生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)及其翻譯

精選精選1Unit1 BiomedicalEngineeringLesson1AHistoryofBiomedicalEngineeringInitsbroadestsense,biomedicalengineeringhasbeenwithusforcenturies,perhapseventhousandsofyears.In2000,Germanarcheologistsuncovera3,000-year-oldmummyfromThebeswithawoodenprosthetictiedtoitsfoottoserveasabigtoe.Researcherssaidthewearonthebottomsurfacesuggeststhatitcouldbetheoldestknownlimbprosthesis.Egyptiansalsousedhollowreedstolookandlistentotheinternalgoingsonofthehumananatomy.In1816,modestypreventedFrenchphysicianReneLaennecfromplacinghisearnexttoayoungwoman ’sbarechest,soherolledupanewspaperandlistenedthroughit,triggeringtheideaforhisinventionthatledtoubiquitousstethoscope.2000年,德國(guó)考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)30001816Nomatterwhatthedate,biomedicalengineeringhasprovidedadvancesinmedicaltechnologytoimprovehumanhealth.Biomedicalengineeringachievementsrangefromearlydevices,suchascrutches,platformshoes,woodenteeth,andtheever-changingcacheofinstrumentsinadoctor blackbag,tomoremodernmarvels,includingpacemakers,theheart-lungmachine,dialysismachines,diagnosticequipment,imagingtechnologiesofeverykind,andartificialorgans,implantsandadvancedprosthetics.TheNationalAcademyofEngineeringestimatesthattherearecurrentlyabout32,000bioengineersworkinginvariousareasofhealthtechnology.無(wú)論什么日期,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程提供了先進(jìn)的醫(yī)療技術(shù)來(lái)改善人類(lèi)健康。生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程成就范圍從早期設(shè)備,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齒,和不斷變化的緩存工具在醫(yī)生的黑包,更現(xiàn)代的奇跡無(wú)論什么日期,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程提供了先進(jìn)的醫(yī)療技術(shù)來(lái)改善人類(lèi)健康。生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程成就范圍從早期設(shè)備,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齒,和不斷變化的緩存工具在醫(yī)生的黑包,更現(xiàn)代的奇跡32000Asanacademicendeavor,therootsofbiomedicalengineeringreachbacktoearlydevelopmentsinelectrophysiology,whichoriginatedabout200yearsago.Anearlylandmarkinelectrophysiologyoccurredin1848whenDuBoisReymondpublishedthewidelyrecognizedUeberdietierischeElektrizitaet.Raymond’scontemporary,HermannvonHelmholtz,iscreditedwithapplyingengineeringprinciplestoaprobleminphysiologyanddentifyingtheresistanceofmuscleandnervoustissuestodirectcurrent.作為一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)努力,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的根源及早期電生理學(xué)的發(fā)展,起源于約200年前。電生理學(xué)的早期具有里程碑意義的發(fā)生在1848年當(dāng)杜布瓦Reymond發(fā)表了公認(rèn)Ueber死tierischeElektrizitaet。赫爾曼·馮·作為一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)努力,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的根源及早期電生理學(xué)的發(fā)展,起源于約200年前。電生理學(xué)的早期具有里程碑意義的發(fā)生在1848年當(dāng)杜布瓦Reymond發(fā)表了公認(rèn)Ueber死tierischeElektrizitaet。赫爾曼·馮·雷蒙德?當(dāng)代亥姆霍茲因應(yīng)用工程原則問(wèn)題在生理學(xué)和dentifying電阻直流的肌肉和神經(jīng)組織。In1895,WilhelmRoentgenaccidentallydiscoveredthatacathode-raytubecouldmakeasheetofpapercoatedwithbariumplatinocyanideglow,evenwhenthetubeandthepaperwereinseparaterooms.Roentgendecidedthetubemustbeemittingsomekindofpenetratingrays,whichhecalled“X” raysforunknown.Thissetoffaflurryofresearchintothetissue-penetratingtissue-destroyingpropertiesofX-rays,alineofresearchthatultimatelyproducedthemodernarrayofmedical imaging technologies and virtually eliminated the need for exploratory 1895年,威廉倫琴偶然發(fā)現(xiàn),陰極射線(xiàn)管可以與氰亞鉑酸鹽鋇一張紙涂布發(fā)光,即使管和紙是在單獨(dú)的房間。倫琴?zèng)Q定管必須發(fā)出某種穿透光線(xiàn),他稱(chēng)為“X”光線(xiàn)不明。這引發(fā)了一系列tissue-penetrating和專(zhuān)治屬性的研究x射線(xiàn),一系列的研究,最終得出了現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)和幾乎消除了探索性手術(shù)的必要性。1895年,威廉倫琴偶然發(fā)現(xiàn),陰極射線(xiàn)管可以與氰亞鉑酸鹽鋇一張紙涂布發(fā)光,即使管和紙是在單獨(dú)的房間。倫琴?zèng)Q定管必須發(fā)出某種穿透光線(xiàn),他稱(chēng)為“X”光線(xiàn)不明。這引發(fā)了一系列tissue-penetrating和專(zhuān)治屬性的研究x射線(xiàn),一系列的研究,最終得出了現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)和幾乎消除了探索性手術(shù)的必要性。Biomedicalengineering’suniquemixofengineering,medicineandscienceemerged2alongsidebiophysicsandmedicalphysicsearlythiscentury.Attheoutset,thethreewerevirtuallyindistinguishableandnonehadformaltrainingprograms.2BetweenWorldWarIandWorldWarIIanumberoflaboratoriesundertookresearchinbiophysicsandbiomedicalengineering.Onlyoneofferedformaltraining:theOswaltInstituteforPhysicsinMedicine,establishedin1921inFrankfurt,Germany,forerunneroftheMaxPlanckInstituteforBiophysics.:Oswalt物理醫(yī)學(xué)研究所,成立于1921TheInstitute’sfounder,FriedrichDessauer,pioneeredresearchintothebiologicaleffectsionizingradiation.TheOswaltInstituteandtheUniversityinFrankfurtsoonestablishedformaltiesthatledtoaPh.D.programinbiophysicsby1940.ResearchtopicsincludedtheeffectsofX-raysontissuesandtheelectricalpropertiesoftissues.Thestaffof20includeduniversitylecturers,researchfellows,assistantsandtechnicians.·Oswalt研究所和大學(xué)在法蘭克福很快建立了正式的關(guān)系,在1940年導(dǎo)致了生物物理學(xué)博士學(xué)位項(xiàng)目。研究主題包括x射線(xiàn)的影響在組織和組織的電特性。員工20包括大學(xué)教師、研究員、助理和技術(shù)人員。FollowingtheSecondWorldWar,administrativecommitteesbeganformingaroundthecombinedareasofengineering,medicineandbiology.AbiophysicalsocietywasformedinGermanyin1943.Fiveyearslater,thefirstconferenceofengineeringinmedicineandbiologyconvenedintheUnitedStates,undertheauspicesoftheInstituteofRadioEngineers(forerunneroftheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers),theAmericanInstituteforElectricalEngineering,andtheInstrumentSocietyofAmerica.Itwasasmallmeeting.About20papersweredeliveredtoanaudienceoffewerthan100.Thefirst10annualconferencespaidmostoftheirattentiontoionizingradiationanditsimplications.Asconferencetopicsbroadened,sodidattendance.Thetopicofthe1958conference,ComputersinMedicineandBiology,drew70papersandmorethan300attendees.By1961,conferenceattendanceswelledtonearly3,000.194320個(gè)文件是少于100的傳遞給觀(guān)眾。前10及其影響。作為會(huì)議主題擴(kuò)大,出席。1958會(huì)議的主題、計(jì)算機(jī)在醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué),吸引了70篇論文和70多名與會(huì)者。參加會(huì)議,到1961年增加到近3000人。The1951IREconventiongeneratedenoughinterestinmedicalelectronicsthattheIREformedaProfessionalGrouponMedicalElectronics.AnearlyactionofthisgroupwastocollaborateontheAnnualConferenceonElectronicInstrumentationandNucleonicsinMedicine,whichtheAIEE[1]beganabout1948.In1954,theAIEE,theIREandtheISAformedtheJointExecutiveCommitteeon Medicine and Biology, which began organizing the annual conferences.1951憤怒的約定產(chǎn)生足夠的興趣,醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品的憤怒形成一個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)小組醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品。本集團(tuán)的早期行動(dòng)是合作的年度會(huì)議上電子儀器和原子核物理學(xué)在醫(yī)學(xué)、AIEE[1]大約始于1948年。1954年,AIEE,憤怒和ISA形成聯(lián)合執(zhí)行委員會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué),開(kāi)始組織的年度會(huì)議。1951憤怒的約定產(chǎn)生足夠的興趣,醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品的憤怒形成一個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)小組醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品。本集團(tuán)的早期行動(dòng)是合作的年度會(huì)議上電子儀器和原子核物理學(xué)在醫(yī)學(xué)、AIEE[1]大約始于1948年。1954年,AIEE,憤怒和ISA形成聯(lián)合執(zhí)行委員會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué),開(kāi)始組織的年度會(huì)議。In1963,theAIEEandtheIREmergedtoformtheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering.ContributingforcesforthemergerwerethemembersoftheAIEEandIREtechnicalcommitteesforbiomedicalengineering.Mostmembersfavoreditandhadbeencollaboratingtheircounterpartsintheothersocietyforyears.1963年,AIEE和憤怒合并形成了電氣與電子工程學(xué)院。貢獻(xiàn)力量的合并是成員AIEE和憤怒為生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程技術(shù)委員會(huì)。大多數(shù)成員支持,在其他社會(huì)和同行合作多年。1963年,AIEE和憤怒合并形成了電氣與電子工程學(xué)院。貢獻(xiàn)力量的合并是成員AIEE和憤怒為生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程技術(shù)委員會(huì)。大多數(shù)成員支持,在其他社會(huì)和同行合作多年。AtthemergeritwasdecidedtocarryovertotheIREsystemofProfessionalGroups.TheIREProfessionalGroupon MedicalElectronicsbecamethe IEEEProfessionalGroup on 3Bio-MedicalEngineering(PGBME),thenamechangereflectingthefactthatmanymembers,particularlyformerAIEEmembers,wereconcernedwithnon-electronictopics.Alsointheearly1960stheNIH[2]tookthreesignificantstepstosupportbiomedicalengineering.First,itcreatedaprogram-projectcommitteeundertheGeneralMedicalSciencesInstitutetoevaluateprogram-projectapplications,manyofwhichservedbiophysicsandbiomedicalengineering.Thenitsetupabiomedicalengineeringtrainingstudysectiontoevaluatetraining-grantapplications,anditestablishedtwobiophysicsstudysections.Aspecial“floating”studysectionprocessedapplicationsinbioacousticsandbiomedicalengineering.Manyapplicationsdidnotmakeittothebiomedicalengineeringstudysectionandendedupinradiology,physiologyorotherpanels.Thediversityofworkinbiomedicalengineeringandthediversityofbackgroundofthepeoplecontributingtothisfieldmadeitdifficultforasingleorganizationtorepresenteveryone[3].Inthe1960stherewereeffortsbysomeleadersofthePGBME,whichbecametheIEEEEngineeringinMedicine and Biology Society, to achieve greater autonomy within the IEEE in order toaccommodateamorediversemembership.Becausetherewerequiteafewprofessionalgroups,severalumbrellaorganizationswereestablishedtofacilitatecooperation.Inthelate1960stheAllianceforEngineeringinMedicineandBiologywasformed.In1968,theBiomedicalEngineeringSocietywasformedtogive"equalstatustorepresentativesofbothbiomedicalandengineeringinterestsandpromote the increaseof biomedicalengineeringknowledgeand its utilization".Initially, themembershipofthesocietyconsistedof171foundingmembersand89chartermembers.Membershipnownumbersnearly1,200professionalbiomedicalengineers,withanother1,600studentmembers.在合并決定繼續(xù)憤怒系統(tǒng)的專(zhuān)業(yè)團(tuán)體。醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品成為了IEEE憤怒專(zhuān)業(yè)小組3生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程專(zhuān)業(yè)小組(PGBME),許多成員名稱(chēng)更改反映了事實(shí),尤其是前AIEE成員關(guān)心非電子的話(huà)題。在合并決定繼續(xù)憤怒系統(tǒng)的專(zhuān)業(yè)團(tuán)體。醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品成為了IEEE憤怒專(zhuān)業(yè)小組3生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程專(zhuān)業(yè)小組(PGBME),許多成員名稱(chēng)更改反映了事實(shí),尤其是前AIEE成員關(guān)心非電子的話(huà)題。也在1960[2在生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程工作的多樣性和背景的多樣性導(dǎo)致這一領(lǐng)域使一個(gè)組織難以代表每個(gè)人在1960年代有PGBME的一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,努力成為IEEEIEEE1968社會(huì)的成員包括社會(huì)的成員包括171創(chuàng)始成員和89憲章》的成員?，F(xiàn)在會(huì)員數(shù)量近1200專(zhuān)業(yè)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工師 ,1600 年 與 另 一 個(gè) 學(xué) 生 成 員 。ThesocietyawardedtheAlzaDistinguishedLectureshipfrom1971to1993toencouragethetheoryandpracticeofbiomedicalengineering.TheBMESDistinguishedLectureshipAwardfoundedin1991torecognizeoutstandingachievementsinbiomedicalengineering.Otherhonorsincludeayounginvestigatoraward,theBMESDistinguishedServiceAward,andthePresidentialAward,establishedin1999toenableBMESpresidentstorecognizeextraordinaryleadershipwithinthesociety.Inadditiontotheprofessionalsocieties,thefieldofbiomedicalengineeringreceivedalargeallywhenTheWhitakerFoundationwascreatedin1975,uponthedeathofU.A.Whitaker.Asanengineerandphilanthropist,Whitakerrecognizedthatmajorcontributionstoimprovinghumanhealthwouldcomefromthemergingofmedicineandengineering.Sinceitsinception,thefoundationhasprimarilysupportedinterdisciplinarymedicalresearchand 4education,withtheprincipalbeingonbiomedicalengineering.Thefoundationhasbecomethelargestprivatebenefactorofbiomedicalengineering.By2002,ithadcontributedmorethan$615milliontouniversitiesandmedical schools to support faculty research, graduate students, program development, andconstructionoffacilities.In1990theNationalScienceFoundationandTheWhitakerFoundationobservedthatinspiteofthenumerousacademicprograms callingthemselves"bioengineering"or"biomedicalengineering",therewasnostructureforthiswidelydiversifiedfield.Becausemanyadvancesinbiomedicalengineeringweregeneratedthroughthecollaborationofengineersandclinicalscientistsinanumberofdifferentfields,theevolutionofbiomedicalengineeringasaprofessioninthe1970sand1980swascharacterizedbytheemergenceofseparateprofessionalsocietieswithafocusonapplicationswithintheirownfield.協(xié)會(huì)授予Alza杰出講師職務(wù)從1971年到1993年,鼓勵(lì)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的理論和實(shí)踐。博雅杰出講師職務(wù)獎(jiǎng)表彰杰出成就的成立于1991年在生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。其他榮譽(yù)還包括一個(gè)年輕調(diào)查員獎(jiǎng),bme杰出服務(wù)獎(jiǎng),和總統(tǒng)獎(jiǎng),成立于1999年,使bme總統(tǒng)認(rèn)識(shí)到非凡的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會(huì)。協(xié)會(huì)授予Alza杰出講師職務(wù)從1971年到1993年,鼓勵(lì)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的理論和實(shí)踐。博雅杰出講師職務(wù)獎(jiǎng)表彰杰出成就的成立于1991年在生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。其他榮譽(yù)還包括一個(gè)年輕調(diào)查員獎(jiǎng),bme杰出服務(wù)獎(jiǎng),和總統(tǒng)獎(jiǎng),成立于1999年,使bme總統(tǒng)認(rèn)識(shí)到非凡的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會(huì)。1975年,在U.A.2002年,它已經(jīng)貢獻(xiàn)了超過(guò)6.151990年,美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)和惠特克基金會(huì)指出,盡管許多學(xué)術(shù)項(xiàng)目自稱(chēng)“生物工程”或“生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程”,沒(méi)有結(jié)構(gòu)廣泛多樣化的領(lǐng)域。因?yàn)樵S多生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的進(jìn)步通過(guò)協(xié)作生成工程師和臨床科學(xué)家在許多不同的領(lǐng)域,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的發(fā)展作為一個(gè)行業(yè)在1970年代和1980年代的獨(dú)立的專(zhuān)業(yè)協(xié)會(huì),專(zhuān)注于應(yīng)用程序的出現(xiàn)在自己的領(lǐng)域。Asasteptowardunification,theAmericanInstituteforMedicalandBiologicalEngineeringwascreatedin1992.AIMBEwasbornfromtherealizationthatanumbrellaorganizationwasneededtoaddresstheissuesofpublicpolicyandpublicandprofessionaleducationthatcomprisetheseengineeringsciences.TensocietiessawthevirtueofthisapproachandformedtheoriginalmembersofAIMBE.Today,its17societymembersworkto"establishaclearandcomprehensiveidentityforthefieldofmedicalandbiologicalengineering,andimproveintersocietyrelationsandcooperationwithin the field of medical and biological Theearliestacademicprogramsbegantotakeshapeinthe1950s.TheirestablishmentwasaidedbySamTalbotofJohnsHopkinsUniversity,whopetitionedtheNationalInstitutesofHealthforfundingtosupportagroupdiscussionofapproachestoteachingbiomedicalengineering.Ultimatelythreeuniversitieswererepresentedinthesediscussions:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,theUniversityofPennsylvaniaandtheUniversityofRochester.Thesethreeinstitutions,alongwithDrexelUniversity,wereamongthefirsttowinimportanttraininggrantsforbiomedicalengineeringfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealth.In1973,discussionsstartedaboutbroadeningthebaseofPennsylvania’sgraduateDepartmentofBiomedicalElectronicEngineeringbyincludingotheractivitiesandadoptingandundergraduatecurriculum.Itspresentgraduateprogramisanextensionoftheearlierone.Duringthelate1960sandearly1970s,developmentatotherinstitutionsfollowedsimilarpaths,butoccurredmorerapidlyinmostcasesduetothegrowingopportunitiesofthefieldandinresponsetotheimportantNIHinitiativetosupportthedevelopmentofthefield.Theearlierinstitutionsweresoonfollowedbyasecondgenerationofbiomedicalengineeringprogramsanddepartments.Theseincluded:BostonUniversityin1966;CaseWestern 5ReserveUniversityin1968;NorthwesternUniversityin1969;CarnegieMellon,DukeUniversity,RenssselaerandajointprogrambetweenHarvardandMIT[4]in1970;OhioStateUniversityandUniversityofTexas,Austin,in1971;LouisianaTech,TexasA&MandtheMilwaukeeSchoolofEngineeringin1972;andtheUniversityofIllinois,Chicagoin1973.一步統(tǒng)一,美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)和生物工程研究所成立于1992一步統(tǒng)一,美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)和生物工程研究所成立于1992AIMBE誕生于意識(shí)到傘組織需要解決問(wèn)題的公共政策和公共和專(zhuān)業(yè)教育,包括這些工程科學(xué)。十個(gè)社會(huì)看到這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn),形成了原始AIMBE,17領(lǐng)域的身份,并改善intersociety最早的學(xué)術(shù)項(xiàng)目在1950年代開(kāi)始成型。他們的建立是在約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)的薩姆·特的幫助下,他請(qǐng)求美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院的資金支持生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程教學(xué)方法的小組討論。最1973在1960年代末和1970年代初,發(fā)展其他機(jī)構(gòu)沿著這條路走下去,但發(fā)生更快在大多數(shù)情況下,由于日益增長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì),為了應(yīng)對(duì)重要NIH行動(dòng)來(lái)支持這一領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。早些時(shí)候機(jī)構(gòu)很快就接著第二代生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程項(xiàng)目和部門(mén)。包括:波士頓大學(xué);1966年5凱斯西儲(chǔ)大學(xué);1968年西北大學(xué);1969年卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學(xué),杜克大學(xué),Renssselaer和哈佛和麻省理工學(xué)院聯(lián)合項(xiàng)目[4];1970年俄亥俄州立大學(xué)和德克薩斯大學(xué)奧斯汀;1971年路易斯安那理工大學(xué),德克薩斯A&M大學(xué)和密爾沃基工程學(xué)院;1972年1973年芝加哥和伊利諾斯州大學(xué)的。Thenumberofdepartmentsandprogramscontinuedtoriseslowlybutsteadilyinthe1980sandearly1990s.In1992,TheWhitakerFoundationinitiatedlargegrantprogramsdesignedtohelpinstitutionsestablishordevelopbiomedicalengineeringdepartmentsorprograms.Sincethen,thenumbersofdepartmentsandprogramshaverisentomorethan90.Someofthelargestandmostprominentengineeringinstitutionsinthecountry,suchastheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,haveestablishedprogramsandemergedasleadersinthefield.Manyothernewandexistingprogramshavebenefited from the foundation’ssupport.Amajordevelopmenttookplaceinlate2000whenPresidentClintonsignedabillcreatingtheNationalInstituteofBiomedicalImagingandBioengineeringattheNIH.AccordingtoNIBIB’swebsite,itsmissionisto"improvehealthbypromotingfundamentaldiscoveries,designdevelopment,andtranslationandassessmentoftechnologicalcapabilities".TheInstitutecoordinateswithbiomedicalimagingandbioengineeringprogramsofotheragenciesandNIHinstitutestosupportimagingandengineeringresearchwithpotentialmedicalapplicationsandfacilitatesthetransferofsuchtechnologiestomedicalapplications.ThenewestoftheNIHinstitutes,NIBIBspentmuchof2001buildingprogramandadministrativestaff,preparingabudgetrequest,settingupofficespace,determiningfundingandgrantidentificationcodesandprocedures,andidentifyingprogram(research,training,andcommunication)focusareasand opportunities. NIBIB assumed administration of the NIH's BioengineeringConsortium(BECON)inSeptember2001,andawardeditsfirstresearchgrantinApril2002.部門(mén)和項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)緩慢但穩(wěn)步在1980部門(mén)和項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)緩慢但穩(wěn)步在1980年代和1980年代初。1992年,惠特克基金會(huì)發(fā)起大型格蘭特計(jì)劃旨在幫助機(jī)構(gòu)建立或發(fā)展生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程部門(mén)或項(xiàng)目。從那時(shí)起,部門(mén)和項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量已經(jīng)上升到超過(guò)90人。一些最大和最著名的工程機(jī)構(gòu),如美國(guó)喬治亞理工學(xué)院(GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology),2000和生物工程研究所美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院。根據(jù)NIBIB的其他機(jī)構(gòu)和國(guó)家衛(wèi)生研究院機(jī)構(gòu)支持成像和工程研究與潛在的醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用和促進(jìn)這些技術(shù)在醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用上的轉(zhuǎn)移。最新的美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院的機(jī)構(gòu),NIBIB2001建設(shè)項(xiàng)目和行政人員,大部分時(shí)間都在準(zhǔn)備預(yù)算要求,建立辦公空間,確定資金和格蘭特識(shí)別代碼和程序,并確定項(xiàng)目(研究、培訓(xùn)和交流)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和機(jī)會(huì)。NIBIB認(rèn)為政府的美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院生物工程協(xié)會(huì)(BECON)2001年9月和2002年4月首次獲得科研資助。Lesson2 WhatisaBiomedicalEngineer?ABiomedicalEngineerusestraditionalengineeringexpertisetoanalyzeandsolveproblemsinbiologyandmedicine,providinganoverallenhancementofhealthcare.Studentschoosethebiomedicalengineeringfieldtobeofservicetopeople,topartakeoftheexcitementofworkingwithlivingsystems,andtoapplyadvancedtechnologytothecomplexproblemsofmedicalcare.Thebiomedicalengineerworkswithotherhealthcareprofessionalsincludingphysicians,nurses,therapistsandtechnicians.Biomedicalengineersmaybecalleduponinawiderangeofcapacities:todesigninstruments,devices,andsoftware,tobringtogetherknowledgefrommanytechnicalsourcestodevelopnewprocedures,ortoconductresearchneededtosolveclinicalproblems.生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師使用傳統(tǒng)的工程技術(shù)在生物學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師使用傳統(tǒng)的工程技術(shù)在生物學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題,提供一個(gè)衛(wèi)生保健的整體提高。學(xué)生選擇生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程領(lǐng)域服務(wù)的人來(lái),參加工作與生活系統(tǒng)的興,并將先進(jìn)的技術(shù)應(yīng)用到醫(yī)療保健的復(fù)雜問(wèn)題生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師的工作與其他衛(wèi)生保健專(zhuān)業(yè)人員包括醫(yī)生、護(hù)士、理療師和技術(shù)人員。生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師可能要求在范圍廣泛的能:設(shè)計(jì)工具,設(shè)備和軟件,匯集知識(shí)外,還可以從許多技術(shù)資源開(kāi)發(fā)新程序,或進(jìn)行研究需要解決的臨床問(wèn)題 。WhatareSomeoftheSpecialtyAreas?Inthisfieldthereiscontinualchangeandcreationofnewareasduetorapidadvancementintechnology;however,someofthewellestablishedspecialtyareaswithinthefieldofbiomedicalengineeringare:bioinstrumentation;biomaterials;biomechanics;cellular,tissueandgeneticengineering;clinicalengineering;medicalimaging;orthopaedicsurgery;rehabilitationengineering;systemsphysiology.Bioinstrumentationistheapplicationofelectronicsandmeasurementtechniquestodevelopdevices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease. Computers are an essential part bioinstrumentation,fromthemicroprocessorinasingle-purposeinstrumentusedtodoavarietyofsmalltaskstothemicrocomputerneededtoprocessthelargeamountofinformationinamedicalimagingsystem.Biomaterialsincludebothlivingtissueandartificialmaterialsusedforimplantation.Understandingthepropertiesandbehavioroflivingmaterialisvitalinthedesignofimplantmaterials.Theselectionofanappropriatematerialtoplaceinthehumanbodymaybeoneofthemostdifficulttasksfacedbythebiomedicalengineer.Certainmetalalloys,ceramics,polymers,andcompositeshavebeenusedasimplantablematerials.Biomaterialsmustbenontoxic,non-carcinogenic,chemicallyinert,stable,andmechanicallystrongenoughtowithstandtherepeatedforcesofalifetime.Newerbiomaterialsevenincorporatelivingcellsinordertoprovideatruebiologicalandmechanicalmatchforthelivingtissue.在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域有持續(xù)的變化和創(chuàng)造新領(lǐng)域由于技術(shù)的快速進(jìn)步,然而,一些良好的生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域有持續(xù)的變化和創(chuàng)造新領(lǐng)域由于技術(shù)的快速進(jìn)步,然而,一些良好的生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程,non-carcinogenic、惰性、穩(wěn)定,機(jī)械強(qiáng)大到足以承受一生的重復(fù)的力量。新的生物材料甚至把活細(xì)胞提供一個(gè)真正的生物活組織和機(jī)械匹配。Biomechanicsappliesclassicalmechanics(statics,dynamics,fluids,solids,thermodynamics,andcontinuummechanics)tobiologicalormedicalproblems.Itincludesthestudyofmotion,materialdeformation,flowwithinthebodyandindevices,andtransportofchemicalconstituentsacrossbiologicalandsyntheticmediaandmembranes.Progressinbiomechanicshasledtothedevelopmentoftheartificialheartandheartvalves,artificialjointreplacements,aswellasabetterunderstandingofthefunctionoftheheartandlung,bloodvesselsandcapillaries,andbone,cartilage,intervertebraldiscs,ligamentsandtendonsofthemusculoskeletalsystems.Cellular,TissueandGeneticEngineeringinvolvemorerecentattemptstoattackbiomedicalproblemsatthemicroscopiclevel.Theseareasutilize theanatomy,biochemistryandmechanicsofcellularandsub-cellularstructuresinordertounderstanddiseaseprocessesandtobeabletointerveneatveryspecificsites.Withthesecapabilities,miniaturedevicesdelivercompoundsthatcanstimulateorinhibitcellularprocessesatprecisetargetlocationstopromotehealingorinhibitdiseaseformation and ClinicalEngineeringistheapplicationoftechnologytohealthcareinhospitals.Theclinicalengineerisamemberofthehealthcareteamalongwithphysicians,nursesandotherhospitalstaff[1].Clinicalengineersareresponsiblefordevelopingandmaintainingcomputerdatabasesofmedicalinstrumentationandequipmentrecordsandforthepurchaseanduseofsophisticatedmedicalinstruments.Theymayalsoworkwithphysicianstoadaptinstrumentationtothespecificneedsofthephysicianandthehospital.Thisofteninvolvestheinterfaceofinstrumentswithcomputersystemsandcustomizedsoftwareforinstrumentcontrolanddataacquisitionandanalysis[2].Clinicalengineersareinvolvedwiththeapplicationofthelatesttechnologytohealthcare.MedicalImagingcombinesknowledgeofauniquephysicalphenomenon(sound,radiation,magnetism,etc.)withhighspeedelectronicdataprocessing,analysisanddisplaytogenerateanimage.Often,theseimagescanbeobtainedwithminimalorcompletelynoninvasiveprocedures,makingthemlesspainfulandmorereadilyrepeatablethaninvasivetechniques.OrthopaedicBioengineeringisthespecialtywheremethodsofengineeringandcomputationalmechanicshavebeenappliedfortheunderstandingofthefunctionofbones, 9jointsandmuscles,andforthedesignofartificialjointreplacements.Orthopaedicbioengineersanalyzethefriction,lubricationandwearcharacteristicsofnaturalandartificialjoints;theyperformstressanalysisofthemusculoskeletal system; and they develop artificial biomaterials (biologic and synthetic) forreplacementofbones,cartilages,ligaments,tendons,meniscusandintervertebraldiscs.Theyoftenperformgaitandmotionanalysesforsportsperformanceandpatientoutcomefollowingsurgicalprocedures.Orthopaedicbioengineersalsopursuefundamentalstudiesoncellularfunction,andmechano-signaltransduction.RehabilitationEngineeringisagrowingspecialtyareaofbiomedicalengineering.Rehabilitationengineersenhancethecapabilitiesandimprovethequalityoflifeforindividualswithphysicalandcognitiveimpairments.Theyareinvolvedinprosthetics,thedevelopmentofhome,workplaceandtransportationmodificationsandthedesignofassistivetechnologythatenhanceseatingandpositioning,mobility,andcommunication.Rehabilitationengineersarealsodevelopinghardwareandsoftwarecomputeradaptationsandcognitiveaidsto assistpeoplewithcognitive容易重復(fù)的非侵入性技術(shù)。骨科生物工程的專(zhuān)業(yè)工程和計(jì)算力學(xué)方法已經(jīng)申請(qǐng)了骨骼的功能的理解,9關(guān)節(jié)和肌肉,人工關(guān)節(jié)置換的設(shè)計(jì)。骨科生物分析的摩擦、潤(rùn)滑和磨損特征的自然和人工關(guān)節(jié);他們執(zhí)行肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)力分析;他們發(fā)展人工生物材料(生物和合成)替代骨骼、軟骨、韌帶、肌腱、半月板和椎間盤(pán)。他們經(jīng)常對(duì)體育進(jìn)行步態(tài)和運(yùn)動(dòng)分析性能和病人手術(shù)后的結(jié)果。骨科生物也追求基本細(xì)胞功能研究,和mechano-signal轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)?？祻?fù)工程是一個(gè)日益增長(zhǎng)的生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程專(zhuān)業(yè)。康復(fù)工程師提高能力,提高個(gè)人的生活質(zhì)量與物理和認(rèn)知障礙。它們參與假肢,家鄉(xiāng)的發(fā)展,工作場(chǎng)所和交通的設(shè)計(jì)修改和輔助技術(shù),提高座位和定位,移動(dòng)和通信?？祻?fù)工程師也在開(kāi)發(fā)硬件和軟件計(jì)算機(jī)適應(yīng)性和認(rèn)知艾滋病協(xié)助人們認(rèn)知的困難。SystemsPhysiologyisthetermusedtodescribethataspectofbiomedicalengineeringinwhichengineeringstrategies,techniquesandtoolsareusedtogainacomprehensiveandintegratedunderstandingofthefunctionoflivingorganismsrangingfrombacteriatohumans[3].Computermodelingisusedintheanalysisofexperimentaldataandinformulatingmathematicaldescriptionsofphysiologicalevents.Inresearch,predictormodelsareusedindesigningnewexperimentstorefineourknowledge.Livingsystemshavehighlyregulatedfeedbackcontrolsystemsthatcanbeexaminedwithstate-of-the-arttechniques.Examplesarethebiochemistryofmetabolismandthecontroloflimbmovements.Thesespecialtyareasfrequentlydependoneachother.Often,thebiomedicalengineerwhoworksinanappliedfieldwilluseknowledgegatheredbybiomedicalengineersworkinginotherareas.Forexample,thedesignofanartificialhipisgreatlyaidedbystudiesonanatomy,bonebiomechanics,gaitanalysis,andbiomaterialcompatibility.Theforcesthatareappliedtothehipcanbeconsideredinthedesignandmaterialselectionfortheprosthesis.Similarly,thedesignofsystemstoelectricallystimulateparalyzedmuscletomoveinacontrolledwayusesknowledgeofthebehaviorofthehumanmusculoskeletalsystem.Theselectionofappropriatematerialsusedinthesedevicesfallswithintherealmofthe 10biomaterialsengineer.系統(tǒng)生理學(xué)方面的術(shù)語(yǔ)用來(lái)描述生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的工程策略,技術(shù)和工具被用來(lái)獲得全面、綜合的了解生物體的功能從細(xì)菌到人類(lèi)系統(tǒng)生理學(xué)方面的術(shù)語(yǔ)用來(lái)描述生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的工程策略,技術(shù)和工具被用來(lái)獲得全面、綜合的了解生物體的功能從細(xì)菌到人類(lèi)這些專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域經(jīng)常互相依賴(lài)。通常,一個(gè)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師工作將使用在其他領(lǐng)域知識(shí)收集的生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師的工作。例如,人工髖關(guān)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)極好地研究解剖學(xué)、骨生物力樣,系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)電刺激癱瘓肌肉控制的方式移動(dòng)使用的知識(shí)人體肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)的行為。選擇10生物材料領(lǐng)域的工程師。Examples of Specific ActivitiesWorkdonebybiomedicalengineersmayincludeawiderangeofactivitiessuchas:Artificialorgans(hearingaids,cardiacpacemakers,artificialkidneysandhearts,bloodoxygenators,syntheticbloodvessels,joints,arms,andlegs).Automatedpatientmonitoring(duringsurgeryorinintensivecare,healthypersonsinunusualenvironments,suchasastronautsinspaceorunderwaterdiversatgreatdepth).Bloodchemistrysensors(potassium,sodium,O2,CO2,andpH).Advancedtherapeuticandsurgicaldevices(lasersystemforeyesurgery,automateddeliveryofinsulin,etc.).Applicationofexpertsystemsandartificialintelligencetoclinicaldecisionmaking(computer-basedsystemsfordiagnosingdiseases).Design of optimal clinical laboratories (computerized analyzer for blood samples, catheterizationlaboratory,etc.).Medicalimagingsystems(ultrasound,computerassistedtomography,magneticresonanceimaging,positronemissiontomography,etc.).Computermodelingofphysiologicsystems(bloodpressurecontrol,renalfunction,visualauditorynervouscircuits,etc.).Biomaterialsdesign(mechanical,transportandbiocompatibilitypropertiesofimplantableartificialmaterials).Biomechanicsofinjuryandwoundhealing(gaitanalysis,applicationofgrowthfactors,etc.).Sportsmedicine(rehabilitation,externalsupportdevices,etc.).由生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師的工作可能包括范圍廣泛的活動(dòng),如:由生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師的工作可能包括范圍廣泛的活動(dòng),如:人工器官(助聽(tīng)器、心臟起搏器、人工腎臟和心臟,血液氧合器、人造血管、關(guān)節(jié),武器,和腿)。自動(dòng)病人監(jiān)護(hù)(在手術(shù)或重癥監(jiān)護(hù),健康的人在不尋常的環(huán)境中,如宇航員在太空或水下潛水員在偉大的深度)。O2CO2和pH專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)和人工智能應(yīng)用于臨床決策診斷疾病(計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng))。設(shè)計(jì)最優(yōu)的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室(電腦分析儀對(duì)血液樣本,心導(dǎo)管實(shí)驗(yàn)室,等等)。生物材料設(shè)計(jì)(機(jī)械、運(yùn)輸和生物相容性植入式人工材料的屬性)。WheredoBiomedicalEngineersWork?Biomedicalengineersareemployedinuniversities,inindustry,inhospitals,inresearchfacilitiesofeducationalandmedicalinstitutions,inteaching,andingovernmentregulatoryagencies.Theyoftenserveacoordinatingorinterfacingfunction,usingtheirbackgroundinboththeengineeringandmedicalfields.Inindustry,theymaycreatedesignswhereanin-depthunderstandingoflivingsystemsandof