2021屆通用版高考英語(yǔ)二輪語(yǔ)法鞏固《非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞》專(zhuān)題講練學(xué)案

高考英語(yǔ)二輪語(yǔ)法鞏固-《非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞》專(zhuān)題講練【正誤比對(duì)】誤區(qū)之一謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的誤用(1)【誤】Theladywalkedaroundtheshops,keptaneyeoutforbargains.【正】Theladywalkedaroundtheshops,keepinganeyeoutforbargains.[分析]kept改為keeping/andkept。句子主語(yǔ)lady和keep之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,而且walk和keep同時(shí)發(fā)生,故用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)或加and變?yōu)椴⒘兄^語(yǔ)。(2)【誤】Todaytherearemoreairplanescarrymorepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.【正】Todaytherearemoreairplanescarryingmorepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.【正】Todaytherearemoreairplaneswhich/thatcarrymorepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.[分析]此句是therebe結(jié)構(gòu),故carry應(yīng)用非謂語(yǔ)形式或定語(yǔ)從句。因airplanes和carry之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞carrying作定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于which/thatcarry。句意:現(xiàn)在天空中比以前有更多的飛機(jī)運(yùn)送更多的乘客。誤區(qū)之二過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的誤用(1)【誤】Seeingfromthetopofthetower,thesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.【正】Seenfromthetopofthetower,thesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.[分析]Seeing改為Seen。此處是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ),邏輯主語(yǔ)thesouthfootofthemountain與see之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且其動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成,故用過(guò)去分詞。(2)【誤】Iamawfullytiring,butIknowI'llneverfallasleep.【正】Iamawfullytired,butIknowI'llneverfallasleep.[分析]tiring改為tired。修飾人,應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞tired表示“勞累的,疲勞的”。誤區(qū)之三動(dòng)名詞和不定式的誤用(1)【誤】Wedon'tallowtosmokeinthelecturehall.【正】Wedon'tallowsmokinginthelecturehall.[分析]tosmoke改為smoking。allow接動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用v.-ing形式;接賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),要用allowsbtodosth結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)【誤】Passengersarepermittedcarryingonlyonepieceofhandluggageontotheplane.【正】Passengersarepermittedtocarryonlyonepieceofhandluggageontotheplane.[分析]carrying改為tocarry。permit接動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用v.-ing形式;接主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),要用bepermittedtodosth結(jié)構(gòu)。(3)【誤】I'vebeenlookingforwardtohearfromyou.【正】I'vebeenlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.[分析]hear改為hearing。短語(yǔ)lookforwardto中的to為介詞,故接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。誤區(qū)之四非謂語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的誤用(1)【誤】Thisboywasseencomelatethismorning.【正】Thisboywasseentocomelatethismorning.[分析]come前加to。感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,notice等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),其后不定式需要帶to。(2)【誤】Ilookedupandnoticedasnakewinditswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.【正】Ilookedupandnoticedasnakewindingitswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.[分析]wind改為winding。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,winditsway與snake之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系且此動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,故用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。誤區(qū)之五非謂語(yǔ)和祈使句的誤用(1)【誤】Followingtheroadroundtotherightandyou'llfindhishouse.【正】Followtheroadroundtotherightandyou'llfindhishouse.[分析]Following改為Follow。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此句是一個(gè)祈使句,故Following改為Follow。(2)【誤】Followtheroadroundtotheright,shefoundhishouse.【正】Followingtheroadroundtotheright,shefoundhishouse.[分析]Follow改為Following。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此句是分詞作狀語(yǔ),由于邏輯主語(yǔ)she與follow之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞following?！究键c(diǎn)歸納】非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞概述非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括不定式(todo)、動(dòng)名詞(-ing)、現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing)與過(guò)去分詞(-ed)。它們不受主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的限制,在句子中不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ),但可以充當(dāng)句子的其他成分,并且有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。所以,要正確使用非謂語(yǔ)形式,一定要充分理解不同形式所表達(dá)的意義,要明確非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是“主動(dòng)”還是“被動(dòng)”關(guān)系,所表示的動(dòng)作是“過(guò)去”、“現(xiàn)在”還是“將來(lái)”,以及和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同步發(fā)生還是有先后之分。下面是非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)及其意義一覽表:動(dòng)詞不定式(todo)動(dòng)名詞(doing)現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)過(guò)去分詞(done)意義相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞、副詞,往往有將來(lái)意味相當(dāng)于名詞,指經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作相當(dāng)于形容詞、副詞,往往有現(xiàn)在意味相當(dāng)于形容詞、副詞,本身兼有被動(dòng)、完成意義充當(dāng)句子成分主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)形式主動(dòng)一般式tododoingdoingdone被動(dòng)式tobedonebeingdonebeingdone無(wú)主動(dòng)完成式tohavedonehavingdonehavingdone無(wú)被動(dòng)完成式tohavebeendonehavingbeendonehavingbeendone無(wú)否定式在上述各種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式之前直接加not考點(diǎn)一不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)規(guī)則1帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),可以和主語(yǔ)從句之間相互轉(zhuǎn)換。Hisbeingelectedourteamleadermadeusallveryexcited.=Thathewaselectedourteamleadermadeusallveryexcited.他被選為我們的隊(duì)長(zhǎng),這使我們都很興奮。規(guī)則2不定式、動(dòng)名詞都可作主語(yǔ),但動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)多指抽象的、概念性的動(dòng)作,可以是多次的、經(jīng)常的行為;不定式多表示具體的動(dòng)作,尤其是某一次的動(dòng)作。①Smokingisforbiddeninpublicplaces.(習(xí)慣性的)②Itisimpossibletogoswimmingthisafternoon.(具體的)[溫馨提示]下列句型中常用動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語(yǔ):Itis/was+nouse/goodItwasnousepretendingthatIhadnotseenhim,soIwavedtohim.當(dāng)我意識(shí)到不能假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)他時(shí),我只好向他打了個(gè)招呼?？键c(diǎn)二不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)規(guī)則1下列動(dòng)詞或詞組只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),請(qǐng)牢記下面的口訣:考慮建議盼原諒,承認(rèn)推遲沒(méi)得想。避免錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練,否認(rèn)完成就欣賞。禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn),不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡?！馽onsider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/putoff,fancy(想象,設(shè)想);avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practise;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can'thelp(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape?！馼eused/accustomedto,leadto,devoteto,gobackto,stickto,objectto,getdownto,payattentionto,can'tstand(無(wú)法忍受),giveup,feellike,insiston,thank…for,apologizefor,bebusy(in),havedifficulty/trouble(in),haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in),spendtime(in)等短語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞詞組后也要用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.我非常感激兩年前被給予了一個(gè)出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。規(guī)則2下列動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ),請(qǐng)牢記下面的口訣:決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望,拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃,同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫。decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。Byallappearances,mychoiceofcareersseemstohaveworkedout.顯然,我對(duì)職業(yè)生涯的選擇似乎是成功的。規(guī)則3下列動(dòng)詞或詞組既可以跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),也可以跟不定式作賓語(yǔ),但意義上有區(qū)別,要特別注意:(1)forgetto(2)regretto(3)tryto(4)goonto(5)rememberto(6)meantoWhatapoormemory!Iforgotborrowingmoneyfromhimyesterday.ButtodayIforgottoreturnthemoneytohim.多么差的記憶力!昨天我忘了向他借過(guò)錢(qián),但今天我又忘了把錢(qián)還給他。規(guī)則4固定句型(1)Thereisnogood/point/sense/harm+doingsth.做某事不好/沒(méi)用/沒(méi)意義/沒(méi)有害處。(2)havedifficulty/trouble/aproblem/ahardtime/agoodtime/fun+(in)+doing(3)spend/wastetime(in)doingsth(4)cannothelpbutdo,candonothingbutdo,havenochoice/alternativebuttodo表示“不得不”。(5)“Whynot+動(dòng)詞原形?”表示向某人提出建議,意為“為什么不……?”(6)“wouldrather/hadbetter+(not)+動(dòng)詞原形”意為“寧愿/最好(不)做某事”?？键c(diǎn)三不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)規(guī)則1動(dòng)詞不定式可以用作目的狀語(yǔ)。Manyairlinesnowallowpassengerstoprinttheirboardingpassesonlinetosavetheirvaluabletime.現(xiàn)在很多航空公司為節(jié)省乘客的寶貴時(shí)間允許他們?cè)诰€打印登機(jī)牌。規(guī)則2形容詞或過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),后面可接不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)詞有happy,lucky,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,clever,foolish,pleased,fortunate,right等。YouwillneverknowhowhappyIwastoseeheryesterday.你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)知道昨天看到她時(shí),我是多么高興。規(guī)則3onlytodosth為不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。Wehurriedtothestation,onlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.我們急匆匆趕到車(chē)站,結(jié)果被告知火車(chē)已開(kāi)走了。規(guī)則4如句子的主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,就用現(xiàn)在分詞形式(doing);若現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式(havingdone);若與句中主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生,用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)形式(havingbeendone)或過(guò)去分詞(done)。①Thenationalparkhasalargecollectionofwildlife,rangingfrombutterfliestoelephants.國(guó)家動(dòng)物園有大量野生動(dòng)物,從蝴蝶到大象都有。②Orderedoveraweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveanytimenow.這些書(shū)是一個(gè)星期以前訂購(gòu)的,現(xiàn)在隨時(shí)都可能到貨。③Havingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime,theyweregivenalongholiday.提前完成了工作,他/她們得到了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的假期。規(guī)則5在“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)(形容詞)+todo”結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。該結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等。Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortabletositon.這把椅子看上去很硬,但實(shí)際上坐上去很舒服?？键c(diǎn)四不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作定語(yǔ)不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:todo/tobedone作定語(yǔ)一般表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作;done表示已經(jīng)完成的或表被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作;beingdone表示被動(dòng)的、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;doing表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時(shí))的狀態(tài);現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不作定語(yǔ)。規(guī)則1主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)①Theprofessortogiveusalecture(=whowillgiveusalecture)tomorrowcomesfromBeijingUniversity.明天要給我們做講座的是來(lái)自北大的一位教授。②Theprofessorgivingusalecture(=whoisgivingusalecture)nowcomesfromBeijingUniversity.正在給我們做講座的是來(lái)自北大的一位教授。③TheprofessorwhogaveusalectureyesterdaycomesfromBeijingUniversity.昨天給我們做講座的是來(lái)自北大的一位教授。規(guī)則2被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)①Theproblemtobediscussed(=whichwillbediscussed)atthemeetingisveryimportant.會(huì)上將要討論的問(wèn)題非常重要。②Theproblemdiscussed(=whichwasdiscussed)atthemeetingisveryimportant.會(huì)上討論過(guò)的問(wèn)題非常重要。③Theproblembeingdiscussed(=whichisbeingdiscussed)atthemeetingisveryimportant.會(huì)上正在討論的問(wèn)題非常重要。[溫馨提示]使用todo/tobedone作定語(yǔ)的情況。①下列詞語(yǔ)后常接不定式作定語(yǔ):chance,wish,right,courage,need,promise,time,opportunity,way,thefirst,thesecond,thelast,theonly等。Whowasthefirstonetogettothetopofthehillyesterday?昨天誰(shuí)是第一個(gè)登上山頂?shù)娜?②不定式作定語(yǔ)和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Yourmummy'snothere,sothere'snoonetolookafteryou.你媽不在這里,所以沒(méi)人可以照顧你。③不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Ihavealotofworktodo,andIintendtodedicatemyselftodoingit.我有很多工作要做,我會(huì)全身心地投入其中?？键c(diǎn)五不定式和分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)規(guī)則1感官動(dòng)詞帶賓補(bǔ)的情況:●結(jié)構(gòu)公式(以see為例):see+賓語(yǔ)+doing/done/do→beseen+doing/done/todo●結(jié)構(gòu)意義:do,todo表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程或經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作;doing表示主動(dòng)的、正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;done表示完成的、被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作(如果是不及物動(dòng)詞則只表示完成的動(dòng)作)?！翊祟?lèi)動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)有:see,notice,watch,observe,catch(sightof),listento,hear,feel,find等。①Shewasseentoenterthemeetingroom.有人看到她走進(jìn)了會(huì)議室。②Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.如果廚師在廚房里被發(fā)現(xiàn)吸煙,他會(huì)被立即解雇。規(guī)則2hope,welcome,agree,suggest,demand不能跟sbtodosth,即不能帶補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。①hopesbtodosth應(yīng)改為wish/expectsbtodosth②welcomesbtodosth應(yīng)改為sbbewelcometodosth③agreesbtodosth應(yīng)改為allow/permitsbtodosth④suggestsbtodosth應(yīng)改為advisesbtodosth/suggestsb(should)dosth⑤demandsbtodosth應(yīng)改為requiresbtodosth/demandsb(should)dosth規(guī)則3使役動(dòng)詞make,let,have,get后加復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的情況:(1)get帶賓補(bǔ)的情況:①“get/send+賓語(yǔ)+doing”意為“使……起來(lái)”,表示由靜止到運(yùn)動(dòng)并持續(xù)下去。②“get+賓語(yǔ)+todosth=let/havesbdosth”表示“讓某人做某事”。③“get+賓語(yǔ)+done=havesthdone”表示“使某事被做”。(2)make/let帶賓補(bǔ)的情況:make/let+賓語(yǔ)+do(3)have帶賓補(bǔ)的情況:①“have+sth+done”意為“讓某事被做”。②“have+sb+doingsth”意為“讓某人一直做某事”。③“have+sb+dosth”意為“讓某人做某事”。[溫馨提示]havesthtobedone意為“有要做的事情”(不是主語(yǔ)本人做);havesthtodo意為“有某事要做”(主語(yǔ)本人做)。(4)keep/leave+賓語(yǔ)+doing(主動(dòng),且持續(xù)進(jìn)行)/done(被動(dòng))。(5)want/order/ask/wish/like+賓語(yǔ)+(tobe)done(賓語(yǔ)與補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系)。(6)bereported/said/believed/…+todo/tobedoing/tohavedone意為“據(jù)報(bào)道/說(shuō)/認(rèn)為/……要做/正在做/做過(guò)某事”。【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】【單句語(yǔ)法填空】1.By(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthantheyneedintheirdiet.

2.ButSarah,whohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wants(prove)thatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.

3.…IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter(permit)tofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.

4.Skilledworkersalsocombinevarioushardwoodsandmetal(create)specialdesigns.

5.TheChinesehaveusedchopsticksforfivethousandyears.Peopleprobablycookedtheirfoodinlargepots,(use)twigs(樹(shù)枝)toremoveit.

6.(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you'dbetterkeepthiscardathand.

7.Havingfinishedherproject,shewasinvitedbytheschool(speak)tothenewstudents.

8.Newly-builtwoodencottageslinethestreet,(turn)theoldtownintoadreamland.

9.Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthose(want)agoodnight'ssleep.

10.Everyoneinthiscountryshouldworkhardanddowhattheycan(fight)againsthaze.

11.Itwasagreathonour(invite)backstageatthenot-for-profitPandaBase,whereticketmoneyhelpedpayforresearch.

12.(approach)thevehicle,theysawthatawomanwastryingtogetoutofthebrokenwindow.

13.Theythenheardawoman'svoice(come)fromthewrecked(毀壞的)vehicle.

14.Ifyoufindsomethingyoulovedoingoutsideoftheoffice,you'llbelesslikely(bring)yourworkhome.

15.Therearemanycommonmethods(use)tocookfish.

16.Inartcriticism,youmustassumetheartisthasasecretmessage(hide)withinthework.

17.Toreturntotheproblemofwaterpollution,I'dlikeyoutolookatastudy(conduct)inAustraliain2012.

18.IhadasmuchfunsailingtheseasasInowdo(work)withstudents.

19.Whentheclerksawakindfacewrinkledinanapologeticsmile,shestoodrootedtotheground,(wonder)whethertostayorleave.

20.SometimesIactasalisteningearforfellowstudents(talk)overwhatisbotheringthem.

【單句改錯(cuò)】1.Wecanchoosebetweenstayingathomeandtakeatrip.2.IshowedthemIwasindependentbywearstrangeclothes.3.Hewouldaskwhowewereandpretendnottoknowingus.4.Awomansawhimcryingandtellinghimtowaitoutsidetheshop.5.Afterlooksatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundhisparentsweremissing.【語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)法填空】ImademyfirstvisittoChinain2008andlastyear,I1.(be)luckyenoughtotakepartinaneventcalled“Shanxiintheeyesofforeigners”.

ShanxiisChinesefor“westofthemountains”,meaningtheTaihangMountains.Forpopulartouristattractions,ShanxihasHengshanMountain,oneofChina'sfivesacredTaoistmountainsandWutaiMountain,asacredChineseBuddhistsite,2.isonUNES