溫因子的生態(tài)作用及生物的適應

第I部分個體生態(tài)學(autecology)Chap2.TemperatureasanecologicalfactorMacroclimateinteractswiththelocallandscapetoproducemicroclimate.MostspeciesperformbestinafairlynarrowrangeoftemperatureManyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperatureManyorganismssurviveextremetemeraturesbyenteringarestingstage目前一頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Case1.MicroclimatesMacroclimate

iswhatweatherstationsreport.

Microclimate

isclimatevariationonasmallscale.

Vegetationonnorth–andsouth-facingslopes目前二頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Plantheight,canopysize,andcoveraffectmicroclimate

Desertshrubsandmicroclimate目前三頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點目前四頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點WhitesandBlacksandColoroftheGround目前五頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點PresenceofBouldersandBurrows

Microclimatesunderstones目前六頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點AquaticTempPhysicsofwater,riparianvegetationMicroclimateinaquaticenvironmentsriffle:淺灘reed：蘆葦目前七頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Case2：TemperatureandperformanceoforganismsEnzymeactivity(a)TemperatureandperformanceatthemolecularlevelEnzyme-substrateaffinity(親和力）乙酰膽堿酯酶鮭魚目前八頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點(b)Extremetemperatureandphotosynthesis目前九頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點（C）Developmentand

TemperatureAnlinearrelationshipisexhibitedbetweenratesofgrowth

and

developmentofwholeorganismsandtemperatureinmostofectotherms.AprotistEggofabeetle目前十頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Eggtoadultdevelopmentinamite24.22days8.18daysOrganismsrequireacombinationoftimeandtemperature–‘physiologicaltime’tocompleteacertainstageofdevelopment.K＝N（T–C）K－積溫常數(shù)(daydegrees);N－Developmenttime(day);T－Temperature(℃);C－Threshold發(fā)育起點（閾值）溫度(℃);

有效積溫法則－變溫動物完成一定發(fā)育時期所需熱量是一個常數(shù)目前十一頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點公式假定：Assumptionsoftheequation（1）Thereisalinearrelationshipbetweendevelopmentrateandtemperature;（2）Developmentisonlyaffectedbytemperature；（3）Temperatureisconstant.Applicationsoftheequation:（1）Predictingpotentialdistributionoforganisms.（2）Predictingemergenceofacertainstageoforganisms目前十二頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Temperature-sizeruleTheratesofgrowthanddevelopmentdeterminethefinalsizeofanorganism.Iftheresponsesofgrowthanddevelopmenttovariationsintemperaturearenotthesame,temperaturewillaffectfinalsize.Infact,developmentusuallyincreasesmorerapidlywithtemperaturethandoesgrowth,suchthatfinalsizetendstodecreasewithrearingtemperature,forawiderangeoforganisms.RatestemperatureDevelopmentGrowthsize目前十三頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Blackbeanaphidat15℃Blackbeanaphidsat30℃目前十四頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點（D）AdaptationstotemperatureAcclimation:Physiologicalchangesinresponsetoenvironmentalconditions

最佳溫度相差8℃Pearcy(1977)collectedcuttings(插條)ofaplantfromtheDeathValley,California,andplantedthemundertwodifferenttemperatures.Growingtemperatureandoptimaltempforphotosynthesis目前十五頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點TemperatureandBacterialactivityTemperatureandpopulationgrowthbyanantarcticbacterium（南極）（Morita，1975）Temperatureandpopulationgrowthbyahotspringbacterium（黃石公園溫泉）（Brock(1978)目前十六頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點CaseIII：Regulatingbodytemperature(A)BodytemperatureequationK.Schmidt-Nielsen(1983)：Hs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－HeHs－storage總熱量；Hm－metabolic新陳代謝；Hcd－conduct傳導；Hcv－convection對流；Hr－radiation輻射；He－evaporation蒸發(fā)

Manyorganismshaveevolvewaystocompensateforvariationsinenvironmentbyregulatingbodytemperature目前十七頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點生物與環(huán)境的熱交換傳導對流代謝輻射輻射蒸發(fā)目前十八頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點(B)植物的溫度調節(jié)

沙漠植物-如何降溫？

HeatexchangebyadesertplantHs＝Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr－

He目前十九頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點北極和高山墊狀植物的熱交換北極和高山植物——如何保溫？Hs=Hm+Hcd+Hcv+Hr－

He目前二十頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點目前二十一頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點斯堪蒂納維亞植物體熱收支Growthformandtemperature(datafromFitterandHay,1987)目前二十二頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點TropicalAlpinePlants

Littleannualvariationbutwidedailyfluctuationintemperature.Adaptation:1）Giantrosette(蓮座)growthform；2）Retainingdeadleaves；3）Densepubescence(絨毛）4)Retainingalargeamountoffluid.a.非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山目前二十三頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點(C）TemperatureregulationbyectothermicanimalsTemperatureregulationbyalizardinthehighAndesLizard蜥蜴

—Afteranhourofsunbasking,asairtemperaturerisestoabout1.5℃,thebodytemperaturerisestoabout33℃,over30℃abovethatofthesurroundingair.Thevastmajorityofanimalsuseexternalsourcesofenergytoregulatebodytemperature.目前二十四頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點蝗蟲Grasshopperstakethesunbaskingforheat,andprobablymore?

Bodytemperature(38-40℃)>airtemperature?透翅蝗CamnulapellucidaInArizonamountains目前二十五頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Currathurs’sstudy（續(xù)）Question：Canthegrasshopperincreasethebodytemperature?

Experiment:twogroupsofinsectswereraisedattwodifferenttemperatures.Thebodytemperaturewasmeasured,andcompared.目前二十六頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Currathurs’sstudy（續(xù)）溫度與蟲霉菌種群增長真菌數(shù)量（μlDoesthehighbodytemperaturesuppresspathogens?TemperatureandpopulationgrowthofEntomophagagrylli目前二十七頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Whatisthelimitationofthisstudy?

Howdoestemperatureaffectthepathogeninthefield?Exposureto40℃temperatureforasfewas4hourseachdaysignificantlyreducedthenumberofgrasshoppersdyingofEntomophagainfections.

目前二十八頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點(e)TemperatureregulationbyendothermicanimalsEnvironmentaltemperatureandmetabolicrates

Whentheenvironmentaltemperatureisbeyondthethermalneutralzone,themetabolicratewillrapidlyincreasetotwo-threetimesrestingmetabolism.中溫區(qū)（thermalneutralzone):therangeofenvironmentaltemperatureoverwhichthemetabolicrateofahomeothermic(恒溫）animaldoesnotchange.指恒溫動物代謝速率保持恒定時的溫度范圍。目前二十九頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點溫度與北極和熱帶哺乳動物的中溫區(qū)Twogroupsofanimalsaredefinedbythedifferenceintheneutralthermalzones:tropicalspeciesandarcticspecies.

Sharedrange目前三十頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點AquaticbirdsandMammals水生鳥和水生哺乳動物

So,howtokeepheataswellasgetoxygenforendotherms?1）Usingair-breathingtogetoxygen,insteadofgill-breathing2）Bearingathicklayeroffatorfur.Appendages(附肢）areoutfittedwithcountercurrentheatexchangers(逆流交換系統(tǒng))

toreduceheatloss。1）Thecapacityofwatertoabsorbheatwithoutchangingtemperatureisca.3000timesthatofair；2）Butconductiveandconvectiveheatlosstowateraremuchmorerapidthantoair:over20timesfasterinstillwaterandupto100timesfasterinmovingwater.目前三十一頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Countercurrentheatexchanger目前三十二頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點金槍魚體側肌肉中的逆流交換器WarmingtheSwimmingMusclesoflargemarineFish動脈靜脈目前三十三頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Watertemperatureandbodytemperatureofabluefintuna目前三十四頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點WarmingInsectFlightMuscles昆蟲飛行肌加熱機制Doessphinxmothsregulationbodytemperaturethroughchangingmetabolicrate?(Adams&Heath,1964)目前三十五頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點HawkmothHeinrichdidnotfindchangingofthemetabolicrateinresponsetovariationsintemperature.So,heproposedahypothesisthatsphinxmothsregulatebodytemperaturebychangingtheirratesofheatlosstotheenvironment.

目前三十六頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點煙草天蛾的體溫調節(jié)和血液循環(huán)目前三十七頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點思考題1蝴蝶是變溫動物，白天活動，從赤道雨林到北極都有分布，它們以曬太陽的方式提高體溫。那么，隨緯度的不同，它們用于曬太陽和飛行的時間比例會如何變化？蝴蝶曬太陽的時間會隨著每天溫度的變化而改變嗎？2有人在新疆塔城的嚴冬雪地里發(fā)現(xiàn)一種會飛的蛾子，你分析它的體色是什么顏色？為什么？為什么能在零下20多度的冬天飛翔？目前三十八頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點東方臭甘藍－恒溫植物肉穗花序苞片主根(D)Temperatureregulationbythermogenicplants產(chǎn)熱植物

目前三十九頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點氣溫與東方臭甘藍的代謝速率代謝率（用耗氧率表示）目前四十頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點ManyorganismssurviveextremetemperaturesbyenteringarestingstageCaseIV：SurvivingExtremetemperature(a)InactivityTigerbeetle目前四十一頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點（B)ReducingMetabolicRateWhentouseTorpor蟄伏?Torporisastateoflowmetabolicrateandloweredbodytemperature.“Routinehypothesis”or“Emergency-onlyHypo”Howtotestthehypotheses?Hummingbird目前四十二頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點Howtoknowwhetherhummingbirdsgointotorporatnight?Byweightinghummingbirdsjustbeforetheywenttotheirnightroosts(鳥窩),andthenagainintheearlymorning.目前四十三頁\總數(shù)四十九頁\編于十九點花蜜食物量與蟄伏狀態(tài)的關系Calder’sobservationsupportedthe‘Emergency-onlyHypothesis’.Hummingbirdsgointotorporwhen:(1)flowersarenotabundant；(2)foodintak