù)。)Datamanagementandprocessarehandledthroughtheuseofcomputer

programsfbrengineeringdesign,digitalphotogrammetry,imageanalysis,relationaldatabasemanagement,andgeographic

infonnationsystems(GIS).(通過計(jì)算機(jī)程序,數(shù)據(jù)管理和處理應(yīng)用于工程設(shè)計(jì),數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測量【digital

photogrammetry],圖像分析,相關(guān)資料庫的管理和GIS。)Dataplotting(presentation)ishandledthroughtheuse

ofmappingandotherillustrativecomputerprograms;thepresentationsaredisplayedoncomputerscreens(vvhereinteractive

editingcanoccur)andareoutputonpaperfromdigitalplottingdevices.(數(shù)據(jù)成圖【數(shù)字成圖】是通過制圖和其他直觀

的計(jì)算機(jī)程序[illustrative直觀的、說明性的】進(jìn)行的;其表達(dá)顯示在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上(交互式編輯處理),也可以

通過數(shù)字繪圖儀輸出到紙上。(handle操作、處理】)Oncethepositionsandattributesofgeographicentitieshavebeen

digitizedandstoredincomputermemory,theyareavailablefbrusebyawidevarietyofusers.(——旦地理實(shí)體的位置和屬

性被數(shù)字化并被存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器,就可以有效的【available有效的、可用的】為廣泛的各種的使用者所用)

Throughtheuseofmodeminformationtechnology(IT),geomaticsbringstogetherprofessionalsinthefollowingdisciplines:

surveying,mapping,remotesensing,landregistration,civilandmarineengineering,forestry,agriculture,planningand

development,geology,geographicalsciences,infrastructuremanagement,navigation,environmentalandnaturalresources

monitoring,andcomputerscience.(通過現(xiàn)代【估計(jì)moderm應(yīng)該是modem]信息技術(shù),測繪學(xué)將以下學(xué)科的專業(yè)

人員整合到一起:測量學(xué)、制圖學(xué)、遙感、國土注冊、土木[civil民用的】工程和海洋工程,林業(yè),農(nóng)業(yè),決策

與發(fā)展,地質(zhì)學(xué),地理科學(xué),基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施【infostructure】管理,導(dǎo)航,環(huán)境與自然資源監(jiān)測和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。)

OtherDefinitionsofGeomatics(測繪學(xué)的其他定義)

AsdefinedbytheCanadianInstituteofGeomaticsintheirquarterlyjournal“Geomatica”:Geomaticsisafieldof

activitieswhich,usingasystemicapproach,integratesallthemeansusedtoacquireandmanagespatialdatarequiredas

partofscientific,administrative,legalandtechnicaloperations【業(yè)務(wù)】involvedintheprocessoftheproductionand

managementofspatialinformation.(加拿大測量學(xué)會(huì)(CanadianInstituteofGeomatics]在他們的季刊“地球空間信息

學(xué)”中這樣定義:測繪學(xué)是利用系統(tǒng)的方法,為生產(chǎn)和處理[management]科學(xué)的,行政的,法律的【legal】

和技術(shù)的、業(yè)務(wù)【operations】所需的空間信息,將所有獲取和管理空間信息的方法【means】整合在?起的活動(dòng)領(lǐng)

域?!綼spartof作為...)的一部分,這里不翻譯出來】

ThedefinitionofGeomaticsisevolving.Aworkingdefinitionmightbe“theart,scienceandtechnologiesrelatedto

themanagementofgeographically-referencedinfbrmation.^^Geomaticsincludesawiderangeofactivities,fromthe

acquisitionandanalysisofsite-specificspatialdatainengineeringanddevelopmentsurveystotheapplicationofGISand

remotesensingtechnologiesinenvironmentalmanagement.Itincludescadastralsurveying,hydrographicsurveying,and

oceanmapping,anditplaysanimportantroleinlandadministrationandlandusemanagement.(*則繪學(xué)定義在發(fā)展?,F(xiàn)

行的一個(gè)定義是“涉及工藝、科學(xué)和技術(shù)的地理信息的處理”。測繪學(xué)或地球空間信息學(xué)包括一個(gè)廣泛的生產(chǎn)活

動(dòng)一一從工程學(xué)和發(fā)展了的測量學(xué)領(lǐng)域中特殊點(diǎn)的空間數(shù)據(jù)的獲取和分析到GIS和遙感技術(shù)在環(huán)境管理中的應(yīng)

用。它包括地籍測量、水道測量和海圖測量,在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。)

Geomaticsisthemodemscientifictennreferringtotheintegratedapproachofmeasurement,analysis,management,

storageanddisplayofthedescriptionsandlocationofEarthbaseddata,oftentermedspatialdata.Thesedatacomefrom

manysources,includingearthorbitingsatellites,airandsea-bornesensorsandgroundbasedinstruments.Itisprocessed

andmanipulatedwithstate-of-the-artinformationtechnologyusingcomputersoftwareandhardware.Ithasapplicationsin

alldisciplineswhichdependonspatialdata,includingenvironmentalstudies,planning,engineering,navigation,geology

andgeophysics,oceanography,landdevelopmentandlandownershipandtourism.Itisthusfundamentaltoallthe

geosciencedisciplineswhichusespatiallyrelateddata.(測繪學(xué)是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)術(shù)語,用以表示測量、分析、管理,

存儲(chǔ)和顯示基于地球信息,經(jīng)常被稱為空間數(shù)據(jù)[oftentermedspatialdata]數(shù)據(jù)的描述和位置的集成方法。這些

數(shù)據(jù)來自各種數(shù)據(jù)源,包括地球軌道衛(wèi)星,空載和艦載傳感器及地面儀器。利用計(jì)算機(jī)軟件和硬件,借助現(xiàn)代

[state-of-the-art]信息技術(shù)。它的應(yīng)用覆蓋所有依賴空間數(shù)據(jù)的學(xué)科,包括環(huán)境研究,規(guī)劃,工程學(xué),導(dǎo)航,地

質(zhì)和地球物理學(xué),海洋學(xué),土地開發(fā),土地經(jīng)營和旅游學(xué)。它因而成為所有使用空間數(shù)據(jù)地球科學(xué)學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)。)

[fromtheSchoolofGeomaticEngineering,Univ.ofNewSouthWales](摘自新南威爾士大學(xué)測繪【或地球空間信息學(xué)】

工程學(xué)院)

Geomaticsisconcernedwiththemeasurement,representation,analysis,management,retrievalanddisplayofspatial

dataconcerningboththeEarthsphysicalfeaturesandthebuiltenvironment.Theprincipaldisciplinesembracedby

Geomaticsincludethemappingsciences,landmanagement,geographicinformationsystems,environmentalvisualization,

geodesy,photogrammetry,remotesensingandsurveying.(測繪學(xué)是測量、表示,分析,處理,重獲和顯示關(guān)于地球

物理特征和環(huán)境的空間數(shù)據(jù)的科學(xué)。其包括的主要學(xué)科有制圖學(xué),土地管理,GIS,環(huán)境可視化,大地測量學(xué),攝

影測量學(xué),遙感和測量學(xué)。)[fromtheDept,ofGeomaticsatUniv,ofMelbourne](摘自墨爾本大學(xué)測繪學(xué)系【或者

地球空間信息學(xué)系】

Geomaticscomprisesthescience,engineering,andartinvolvedincollectingandmanaginggeographically-referenced

information.Geographicalinfonnationplaysanimportantroleinactivitiessuchasenvironmentalmonitoring,management

oflandandmarineresources,andrealestatetransactions.(測繪學(xué)包括自然科學(xué),工程學(xué)和工藝或【技術(shù)】學(xué);對(duì),地

理信息的收集與管理。地理信息在環(huán)境監(jiān)測,陸地和海洋資源管理,以及房地產(chǎn)交易【realestate房地產(chǎn),transaction

交易】中扮演重要角色。[fromtheDept,ofGeodesyandGeomaticsEngineeringatUNB](摘自加拿大紐布朗斯維克

大學(xué)測量與大地測量學(xué)系)

ThescienceofGeomaticsisconcernedwiththemeasurement,representation,analysis,management,retrievaland

displayofspatialinformationdescribingboththeEarth'sphysicalfeaturesandthebuiltenvironment.Geomaticsincludes

disciplinessuchas:Surveying,Geodesy,RemoteSensing&Photogrammetry,Cartography,GeographicInformation

Systems,GlobalPositioningSystems.(測繪學(xué)測量,表示,分析,管理,重獲和顯示空間信息,用來描述地球物理特

征和環(huán)境。測繪學(xué)包括的學(xué)科有:測量學(xué),大地測量學(xué),遙感和攝影測量學(xué),制圖學(xué),GIS,GPS)[fromtheDept,

ofSruveyingandSpatialInformationScienceattheUniv,ofTasmania](摘自塔斯馬尼亞大學(xué),測量與空間信息科學(xué)系)

Unit2GeodeticSurveyingandPlaneSurveying(大地測量與平面測量)

Surveyinghasbeentraditionallydefinedastheartandscienceofdeterminingthepositionofnaturalandartificial

featureson,aboveorbelowtheearth'ssurface;andrepresentingthisinformationinanalogformasacontouredmap,paper

planorchart,orasfiguresinreporttables,orindigitalformasathreedimensionalmathematicalmodelstoredinthe

computer.(測量傳統(tǒng)定義為確定地表、地下和地上的自然與人工地貌特征【features形態(tài)、特征】;并使之按比

例【inanalogform】測繪成地形圖[contouredmap]、平面圖[paperplan]或圖表,或形成報(bào)告圖表,或以數(shù)字

形式形成三維立體數(shù)學(xué)模型存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)。)Assuch,thesurveyor/geodesistdealtwiththephysicalandmathematical

aspectofmeasurement.(同樣的,測量員/大地測量學(xué)家處理的就是測量出的物理的和數(shù)學(xué)的特征)Theaccurate

determinationandmonumentation(標(biāo)石、標(biāo)志]ofpointsonthesurfaceoftheEarthisthereforeseenasthemajortask.

(因此精確確定并標(biāo)定地表點(diǎn)位便成為測量的主要任務(wù))Thoughthesesurveysareforvariouspurposes,stillthe

basicoperationsarethesame-theyinvolvemeasurementsandcomputationsor,basically,fieldworkandofficework.(雖

然測量工作有不同目的,基本的操作卻都一樣一一他們包括測量和計(jì)算,或更基本地稱之為,外業(yè)工作和內(nèi)業(yè)工

作)Therearemanydifferenttypesofsurveyssuchaslandsurveys,routesurveys,citysurveys,constructionsurveys,

hydrographicsurveys,etc.,butgenerallyspeaking,surveyingisdividedintotwomajorcategories:geodeticandplane

surveying.(測量分為許多不同的類型,如土地測量,路線測量,城市測量,建筑測量,水道測量等等,但是總

的來說,測量分為兩個(gè)主要的種類:大地測量和平面測量)Surveyswilleithertakeintoaccountthetrueshapeofthe

Earth(Geodeticsurveys)ortreattheearthasaflatsurface(Plancsurveys).(是考慮地球真實(shí)形狀的大地測量還是將

地球當(dāng)成一個(gè)平面的平面測量【緊跟著上.句】)Additionally,surveysareconducted【表現(xiàn)】forthepurposeof

positioningfeaturesontheground(Horizontalsurveys),determiningtheelevationorheightsoffeatures(Vcrticalsurveys)or

acombinationofboth.(另外,測量還分為確定平面位置的水平測量和確定海拔的高程測量或兩者的綜合。)

GeodeticSurveying(大地測量)

Thetypeofsurveyingthattakesintoaccountthetrueshapeoftheearthiscalledgeodeticsurveying.(考慮上也球真實(shí)

形狀的測量工作稱為大地測量)Thistypeofsurveyissuitedforlargeareasandlonglinesandisusedtofindtheprecise

locationofbasicpointsneededforestablishingcontrolforothersurveys.(這種測量適用于大范圍和長距離的測量工作,

用來確立基本點(diǎn)的精確位置,用以建立其他測量工作所需的控制網(wǎng)。)Ingeodeticsurveys,thestationsarenormally

longdistancesapart,andmorepreciseinstrumentsandsurveyingmethodsarerequiredforthistypeofsurveyingthanfor

planesurveying.(在大地測量中,站點(diǎn)經(jīng)常是互相距離很遠(yuǎn),那么這種測量就比平面測量需要更精確的儀器和測量

方法。)Widelyspaced,permanentmonumentsserveasthebasisforcomputinglengthsanddistancesbetweenrelative

positions.(廣泛間隔開的永久標(biāo)石就作為計(jì)算點(diǎn)位之間距離的基礎(chǔ))[serve當(dāng)作】Thesebasicpointswith

permanentmonumentsarecalledgeodeticcontrolsurveypoints,whichsupporttheproductionofconsistentandcompatible

dataforsurveyingandmappingprojects.(這種永久標(biāo)石點(diǎn)被稱為大地控制點(diǎn),為測量和繪圖工作提供可靠和一致的

數(shù)據(jù))Inthepast,ground-basedtheodolites,tapes【卷尺】,andelectronicdevicesweretheprimarygeodeticfield

measurementsused.(過去,大地經(jīng)緯儀【DJ大地經(jīng)緯儀的中文縮寫】、卷尺和電子設(shè)備是大地測量的野外工作

初時(shí)【primary]的工具。)Today,thetechnologicalexpansionofGPShasmadeitpossibletoperformextremelyaccurate

geodeticsurveysatafractionofthecost.(現(xiàn)在,技術(shù)的發(fā)展GPS[expansion擴(kuò)充、膨脹】使大地測量工作花費(fèi)

非常小的代價(jià)【afractionof一小部分】就能獲得極為精確的結(jié)果成為可能。)Athoroughknowledgeoftheprinciples

ofgeodesyisanabsoluteprerequisitefortheproperplanningandexecutionofgeodeticsurveys.(大地測量工作計(jì)戈6的編

制[planning]和實(shí)施【execution】【proper恰當(dāng)?shù)?,翻譯時(shí)略掉】,,絕對(duì)需要【absoluteprerequisite】對(duì)大地

測量學(xué)知識(shí)有全血的掌握。thoroughknowledgeoftheprinciples[Aofgeodesyisanabsoluteprerequisite一個(gè)徹底

的知識(shí)大地測量學(xué)的原理的,是絕對(duì)需要的。)]InGeodeticSurveys,theshapeoftheearthisthoughtofasa

spheroid,althoughinatechnicalsense,itisnotreallyaspheroid.(在大地測量中,地球的形狀被看成一個(gè)橢球體,雖

然在技術(shù)角度來看,它不是真iE的橢球。)Therefore,distancesmeasuredonornearthesurfaceoftheeartharenot

alongstraightlinesorplanes,butonacurvedsurface.(因此,在地球表面上或附近測量距離并不是沿著直線或平面進(jìn)

行,而是在一個(gè)曲面上。)Hence,inthecomputationofdistancesingeodeticsurveys,allowancesaremadefortheearth's

minorandmajordiametersfromwhichaspheroidofreferenceisdeveloped.(因此,在大地測量距離的計(jì)算中,參考橢

球的長軸與短軸所帶來的誤差就顯示【develop顯示出來】出來。)Thepositionofeachgeodeticstationisrelatedto

thisspheroid.(每個(gè)大地站點(diǎn)的位置都與這個(gè)橢球有關(guān))Thepositionsareexpressedaslatitudes(anglesnorthorsouth

oftheEquator)andlongitudes(angleseastorwestofaprimemeridian)orasnorthingsandeastingsonarectangulargrid.

(這個(gè)位置是用緯度(與赤道面所成的角)和經(jīng)度(與初子午線所成的角)或用在直角坐標(biāo)系中的北距和東距來

表示。)Ageodeticsurveyestablishesthefundamentalsfbrthedeterminationofthesurfaceandgravityfieldofacountry.

(大地測量為建立國家范圍內(nèi)的重力場和確定地表架構(gòu)提供【establishes建立】基礎(chǔ))Thisisrealizedbycoordinates

andgravityvaluesofasufficientlylargenumberofcontrolpoints,arrangedingeodeticandgravimetricnetworks.(這將由

測定布設(shè)在大地網(wǎng)和重力網(wǎng)中數(shù)量十分巨大的控制點(diǎn),所得到的坐標(biāo)和重力值來實(shí)現(xiàn))Inthisfundamentalwork,

curvatureandthegravityfieldoftheearthmustbeconsidered.(在這項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作中,地球的曲率和重力場都應(yīng)被考慮。)

PlaneSurveying(平面測量)

Thetypeofsurveyinginwhichthemeansurfaceoftheearthisconsideredaplane,orinwhichthecurvatureofthe

earthcanbedisregardedwithoutsignificanterror,generallyiscalledplanesurveying.(這種類型的測量把地球平均的表面

視作平面,或認(rèn)為地球曲率帶來的誤差可以忽略不計(jì),這樣的測量工作稱為平面測量[significant重大的,不翻譯

也行])Thetermisusedtodesignatesurveyworkinwhichthedistancesorareasinvolvedareoflimitedextent.(這個(gè)術(shù)

語曾指涉及的距離及范圍非常有限的測量工作(extent范I韋I】)Withregardtohorizontaldistancesanddirections,a

levellineisconsideredmathematicallystraight,thedirectionoftheplumblineisconsideredtobethesameatallpoints

withinthelimitsofthesurvey,andallanglesareconsideredtobeplaneangles.(由于被當(dāng)成了水平距離和方向,

水平線被當(dāng)成直線【省略掉mathematically],在這個(gè)有限范圍內(nèi)所有點(diǎn)上的鉛垂線方向被認(rèn)為是相同的,

所有的角被認(rèn)為都是平面角o)Tomakecomputationsinplanesurveying,youwilluseformulasofplanetrigonometry,

algebra,andanalyticalgeometry.(在平面測量的計(jì)算中,你可以使用平面三角、代數(shù)、和平面解析兒何的公式)For

smallareas,preciseresultsmaybeobtainedwithplanesurveyingmethods,buttheaccuracyandprecisionofsuchresults

willdecreaseastheareasurveyedincreasesinsize.(小范圍內(nèi),平面測量方法可以獲得精確的結(jié)果,但是隨著范圍的

擴(kuò)大,精度和準(zhǔn)確度將隨之下降)Forexample,thelengthofanarc18.5kmlonglyingintheearth'ssurfaceisonly

7mmgreaterthanthesubtendedchordand,further,thedifferencebetweenthesumoftheanglesinaplanetriangleandthe

sumofthoseinasphericaltriangleis2only0.51secondfbratriangleattheearth'ssurfacehavinganareaof100km.(彳列

如,地球表面一條18.5km長的弧只比其所對(duì)的(subtend與...相對(duì)】弦長7mm,further[進(jìn)一步,可以

省略】,在?個(gè)面積為100平方公里的平面三角形中的內(nèi)角和與對(duì)應(yīng)球面三角形中的內(nèi)角和之差只有0.51秒)

Itwillbeappreciatedthatthecurvatureoftheearthmustbetakenintoconsiderationonlyinprecisesurveysoflargeareas.

(只有在大面積的精密測量工作中地球曲率才必需被考慮【appreciated重視】)。Agreatnumberofsurveysareof

theplanesurveyingtype.(多數(shù)的測量工作都是屬于平面測量類型)Surveysforthelocationandconstructionof

highways,railroads,canals,andingeneral,thesurveysnecessaryfortheworksofhumanbeingsareplanesurveys,asare

thesurveysmadetoestablishboundaries,exceptstateandnational.(【特定】區(qū)域測量、公路[highway是干道的

意思,speedway,freeway才是高速公路】建設(shè)、鐵路、溝渠等,總的來說與人們工作密切相關(guān)的測量工作都是

平面測量,不包括州界和國界測量在內(nèi)的邊界測量也同屬平面測量)However,withtheincreasingsizeand

sophisticationofengineeringandotherscientificprojects,surveyorswhorestricttheirpracticetoplanesurveyingare

severelylimitedinthetypesofsurveysinwhichtheycanbeengaged.(然而,隨著工程和其他科學(xué)項(xiàng)H越來越大越來

越復(fù)雜,在限定【restrict約束】于從事平面測量工作的測量員在他們可以從事的測量類型上受到嚴(yán)格【severely嚴(yán)

格的】限制?!厩懊嬷v多數(shù)測量工作為平面測量,這里就轉(zhuǎn)折的說從事平面測量的人員能進(jìn)行的工作越來越少】)

Theoperationofdeterminingelevationusuallyisconsideredadivisionofplanesurveying.(我們通常把高程的測量與平

面測量分開來。)Elevationsarereferredtothegeoid.(高程參考的是大地水準(zhǔn)面。【或者說高程是相對(duì)于大地水

準(zhǔn)面而言的】)Thegeoidistheoreticalonly.(大地水準(zhǔn)面只是在理論上存在)Itisthenaturalextensionofthemean

sealevelsurfaceunderthelandmass.(它是平均海平面在大陸下的自然延伸。【它是平均海平面蔓延穿過大陸而成

的】)WecouldillustratethisideabydigginganimaginarytrenchacrossthecountrylinkingtheAtlanticandPacific

oceans.(我們可以通過挖掘一個(gè)的想象中的連通大西洋和太平洋溝渠[trench]來闡明[illustrate]這個(gè)概念。)

Ifweallowedthetrenchtofillwithseawater,thesurfaceofthewaterinthetrenchwouldrepresenthegeoid.(如果我們允

許這條溝渠注滿海水,溝渠里的水面就代表大地水準(zhǔn)面。)Soforallintentsandpurposes,thegeoidisthesameas

meansealevel.(因此,從所有的目的和用途出發(fā),【直譯:由于(為了?)所有的計(jì)劃和目標(biāo)】大地水準(zhǔn)面與

平均海平面是?樣的。【fbr弓|導(dǎo)原因】)Meansealevelistheaverageleveloftheoceansurfacehalfwaybetweenthe

highestandlowestlevelsrecorded.(平均海平面是海水表面高度的記錄值的平均值?!局弊g:平均海平面是指海

水面的最高和最低記錄之間紀(jì)錄值的平均值。)]Weusemeansealevela

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