英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)復(fù)述原則與實(shí)踐

/英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)復(fù)述原則與實(shí)踐漢語(yǔ)部分對(duì)復(fù)述的基本原則要求和基本方法進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單概括，所涉及的具體技能和訓(xùn)練方法請(qǐng)閱讀英語(yǔ)部分說(shuō)明。一、復(fù)述能力要求根據(jù)《中國(guó)人民大學(xué)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)能力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（p5-p6），英語(yǔ)復(fù)述要求為：能夠復(fù)述聽到（音頻）或看到（視頻）的故事、傳記、新聞報(bào)道或事件報(bào)道等內(nèi)容。要求表達(dá)連貫，內(nèi)容完整，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，語(yǔ)氣與情感表達(dá)恰當(dāng)。b5E2RGbCb5E2RGbC能夠熟練運(yùn)用人稱轉(zhuǎn)換、時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換、歸納概括以及記錄要點(diǎn)等基本復(fù)述技巧。二、測(cè)試形式《中國(guó)人民大學(xué)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)水平測(cè)試大綱》（p4-p5）對(duì)復(fù)述部分的測(cè)試形式進(jìn)行了解釋：要求考生先聽或看指定語(yǔ)言材料（只播放一次），聽或看的過(guò)程中可以在考場(chǎng)提供的空白紙張上記筆記，語(yǔ)言材料播放完畢后開始復(fù)述。語(yǔ)言材料包括音頻或視頻。測(cè)試時(shí)長(zhǎng)3分鐘。p1EanqFDp1EanqFD該部分測(cè)試為單人面試的形式，2位考官考核1位考生。三、復(fù)述基本原則、技能與實(shí)踐方法復(fù)述分為兩個(gè)步驟：第一步聽記，第二步復(fù)述。相關(guān)原則、技能和實(shí)踐方法在每一個(gè)步驟中分開簡(jiǎn)述。（一）聽記過(guò)程該過(guò)程涉及到兩個(gè)方面：確定記錄內(nèi)容以及提高記錄速度。這兩個(gè)方面密切相關(guān)。1.如何確定記錄內(nèi)容復(fù)述需要考生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)盡可能多的信息，一般測(cè)試用的1.5分鐘左右的音（視）頻資料有200字左右的文本。單獨(dú)依靠記憶，復(fù)述時(shí)很難保證內(nèi)容的完整性和準(zhǔn)確性，因此考生在聽或看的過(guò)程中需要記錄要點(diǎn)。DXDiTa9EDXDiTa9E通常書寫速度要遠(yuǎn)低于錄音中的語(yǔ)速，即使是英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人手寫速度也僅為每分鐘30詞左右，中國(guó)學(xué)生的速度還會(huì)更慢些。如果按照聽寫的習(xí)慣做筆記，那么寫完一兩句話后，其余大部分的內(nèi)容都會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)。因此考生只能記錄關(guān)鍵信息，這些信息多為實(shí)詞（動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞），在文中通常重讀，易于辨認(rèn)。功能詞/虛詞（連詞、副詞、代詞、介詞、冠詞、非實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）通常為非重讀詞匯，聽記時(shí)可跳過(guò)不寫，復(fù)述時(shí)根據(jù)對(duì)原文的整體理解和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)復(fù)原。如縮寫“mor”可以代表inthemorning。RTCrpUDGRTCrpUDG建議同學(xué)們結(jié)合后面英文部分的聽記實(shí)例，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)《超越概念聽力》中ListeningStrategies部分的聽記技巧詳解，并觀看口語(yǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)上葛曉華老師的相關(guān)視頻講座。5PCzVD7H5PCzVD7H2.提高記錄速度即使是記錄關(guān)鍵信息，一篇200詞的文章可能有數(shù)十個(gè)單詞需要記錄，因此提高手寫速度很重要。可以自己培養(yǎng)并訓(xùn)練簡(jiǎn)單的速記手法，比如寫下關(guān)鍵詞開頭的2-3個(gè)字母來(lái)作為復(fù)述時(shí)的提示，如hu代替husband，wi代替wife。在了解聽力材料大意后，借助hu和wi進(jìn)行復(fù)述時(shí)，就不太可能會(huì)錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想到hurry和wifi。更多實(shí)例和練習(xí)可參見英語(yǔ)講解的PartII。建議同學(xué)們?cè)谄饺站毩?xí)時(shí)建立自己習(xí)慣的速記體系，英語(yǔ)部分提供的僅供參考，縮寫不一定只是單詞開頭幾個(gè)字母。jLBHrnAIjLBHrnAI（二）復(fù)述過(guò)程復(fù)述時(shí)，通常要先用一句話總結(jié)整個(gè)故事或報(bào)道的主旨大意，然后對(duì)主體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行改寫式復(fù)述。改寫時(shí)需要從詞匯短語(yǔ)和句子兩個(gè)層次考慮。復(fù)述不同于背誦，要求在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上使用自己的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)，不是單純依賴原文原詞原句。本部分評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)請(qǐng)閱讀《口語(yǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》9-11頁(yè)的詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。xHAQX74JxHAQX74J復(fù)述過(guò)程中，語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確性、表達(dá)連貫性和內(nèi)容完整性等要求較容易理解。不同的題材對(duì)于語(yǔ)氣與情感表達(dá)的要求請(qǐng)參考朗讀部分的要求。這里重點(diǎn)介紹內(nèi)容重構(gòu)方面的要求和方法。LDAYtRyKLDAYtRyK1.遵循原始素材的結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于故事復(fù)述來(lái)說(shuō)，應(yīng)注意故事的核心要素：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物和情節(jié)。人物關(guān)系、時(shí)間順序、情節(jié)發(fā)展要點(diǎn)要與原文符合。Zzz6ZB2LZzz6ZB2L對(duì)于報(bào)道，選材通常為說(shuō)明或議論性質(zhì)的文體，多數(shù)不以時(shí)間為主線，復(fù)述時(shí)應(yīng)抓住主要結(jié)構(gòu)，如事件、影響、評(píng)論等。在完成速記開始復(fù)述前，可以將要點(diǎn)迅速用筆圈成不同板塊。dvzfvkwMdvzfvkwM2.內(nèi)容盡可能詳實(shí)，但要忠實(shí)于原文復(fù)述時(shí)應(yīng)盡量詳盡地重述聽到或看到的信息，但不應(yīng)隨意添加與原始素材無(wú)關(guān)的信息或?qū)W生自己的評(píng)論。比如視頻報(bào)道中，記者就幸福指數(shù)在街頭隨機(jī)采訪時(shí)，畫面里出現(xiàn)的汽車、商店或行人與主題無(wú)關(guān)則不可加以描述。但如果是關(guān)于購(gòu)物的報(bào)道，如視頻中只出現(xiàn)購(gòu)物場(chǎng)景，且持續(xù)一定時(shí)間，而同時(shí)無(wú)旁白時(shí)，視覺(jué)信息則需要進(jìn)行描述。rqyn14ZNrqyn14ZN3.同義改寫原文（Paraphrasing）同義改寫，即用自己的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行表達(dá)是復(fù)述的核心要求之一。復(fù)述時(shí)只能保留借用部分原始表達(dá)，不能機(jī)械背誦所有原文，需要對(duì)原文進(jìn)行再創(chuàng)作。同義改寫可分為詞、句兩個(gè)層次：EmxvxOtOEmxvxOtO1）詞匯或短語(yǔ)的同義替換，主要是實(shí)詞的改寫。2）簡(jiǎn)化句式結(jié)構(gòu)，將復(fù)雜句變短。報(bào)道類材料復(fù)雜句較多，在參考筆記進(jìn)行復(fù)述時(shí)，經(jīng)常需要利用關(guān)鍵詞重新造句，可以根據(jù)主要的意思進(jìn)行改寫。注意在句子數(shù)量增加時(shí)，因補(bǔ)充句子成分的需要，復(fù)述使用的詞匯數(shù)量也會(huì)增加，同時(shí)部分詞匯的詞性需要改變。具體實(shí)例見英語(yǔ)部分講解。SixE2yXPSixE2yXP4.人稱或引語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換人稱轉(zhuǎn)換可能發(fā)生在引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中，但也可能發(fā)生在其它地方。比如故事講述人以“I”的人稱進(jìn)行講述時(shí)需要轉(zhuǎn)換為對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞或第三人稱代詞。這里人稱轉(zhuǎn)換和引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換分開來(lái)討論。6ewMyirQ6ewMyirQ1)人稱轉(zhuǎn)換故事講述人的“I”需要根據(jù)故事的內(nèi)容來(lái)判斷人物身份，復(fù)述第一次提到的時(shí)候需要使用名詞。如果講述人未提及自己的身份，復(fù)述時(shí)一開始可以用“Thespeaker”“Theman/woman”。如果提到具體身份，如國(guó)籍、職業(yè)、年齡或姓名等，則換用相應(yīng)的名詞，如TheAmericansalesman，或Theoldman。后面與代詞“He/She”或“they”輪流使用。代詞使用的頻率要高于名詞，比如用兩次代詞就可以換一次名詞。kavU42VRkavU42VR報(bào)道復(fù)述中有時(shí)候也需要有人稱轉(zhuǎn)換。有些報(bào)道一開始先對(duì)聽眾觀眾提問(wèn)題，比如Haveyou…?Doyou…?然后導(dǎo)入主題。這時(shí)候不宜直接背誦原始問(wèn)題，否則聽起來(lái)像是在問(wèn)考官問(wèn)題，不符合復(fù)述要求。這時(shí)候可以轉(zhuǎn)換人稱，類似于直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)為間接引語(yǔ)，但因?yàn)樵闹惺侵苯犹釂?wèn)，而不是引用別人的原話，因此這并不屬于直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換。y6v3ALoSy6v3ALoS2）引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換故事或報(bào)道復(fù)述中，直接引語(yǔ)經(jīng)常需要轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)，這種轉(zhuǎn)換屬于高中語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。部分例子參看英語(yǔ)部分的說(shuō)明，如果記不清轉(zhuǎn)換要求，自行查閱語(yǔ)法教材搜索參考百度百科。M2ub6vSTM2ub6vST需要注意的一點(diǎn)是，復(fù)述時(shí)，多數(shù)時(shí)候時(shí)態(tài)需與原文保持一致，不需調(diào)整，否則可能會(huì)違反忠實(shí)原則。如故事多為過(guò)去各類式時(shí)態(tài)，新聞報(bào)道題材則各種時(shí)態(tài)都有可能出現(xiàn)。多數(shù)時(shí)態(tài)變換主要出現(xiàn)在直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)中，不屬于獨(dú)立的技能。0YujCfmU0YujCfmU引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換也有部分例外。比如報(bào)道中采訪人的話常常就是直接引語(yǔ)，如果受訪人使用了“We”或“You”來(lái)泛指所有人（包括聽者），那么人稱不必轉(zhuǎn)換，只進(jìn)行同義替換和句式結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換即可。eUts8ZQVeUts8ZQV復(fù)述技能練習(xí)建議：同學(xué)們可以結(jié)合《朗讀復(fù)述100篇》中的61-100篇，練習(xí)速記，口頭練習(xí)復(fù)述所需的同義替換、句式簡(jiǎn)化和人稱及引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換等技能。同時(shí)可以充分利用好現(xiàn)有教材，比如《高級(jí)英語(yǔ)視聽說(shuō)1》和《超越概念聽力》中Passage和News部分可以用來(lái)進(jìn)行復(fù)述練習(xí)。sQsAEJkWsQsAEJkWPrinciplesandPracticeofRetellingPartI.IntroductionInthissection,ashortstoryorreportofaround1.5minuteswillbeplayedbacktostudents,whoarerequiredtoretellitintheirownwordsratherthanrecitingwhattheyhaveheardwordbyword.Theretellingmaytakeamaximumof1.5minutes.GMsIasNXGMsIasNXAstoryusuallytakestheformofaudiorecordingandareportcanbeeitheranaudiorecordingoravideoclip.Someoftheprinciplesorskillsofretellingoverlapbutsomedifferalot,whichwillbefurtherexplainedinthefollowingsections.TIrRGchYTIrRGchYPleasecheckSOPEandTOPERUCforthedetaileddescriptionofthestandardsandgradingsystem.7EqZcWLZ7EqZcWLZPartII.PrinciplesandPracticeofRetellingRetellinginvolvestwomajorsteps:while-listeningandretelling.Relatedprinciplesandskillswillbeintroducedinthesesteps.lzq7IGf0lzq7IGf0Step1:While-listeningItisgreattohaveasharpmemoryandprinteverythinginone’smind.However,itisvirtuallyimpossibletomemorizealltheimportantinformationforlong.Thusstudentsneedtotakenoteswhilelistening.Giventhatstudentscannotwritedowneverywordofthetestingmaterial,theywillhavetorelyonthosekeywordsnecessaryforrebuildingthestoryorreport.Moreimportantly,studentsmustimprovetheirspeedofwritingtocoverasmuchinformationaspossible.Herearesometipsforthisstep.zvpgeqJ1zvpgeqJ1Tip1:ONLYtakenotesofkeyinformation:Keyinformationreferstowordsorphrases(notcompletesentences)tohelprestorethestoryorreport.Theyareusuallycontentwords,i.e.nouns,notionalverbs,adjectivesandadverbs,whicharestressedorreadmoreclearlythanfunctionalwords,i.e.someconjunctions(and,as,etc.),pronouns,prepositions,andnon-notionalverbs(auxiliaryverbs,modalverbs,anddifferentformsofthelinkverb“be”).NrpoJac3NrpoJac3Studentsmaybrowsethefollowingstoryandpayattentiontotheunderlinedwordsneededtojotdownwhilelistening.Thentheycancheckitagainsttherecordingofessay61inthe100EssaysForReadingAloudAndRetelling.1nowfTG41nowfTG461.ChristmasCardsItwastwoweeksbeforeChristmas,andMrsSmithwasverybusy.SheboughtalotofChristmascardstosendtoherfriendsandtoherhusband'sfriends,andputthemonthetableintheliving-room.Then,whenherhusbandcamehomefromwork,shesaidtohim,'HerearetheChristmascardsforourfriends,andherearesomestamps,apenandourbookofaddresses.WillyoupleasewritethecardswhileIamcookingthedinner?'fjnFLDa5fjnFLDa5MrSmithdidnotsayanything,butwalkedoutoftheliving-roomandwenttohisstudy.MrsSmithwasveryangrywithhim,butdidnotsayanythingeither.tfnNhnE6tfnNhnE6ThenaminutelaterhecamebackwithaboxfullofChristmascards.Allofthemhadaddressesandstampsonthem.'Thesearefromlastyear,'hesaid.'Iforgottopostthem.'HbmVN777HbmVN777Withthesewords,studentswillfinditeasiertorebuildthestory.Thenotesmaytakethefollowingform,andtosavetime,studentscanleaveoutmostpunctuationsorconnectors.Butitisadvisablethatkeywordsineachsentencebenoteddowninasinglelinetoavoidconfusioninthereproduction.V7l4jRB8V7l4jRB8twoweeksChristmasMrsSmithverybusyboughtChristmascardssendfriendshusband'sfriendsputtableliving-roomhusbandcamehomeworksaidChristmascardsfriends,stamps,penbookaddresses83lcPA5983lcPA59pleasewritecardscookingdinnerMrSmithnotsayanythingwalkedoutliving-roomwentstudyMrsSmithveryangrynotsayanythingeitherminutelatercamebackboxfullChristmascardshadaddressesstamps.lastyearsaidforgotpostThewordsomittedcanberecoveredbystudentswithmemoryandgrammaticalknowledge.Astheycanlistentotherecordingonceonly,somekeywordsmaybemissinginthenotetaking.Studentswillhavetorelyontheirgeneralunderstandingofthestoryorreporttomakeupforthat.RequiredtechniqueswillbediscussedinStep2.mZkklkzamZkklkzaTip2:ImprovethespeedofnotetakingStenography(速記)meanswritingveryquicklyusingspecialsignsorshorterformsforwordsorphrases.Itisaskillwhichisusedtogetmoreinformationwithinagiventime.Studentsmaybuildtheirownsystemofstenography,especiallyforthosefrequentlyusedwordsorphrases.AVktR43bAVktR43bSincepeopletendtocompleteawordbeforemovingontothenext,itcallsforsomepracticetogetusedtostenographyoftheirown.Formostofthecontentwords,studentsmayjustjotdownthefirsttwoorthreelettersforlaterreference.Thesewillremindthemofthecompletewordsintherecording.Forexample,“tomorrow”canbeshortenedas“to”.Inagivencontext,thesetwoletterswillnotremindstudentsof“today”oranameinthereproduction.ORjBnOwcORjBnOwcThefollowingaresomeexampleswithsuggestedshortenedforms(notjustthefirsttwoletters).Studentsareadvisedtoexpandthelistontheirownandfamiliarizethemselveswiththeseforms.Thecategoriesofwordscangoontoo.Inagivencontext,evenifthereareshortenedwordswiththesametwoorthreeletters,theywillnotbeeasilyconfusedunlessthereisalliteration,whichisnotlikelytoappearinastoryorreport.Studentsmaythinkaboutte(acher)te(a)te(ars).Inmostcases,thesecoincidenceswilltakeplaceindifferentsentencesandthiswillnotcreateconfusion.Therefore,theycanjustfeelfreetousetheshortenedformsofthekeywords.2MiJTy0d2MiJTy0dExamplesofShortenedWordsofPeoplefa--fathermo--motherdt--daughterhu--husbandwi-wifefri--friend(s)m--manw-womanld-ladygtn-gentleman/gentlemendr--doctortr--teacherfm--farmerExamplesofShortenedWordsofPlace/Locationhm--homerm--roomvlg--villageco--companyExamplesofShortenedWordsofActionak--askedtd--toldsd--saidst--stand/stoodwk--work(ed)cm--came/comesi--sitwt--wenttk--thinkchg--changegn--gonelv--leavelf--leftmv--move(d)stp--stop(ped)ExamplesofShortenedWordsofEmotionang--angryhap--happywrd--worriedgld--gladanx-anxiousExamplesofShortenedWordsParticulartoReportswd--worldcy--countrysv--surveyrpt--reportagr--agricultureidt--industrymv--movietec--technologygv--governmentrs--researchecn--economy/economicfin--finance/financialldr-leadered--educationwst--websiteWiththeuseofshortenedwords,thenotesofthestoryChristmasCardsmaylooklikethis:gIiSpiuegIiSpiue2weeksChrMrsSmibzboChrcarsenfrihusfriputtablivroohuscamhmwksaidChristmascardsfriends,stamps,penbookaddressesuEh0U1YfuEh0U1YfpleasewritecardscookingdinnerMrSmithnotsayanythingwalkedoutliving-roomwentstudyMrsSmithveryangrynotsayanythingeitherminutelatercamebackboxfullChristmascardshadaddressesstamps.lastyearsaidforgotpostSupplementaryexercisesforimprovingstenographyStudentsareencouragedtogetfamiliarwiththeirownsystemofstenographyby1.notingdownthekeywordswhileREADINGand2.notingdownthekeywordswhileLISTENING.Curbtheimpulsetowritedowneveryletterofaword!IAg9qLsgIAg9qLsgDirections:Takenotesofthefollowingtextswhilereadingandtimeyournotetaking.Pleasedonotreadthetextstwice.WwghWvVhWwghWvVhText1:NextThursdayisthescariestdayoftheyearinAmerica.No,it'snottaxday.ItisHalloween!asfpsfpiasfpsfpiManypeople,youngandold,arebusypreparing.Theyaregettingtheircostumesready,lookingforwardtomakingachangeinappearanceonthebigday.OthersareaddingHalloweenorseasonaldecorationsaroundtheirhomeandbuyingcandy.Likemostholidays,Halloweencanbeacostlyevent.ooeyYZTjooeyYZTjInfact,theNationalRetailFederationsaysAmericansareexpectedtospendabout$2.6billionjustforcostumes.Itsaysthespecialclothingisnotjustforchildreneither.Adultsalsodressupandsomeofthemevendressupthepetdogorcat!BkeGuInkBkeGuInkTheNationalRetailFederationgathersinformationaboutAmericanshoppingandsalesofgoods.ItsaysAmericansonaveragewillspendabout$75dollarsfortheholiday.Thisincludescostumes,candyanddecorations.Thegroupsaystotalspendingisexpectedtobe$6.9billion.PgdO0sRlPgdO0sRlThatisabignumber.But,itislessthantheamountAmericansspentlastyear.Halloween2012costcelebrantsabouteightbilliondollars.3cdXwckm3cdXwckmTheNationalRetailFederationsaysfewerAmericansareexpectedtotakepartintheholidaythisyear.In2012,thegroupsays,170millionpeoplecelebrated.Thatwasanall-timehigh.Thisyear,itexpectsfewerthan160millionpeoplewillmarktheholiday.h8c52WOnh8c52WOnAndwhatarethemillionswearingthisyear?Thegroupsaysthenumberonecostumeforyoungchildrenisthatofaprincess.Animalcostumesarenext.Batmancharactersareratedthird.v4bdyGiov4bdyGioThefavoredlookforadultsisthecostumeofawitch.Batmanandvampirescomesecondandthird.J0bm4qMpJ0bm4qMpThepumpkincostumeismostpopularfordogsandcats.XVauA9grXVauA9grOnenewcostumethisyearisbasedonacharacterinthepopulartelevisionshow"BreakingBad."TheTVseriesisaboutachemistryteacherwhostartsmakingtheillegaldrugmethamphetaminetosell.Thecostumelooksliketheprotectivesuitandgasmaskworninthemethlaboratory.But,wedonotexpectittobeseenontheaveragetrick-or-treater!bR9C6TJsbR9C6TJsText2:Thepathtoprisonoftenstartsatayoungage.Onewaytokeepyoungoffendersoutofthecriminaljusticesystemiscalledrestorativejustice.pN9LBDdtpN9LBDdtOneofthefirstnon-profitsorganizationstousethismethodisCommunityWorksinOakland,California.Theorganizationnowhandles100casesayear,itworksinpartnershipwiththedistrictattorney'sofficeandtheprobationdepartment.DJ8T7nHuDJ8T7nHuMatthewGoldeisaprosecutorinthedistrictattorney'soffice.Hesaysprisonisnotthebestsolutionformostyoungpeoplewhocommitacrime.QF81D7bvQF81D7bv"Weknowwhathappenswhenyouincarceratejuvenilesforalongperiodoftime.Theycomeoutworse.Forthevastmajority,itisnotempiricallythebestthingtodo.Sothequestionis'Whatdowedo?'"4B7a9QFw4B7a9QFw"I'msorryformyactionsonMarch17,2013,whenyoutriedtostopmeonthestreetinBerkeley.ThereisnoexcuseforwhatIdid."ix6iFA8xix6iFA8xJohnis16yearsold.Hegotcaughttagging,puttinggraffitionabuilding.Hetriedtorunawayandhitapoliceofficerwhileresistingarrest.Johnisreadinghisletterofapologytotheofficer.wt6qbkCywt6qbkCyInsteadofajudge,thereisafacilitator.John'sparentsareattendingtheconferencewiththepoliceofficerheattacked.Theyaresittinginacircle,andspeakingdirectlytoeachother.Kp5zH46zKp5zH46zMelissaSaavedraisanemployeeofCommunityWorks,withherassistance,theyagreeonarestitutionplan.Johnwillperform20hoursofcommunityserviceanddoworkathomeforhisparents.Yl4HdOAAYl4HdOAA"He'smonitoredverycloselybymyselfwiththesupportofmomanddad.Wegothroughaplananddorightbythevictim."ch4PJx4Bch4PJx4BJohnwasgivenasecondchance,Hecanreturntoschoolwithnocriminalrecord.qd3YfhxCqd3YfhxCRestorativejusticeisnotwell-knownintheUnitedStates,butthesystemdatesbackhundredsofyears,usedbyAmericanIndiantribesandtheaboriginesofNewZealand.MennonitesinOntario,Canadastartedthemodern-daypracticeinthe1970s.Theideahassincespreadtootherpartsoftheworld.E836L11DE836L11DText3TheInternetcompanyGoogleistestingitsnewesthigh-techdevice,GoogleGlass.MostofthetechnologiesforGoogleGlassarealreadyavailableonsmartphones.Googlehastakenthosesametechnologiesandaddedthemtoeyeglassframes.Thecompanydescribestheglassesaswearablecomputersthatwouldchangethewaypeopleviewothersandtheworld.S42ehLvES42ehLvEChrisDaleistheSeniorManagerofCommunicationsforGoogleGlass.501nNvZF501nNvZF"GoogleGlassisatinycomputerthatsitsinalightweightframe,andrestsneatlyaboveyoureyeanditmakesexploringandsharingtheworldaroundyoualoteasier."jW1viftGjW1viftGTheglasseshaveatinyvideoscreenandacamerathatconnectwirelesslytotheInternetthroughWIFI,asmartphone,oratabletcomputer.Youcanmakeandreceivecalls,sendandreceivetexts,takepictures,recordvideoorsearchtheweb.YoucontrolGoogleGlassusingyourvoice,andatouchpadontherightarmoftheframe.xS0DOYWHxS0DOYWHProfessorMarciaDawkinsisamongaselectgroupofpeoplewhohavebeengivenachancetotestoutGoogleGlass.LOZMkIqILOZMkIqI"IthoughtthisissomethingIdefinitelyneedformyclassroomandhopefullyformypersonallifetoo."ZKZUQsUJZKZUQsUJTheProfessor'sGoogleGlasslookslikeabrightorangeglasses,withouttheactualglass.Butthere'satinyrectangularglassatthetopright-handcorner.Throughthatglass,shehasbeenrecordingvideowhilebiking.ShealsohasbeenabletotalktohersisterinThailand,andsheplanstousethedevicetoteachapublicspeakingclass.dGY2mcoKdGY2mcoKButnoteveryoneisexcitedaboutGoogleGlass.Someareconcernedaboutpossibleriskstoprivacy.JohnSimpsonisthedirectoroftheprivacyprojectatConsumerWatchdog.rCYbSWRLrCYbSWRL"Itisessentiallygoingtoallowpeopletocomeinandspyonyouandrecordthat,withoutyouknowingwhatisgoingon."FyXjoFlMFyXjoFlMGooglesaysthatithasalreadyaddressedthatconcern.MrDaleexplainedthatinordertostartthecameraorrecordavideo,theownermustsaysomethingoutloud.TuWrUpPOTuWrUpPO"Iactivatethedevice,andsay'Okay,glass,takeapicture.'Similarly,IhavealittlebuttononthetopherethatIcanpushthatwillagainshowanexplicitgesturetoeverybodyaroundmethatapictureisbeingtakenandavideoisbeingrecorded."ButFilmmakerChrisBarrettshowedjusthoweasyitistorecordpeoplewithoutthemknowingit.Hisglasscapturedamangettingarrestedafterafight.HesharedthevideoonYouTube.7qWAq9jP7qWAq9jPAlsosomeareconcernedabouttheuseoffacialrecognitiontechnologyonGoogleGlass.ButGooglesaysitwillnotapprovetheuseofsuchapplications.TheInternetcompanysaysitisstilltestingitsnewdevice,ithopestomakeGoogleGlassavailabletothepublicbyearlynextyear.llVIWTNQllVIWTNQStep2:RetellingInthisstep,studentswillretellwhattheyhaveheardintherecording.Retellingisnotequaltorecitinginthattheformerrequiresstudentstoreproducethetextintheirownwords.Agoodmemorydoeshelp,butretellingdoesnotendwithagoodmemory.yhUQsDgRyhUQsDgRUsuallystudentscanstartwithaverybriefsummaryofthemainideaofthestoryorreport.Itcouldbelike“Thisstory/reportisabout…”or“Thisreportdiscussestheissueof…”Thentheyneedtoreproducethemainpointswiththehelpofthenotes.Inthissense,retellingmeanssummarizingandparaphrasing,whichrequiresavarietyoftechniquesorskills.Studentsareadvisedtoknowthedifferencesbetweenasummaryandaparaphraseinretelling.MdUZYnKSMdUZYnKSAparaphraseattemptstoexpressthesameideasofanoriginaltextindifferentwords.Thisistheessentialrequirementofretelling.Noattemptatconcisenessismadeinparaphrasing.Indeed,aparaphrasemaybelongerthanitsoriginaltext.

Asummary,bycontrast,isanabridgement（概略）expressingthemainideasofatextpassagethroughreportedspeech.Agoodsummarycoversthemostessentialpointsinanoriginaltext.Intheretelling,however,weneedasummaryofthemainideaonly,notofalltheessentialpoints.09T7t6eT09T7t6eTPrinciplestofollowintheretellingAccordingtoTOPERUC,studentsareexpectedtoconveyappropriateemotionsorfeelingswhileretelling,whichmeansthatthetonesshouldbeconsistentwiththethemeandstyleofthetext.Thetonescouldbeeitherthesameasordifferentfromthoseoftheoriginaltext.e5TfZQIUe5TfZQIUStoryretelling,forinstance,callsformorevividandlivelymannersofdelivering,withmorevariationsoftonesandstresses.Studentsneedtoconformtotheoriginaltones.s1SovAcVs1SovAcVReports,ontheotherhand,mayrequireaformalor“official”tone.Evenifpeopleinterviewedinareportmayexpressdifferentemotionsintheformofdirectspeech,studentsmayhavetoneutralizetheseemotions,becauseinretelling,directspeechisusuallyturnedtoindirectspeech.GXRw1kFWGXRw1kFWApartfromlanguageaccuracy,whichisabasicrequirementandwillnotbeelaboratedhere,studentscanfollowtheprinciplesbelowregardingcontentreconstructionwhileretelling.UTREx49XUTREx49X1.FollowthestructureoftheoriginaltextForstoryretelling,studentsneedtofocusonthelinearnatureofthestory,i.e.howastorystarted,howitdevelopedandhowitended.Meanwhile,elementsliketime,place,peopleandplotshouldbemadeclear.Usuallyastoryistoldinachronologicalorder,sostudentsmustretelltheeventsofthestoryincorrectorder.8PQN3NDY8PQN3NDYForreportretelling,studentsmayjustfollowthemajorelements,e.g.time,peopleororganizationinvolved,place,process,conclusionorsuggestion,etc.mLPVzx7ZmLPVzx7Z2.Provideasmanydetailsaspossiblebutremainfaithfultotheoriginaltext.AHP35hB0AHP35hB0Coverasmuchinformationaspossible.Butstudentsarenotexpectedtoprovideextrainformationortheirowncomments.Inparticular,forreportsinvideoformats,itisnotadvisabletodescribevisualinformationnotdirectlyrelevanttothethemeofthereports,e.g.shops,carsorpassers-byinarandomsurveyofhappinessonthestreet.Onlywhenthisreportisaboutshoppingorholidays,etc.,aresuchdescriptionsallowed.Studentsshouldalsomakesurethattheyfocusonwhatthespeakersaresaying.NDOcB141NDOcB1413.ParaphrasewithsynonymsAtitssimplestlevel,aparaphrasemeansreplacingoriginalwordingwithsynonyms.Considertheoriginalsentence"WhilethecompanysaysAllMightyisa'valuable'drug,itis'concerned'thatmanydoctorswhoareprescribingthemedicationsdon'tknowenoughaboutit".Studentscanuse"useful"for"valuable,"and"worried"for"concerned".1zOk7Ly21zOk7Ly2Anexamplefromessay79:Originalsentence:So,ratherthanstressingthehealthbenefitsofagoodworkout,TheLancetresearchershavedecidedtoshowtheharmcausedbyinactivity.fuNsDv23fuNsDv23Simplifiedsentence:So,insteadofstressingthehealthbenefitsofagoodexercise,theLancetresearchershavedecidedtoshowtheharmcausedbyinactivity.tqMB9ew4tqMB9ew44.Paraphrasewithsimplifiedsentencestructureandchangedpartsofspeech.HmMJFY05HmMJFY05Changingthesentencestructureaddstothevalueoftheparaphrase,especiallyinretellingreportswithcomplexsentences.Breakthesesentencesintoshorterones,thoughitmeanstherecouldbemorewordsinmakinganewindependentsentence.Whileretelling,studentsactuallyoftenneedtoreconstructmeaningsfromthenotestakenwhentheycannotrecalltheoriginallongsentence.Sentencestructuresmaybeinevitablychanged.Inthisprocess,studentsmayalsohavetochangethepartsofspeechofsomewordsincreatingnewsentences.ViLRaIt6ViLRaIt6Anexamplefromessay79:Originalsentence:Despitethefamiliarityofthemessage,oneinthreeadultsworldwidefailstodotherecommended150minutesofmoderateaerobicactivityperweek.9eK0GsX79eK0GsX7Simplifiedsentence:Themessagesoundsfamiliar.Butonethirdofadultsintheworlddon’tdomoderateaerobicactivity.Itisrecommendedthattheydoit150minuteseveryweek.naK8ccr8naK8ccr85.Shiftthepersonorspeechwherenecessary.Shiftsinpersoncanbeinvolvedinshiftsinspeech(fromdirecttoindirect),buttheformercanalsotakeplaceelsewhere.Forinstance,thestorytellercanbe“I”.Intheretelling,studentshavetochangeit,otherwisethisbecomesreciting.Fortheconvenienceofdiscussion,theywillbediscussedseparately.B6JgIVV9B6JgIVV91)shiftsinpersonIfastoryistoldinthefirstperson,studentsneedtoshiftittothethirdperson.Allrelatedpronounsshouldbechangedaccordingly.Forinstance,“I”firstbecomes“thespeaker”ifthereisnoindicationofthespeaker’snameinthestoryandthen“he”or“she”.Inthefollowingaccount,thirdpersonpronounsand“thespeaker”needtobeusedalternately.Therearesupposedtobemoreusesofthirdpersonpronounsthan“thespeaker”.Takeessay81Savingmoneyforcollegeonmyown.P2IpeFpaP2IpeFpaExcerptedscriptforthestoryFinally,Iwasofftocollege.Thankstosomecarefulsavings,Ididnothavetoworkduringthefirstschoolyear.Then,summerhitanditwastimetoworkharderthanever.Icontinuedworking,asatennisinstructorduringseveralmorningsaweek,andworkedasasecretaryforafewhoursintheafternoons.3YIxKpSc3YIxKpScDuringmysecondandthirdyearsofundergraduateschooling,Idecidedtoworkaboutfivehoursperweekinthecampusadmissionsofficeansweringphones…gUHFg9mdgUHFg9mdThispartretoldwithshiftsinperson.Finally,thespeakerwenttocollege.Thankstosomecarefulsavings,hedidnothavetoworkasafreshman.Then,summerarrivedanditwastimetoworkharderthanbefore.Hewentonworking,asatennisinstructorinseveralmorningsaweek,andworkedasasecretaryforafewhoursintheafternoons.uQHOMTQeuQHOMTQeDuringhissecondandthirdyearsofundergraduatestudies,thespeakerdecidedtoworkaboutfivehoursaweekinthecampusadmissionsofficeansweringphones.IMGWiDkfIMGWiDkfMeanwhile,inreports,shiftsinpersonmayalsobeneeded.WHF4OmOgWHF4OmOgAnexamplefromessay80:Originalsentences:Haveyoueverwonderedwhysweetsarealwaysbythetillinsupermarkets?Whyyouaremadetowalkdownmanyaislestoreachtheeverydayessentialsatthebackoftheshop?aDFdk6hhaDFdk6hhInthiscase,itisnotappropriateforthestudentstotheoriginalsecondperson,asitmaysoundlikeaskingtheratersquestions.Ashiftinpersonisthenrecommended.ozElQQLiozElQQLiSentencesreworded:Thereportfirstaskstwoquestions:No.1,whetherwehavewonderedwhysweetsarealwaysbythetillinsupermarketsandNo.2,whywearemadetowalkdownmanyaislestoreachtheeverydayessentialsatthebackoftheshop.CvDtmAfjCvDtmAfj3)shiftofthespeechWhenthereisdirectspeechinastoryorareport,studentsareadvisedtochangeittoindirectspeech.Itwouldbeawkwardtousedirectspeechwithoutquotingtheoriginaltextprecisely.Moreimportantly,agoodretellingdoesnotleavemuchroomforreciting.Thesuggestionisthatstudentsusedirectspeechonlywhentheyareshortsentences.Butstudentsstillneedtousesynonymousexpressionsinsteadofusingtheexactoriginalwords.Shiftinspeechalsocallsforsynonymreplacementandsentencestructuresimplification.QrDCRkJkQrDCRkJkFordetaileddescriptionofshiftsofdirectspeechintoindirectspeech,studentsmayrefertorelatedgrammarsectioninsenio