2021年吉林省通化市統(tǒng)招專升本英語摸底卷(含答案)

2021年吉林省通化市統(tǒng)招專升本英語摸底卷(含答案)

一、單選題(20題)1.badnewsitis!Wemusttryourbesttohelpthemoutofthedifficulty（）

A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa

2.Hardly（）howIpassedtheinterview

A.Icanunderstand

B.understandIcan

C.canunderstandI

D.canIunderstand

3.Idon’tknowwhetherheisstill（）incollectingcoins.Heusedtobe,butthatwasseveralyearsago

A.disinterestedB.interestingC.interestD.interested

4.Thosescientistswereconductinganexperimentandexpectedagood（）

A.effectB.consequenceC.resultD.affect

5.Innocountry_____Britaincanoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday（）

A.morethanB.otherthanC.ratherthanD.betterthan

6.Onlyinthisway（）getridofyourheadache

A.canyouB.youcanC.youwillD.doyou

7.Itisbynomeansclear（）thepresidentcandotoendthestrike

A.howB.whichC.thatD.what

8.Threenewbuildings（）onthecampusbytheendofthisyear

A.willbebuilt

B.aregoingtobebuilt

C.willhavebeenbuilt

D.havebeenbuilt

9.Eitherof（）isquitecapableofthework

A.girlB.thegirlsC.girlsD.thegirl

10.Shehas（）chancetowintheelectionasheropponentistoostrong

A.littleB.alittleC.fewD.afew

11.Don’ttalkaboutsuchthingsof（）youarenotsure

A.whichB.whatC.asD.those

12.Thesellingpriceofthathouseand______＄25,000（）

A.manyfurnitureare

B.manyfurnituresis

C.thefurnitureis

D.manypiecesoffurnitureare

13.hisideawasacceptedbyallthepeopleatthemeeting（）

A.Strangeasmightitsound

B.Asitmightsoundstrange

C.Strangeitmightsound

D.Strangeasitmightsound

14.He_______toseeyouyesterday，buthehadanimportantmeetingtoattend（）

A.wouldhavecomeB.cameC.hadcomeD.wascoming

15.You_____allthosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothissortofthings（）

A.needn’thavedone

B.can’thavedone

C.mustn’thavedone

D.couldn’thavedone

16.Sincehiswifedied,hehas（）himselfintotheresearchwork

A.devotedB.dedicatedC.thrownD.contributed

17.（）iscarelesswhendisposingofhiswastes

A.ItismanB.ManC.ManwhoD.Aman

18.All______isacontinuoussupplyoffuel（）

A.whatisneeded

B.thethingneeded

C.thatisneeded

D.fortheirneeds

19.—Mustwecleantheroomnow?

—No,you_____（）

A.mustn’tB.can’tC.needn’tD.don’t

20.Mr.Brownhadanunusual（），hewasfirstanofficeclerk,thenasailor,andendedupasaschoolteacher

A.positionB.occupationC.professionD.career

二、選詞填空題(10題)21.Studentsatuniversitycanlearnandmakefriends1willlastalifetime.However,thecostofstudyingisontherise.Thisincreasemeansthatmoststudentscangetintomoneytrouble2theydonotknowhowtomanagetheirmoney.Itisnotjustthecoursefees.Studentsmustalso3forroomandboard.Inaddition,theymayspendmoney4clothes,travel,andotherthings.Thus,studentsneedtobudget5.Atmostuniversitiesteacherscangivestudentssuggestionsonhowtospendtheirmoney.Thefirstthingtheysuggestistowritedownyour6,forexample,themoneyyouwillgetfromyourfamilyorapart-timejob.Thenlistallofyourexpenses.Putyourexpensesintotwo7:thosethatchange(food,books,travel),andthosethatwillstaythesame(tuition,roomandboard).Addtogetherallofyourexpenses.Whenyoudothis,youfinditis8toplanoutyourbudget.Thismeansyoucansaveyourmoney,ratherthantryingto9fromothers.Asyoucansee,thereismoretolearnatuniversitythanjust10istaughtintheclassroom.____

22.3.____

23.Researchershavefoundthatpeoplewhogotoconcerts,showsandmuseumscanlivelongerthan1whodonot.ExpertsfromUniversityCollegeLondonhavebeenexaminingthelifestylesofover6,700Britishpeople215years.They3howoftenthepeoplewentoutandwhatkindsofeventstheyattended.Theyfoundthatpeopleover50yearsold4regularlywenttoconcertswereabout30percent5likelytodieoverthenext14years.Theresearcherssaidtheover50scouldextendtheirlife6engagingwiththearts.Inadditiontolivinglongerconcertgoerscouldalsohavemorefun.TheUKHealthSecretaryMattHancockbelievestherecouldbealotof7intheresearch.Hesaidartsandculturecould8thingslikementalhealth,agingandloneliness.He9announcedplansfortheUK’sNationalHealthServicetousetheartstohelppeopleliveahealthierlife.Oneresearchersaid,“Ourresultshighlighttheimportanceof10toexplorenewsocialfactorsthataffectourhealth.”1.____

三、情景對話(10題)24.70.____（）

25.74.____（）

26.69.____（）

27.75.____（）

28.68.____（）

29.2（）

A.Wheredidyoubuyit?

B.Youlooksoattractive

C.Arethereanyothercolors?

D.Isee,thankyou

E.Sinceherbirthdayiscoming

30.Mary:Hello!71

John:Sure,mynameisJohnSmithandI'mfromasmalltowncalledBrentwoodinEssexwhichisinEngland.

Mary:OK,Essex.72

John:That'sinthesoutheast.

Mary:Southeast?

John:Yeah,yeah.It'sattachedtoLondon,justnexttoLondon.

Mary:Oh,OK,butyousaidit'sasmalltown.

John:It'srelativelysmall.73

Mary:Oh,whenIthinkofasmallBritishtown,youknow,Ithinkofreallyoldhouses,andnothing'schanged.74

John:ThecinemainBrentwoodactuallycloseddown,butitdoeshaveaverynicehealthcentreand,asIsaid,lotsofparkstoplayin.

Mary:75

A.Thepopulationisonlyabout50,000.

B.Wow,itsoundslikeaniceplacetolivein.

C.WhichpartofEnglandisthat?

D.Doyouhavemodernstuff,likeahealthclub,amovietheatreorthingslikethat?

E.Canyouintroduceyourself,please

71.____（）

31.5（）

A.Soundsgreat

B.What’swrong?

C.Isithelpfultome?

D.Idon’tknowhowtodealwithit

E.Butwhatifmyparentsdon’tletmedoit

32.Task2（每小題2分，共10分）

M:Excuseme.71

W:I'msorry.Haveyouseenthesignonthewall,Nosmoking?

M:Oh,sorry.WherecanIsmokeonthisfloor,please?

W:I'mafraidit'snotallowedinthewholebuilding.

M:Ohdear!72

W:Sure.Helpyourself,overthere.

M:Thankyouverymuch.

W:Don'tyouknowsmokingisnotgoodforyourhealth,youngman?

M:73Itriedmanytimestogiveitup,butIfailed.74

W:Yes,it'shardtostop!Butifyouhavethenonsmokers'healthandwell-beinginmind,youmightsucceed.

M:You'reright!Thanksverymuch.I'lltryagaintokickmysmokinghabit.

W:That'sOK.Well,ifyou'refeelingbadnow,youcansmokeoutside,intheopenair,ofcourse.

M:Oh,no!75

W:That'sgreat!

A.WhenIgowithoutit,Ifeelverybad.

B.IwonderifIcouldhaveaglassofwater.

C.WouldyoumindifIsmokedhere?

D.Yes,Ido.

E.I'llstartfromnowon!

71.____（）

33.67.____（）

四、翻譯(10題)34.Itiswellknownthatmanyofourproblemsarecausedatleastinpartbyfailuretocommunicate

35.Pollutionisaseriousproblembecausemaninanincreasinglypopulatedandindustrializedworldispollutingtheenvironmentinwhichhelives.Thegrowingpopulationmakesincreasingdemandfortheworld'slimitedsupplyofair,waterandland.Thisriseinpopulationisaccompaniedbythedesireforabetterstandardofliving,thusleavinganincreasingamountofwastematerialtobedisposedof.Theproblemhasbeencausingincreasingconcernoverlivingthingsandtheirenvironment.Manybelievethatmandoesn'tfullyappreciatethedamageuntiltheconsequencehasbeendone

36.很抱歉，因為雨太大，參觀博物館的活動得推遲到明天

37.ChinaisknownastheKingdomofBamboo,possessingmorebamboothananyothercountryintheworld.BambooculturehasbeenrootedinChinesepeople'smindsforalongtime.ToChinesepeople,thebambooisasymbolofvirtue,whichreflectspeople'ssoulsandemotions.AncientChinesescholarslookedupwithgreatrespecttothebamboo.Thisexplainswhytherearesomanywritingsandpaintingsdedicatedtothebamboothroughouthistory

38.Thematerialfirstusedwassilver,forthereasonthatitischeaperthangold

39.如果你按照我的指令去做，就不會失敗了（）

40.正是通過進行適當?shù)倪\動她的健康才會正顯著好轉(zhuǎn)

41.Somethingunexpectedpreventsmefromkeepingmypromise

42.每位雇主都想要且需要有以誠實、積極的態(tài)度提出改進意見的雇員（）

43.Nexttimeyougoshoppingortoworkorvisitfriends,imaginehowyouwouldmanageifyoucouldnotgetupsteps,orontobusesandtrains

五、閱讀理解(10題)44.No,One’sGoingtoChangeOurWorldwas（）

A.animportantbookpublishedin1970

B.arecordcallingonpeopletoconservenature

C.anideathatnobodywouldaccept

D.aruleworkedoutbytheUnitedStates

45.Ittakesmuchmoreeffortsto___________（）

A.learnRomannumeralsthanArabnumerals

B.introducenumeralsthroughprintedmaterials

C.makegreatuseofsilkroads

D.teachbusinessmennumerals

46.Tostrengthenfriendlyrelationship,people（）

A.mustholdfriendshipceremonies

B.havetoeliminatedifferencesinbackground

C.shouldmakefriendswiththosewhoareofthesameageandofthesamerace

D.shouldsupportandunderstandeachotherthroughsharedexperiencesandemotions

47.Task4

Directions:Inthispart,youaregoingtoreadapassagewith5statementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheonefromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphnomorethanonce.The5statementsarenumbered51to55.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.YoushouldmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

請閱讀某大學提供給學生的項目信息（A~F），將之后所給的人物信息（51~55）與之相匹配。

［A］In-CompanyExperience

Challengingpostsinindustryforgapyearstudents.Useyouracademicandinterpersonalskillstoimproveaproductorserviceprovidedbyatopnamecompany—andgetpaidforit!

［B］CampWorld

Workincampsforyoungpeopleinoneormoreofthefivecontinents.You'llneedtohelporganizesportsactivitiesandotheroutdoorpursuitsandyoucouldendupwithaqualificationasaninstructor.

［C］CommunityCare

Volunteerworkathomeandabroadwiththephysicallyandmentallyhandicapped,thehomeless,theelderlyandorphans.You'llneedtobecommitted,patientandsensitivetoothers.

［D］AcademicStudyYear

SpendawholeyearstudyingataforeignuniversityinEurope,theUSAorevenfurtherafield（更遠處）,withoutthepressureofexams.Accommodationwithlocalfamilies.Grants（補助）available.

［E］ConservationInternational

ConservationandresearchworkwithteamsofvolunteersonnaturereservesinSouthAmericaandAfrica.Projectsincludemonitoringwildlife,pathbuilding,waterandsoilconservation.

［F］LanguageTeachersAbroad

TeachyourownlanguageorEnglishinalmostanycountryintheworld.Classsizesvaryfromonetoonehundredandresourcescanbebasic,butyourstudentswillwelcomeyouwithopenarms

____Igrowupinaverybigfamily.MyparentshaveraisedtwelvekidsandIamtheirfirst-born.Ithasbeenmydutytohelpmymomtakecareofmybrothersandsisters.Tohandlethem,oftenIhavetoorganizeanoutdooractivity,likeasoftballgame.ImustsaythatIhavethepotentialtoworkasaninstructor（）

48.Therearemanywaystolearnaboutpeopleofotherlands.Onewayistostudytheclothingotherpeoplewear.Forthousandsofyears,peopleindifferentpartoftheworldhavewornverydifferenttypesofclothing.Therearefourbigreasonsforthis.

Onereasonmightbereligion.InmanyMoslemcountries,womenmustwearveilstohidetheirfaces.Theveilsmustbeworninpublic.VeilsarepartoftheMoslemreligion.Thesecondreasonisthatdifferentmaterialsareusedindifferentcountries.Forinstance,inFrancethematerialsusedinclothingmaybecotton,silk,wool,ormanyotherman-madematerials.MostpeopleinChinawearcotton.

Thewaysclothesaremadearealsoverydifferent.Thisisanotherreasonwhypeopledressdifferently.Westerncountriesrelyonmachinestomakemostoftheirclothing.SomeonelivinginIndiacanuseonlyhandpowertomaketheclothingheneeds.

World-widedifferencesincustomsalsoleadtodifferencesinclothing.AMexicanfarmerwearsastrawhatwithabrimup.InChina,afarmerwearsastrawhatwithabrimdown.Bothhatsareusedtoprotectthefarmersfromthesun.Someofthesecustomshavecomedownthroughthousandsofyears

Ifyouwanttolearnaboutthedifferencesaboutpeopleintheworld,you______（）

A.shouldknowthewaystostudyotherlands

B.shouldknowthefourbigreasonsgiveninthepassage

C.maystudythedifferenttypesofclothingpeoplewear

D.maybesurprisedbythewayspeoplewearhats

49.Whichofthefollowingisonewayofclimbingoverthebarrieraccordingtotheauthor（）

A.Listeningtoclassicalmusic

B.Goingtoeveningparties

C.Collectingrecordsandstamps

D.Learningfromadvertisements

50.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE（）

A.BugsaremorepopularthanothercarsinAmerica

B.Bugsarenowproducedinsmallquantity

C.AmericanfeelproudiftheycanownaBug

D.NoBugshavebeenshippedtoAmericasince1977

51.WhathappenedtoDuncaninthemiddle1930s（）

A.HegaveupteachingatHowardUniversity

B.HewasintroducedbyTheNewYorkTimesindetail

C.HewasaskedtobeinchargeoftheoperaPorgyandBess

D.Hewasgivenabigopportunitytobecomeanoperasinger

52.Studiesshowthat_____makepoornutritionaldecisions（）

A.agreatnumberofindividuals

B.someindividuals

C.almostnoindividuals

D.asmallnumberofindividuals

53.Cocohadherhats_______thoseofhertimeatthebeginningofherdesigning（）

A.fancierthan

B.differentfrom

C.similarto

D.moreexpensivethan

六、作文題(1題)54.Directions:Forthispart,youaresupposedtowriteacompositiononthetopic:HazardsofHighAltitudeThrowing.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow.

1.高空拋物在生活中成為一大隱患；

2.高空拋物的危害；

3.你的看法

參考答案

1.A這是多么糟糕的消息??！我們必須盡全力幫助他們擺脫困境。

［考點］感嘆句

【精析】Anews在這里是不可數(shù)名詞，所以不用a,an修飾，故可排除選項B、D。感嘆句的基本結(jié)構為：①What+（a/an+）形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語?、贖ow+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語！本題中的感嘆句符合第一種結(jié)構。故選A

2.D我也弄不清楚我是如何通過面試的。

［考點］倒裝句型

【精析】Dhardly,never,seldom,scarcely等表示否定意義的詞位于句首時，句子要部分倒裝，即把謂語的一部分（如情態(tài)動詞、助動詞、系動詞等）放在主語之前。故選D

3.D我不知道他現(xiàn)在是否還對收集硬幣感興趣，他曾經(jīng)很感興趣，但那都是幾年前的事兒了。

［考點］詞義辨析

【精析】Ddisinterested：無私的，公正的；interesting：有趣的；interest可以作名詞或動詞，意為興趣，使感興趣；interested：感興趣的，beinterestedin是固定搭配，意為對……感興趣。根據(jù)句意可知，選D

4.C

5.B句意：除了英國之外,在其他任何國度里人們都不可能在一天之內(nèi)體驗到四季（的氣候變化）。詞語搭配題。A.比……多，比……更……;B.除了……之外;C.而不是;D.比……更好。句子前面有否定詞no與otherthan搭配起來就構成了否定之否定,意思就成了除了英國之外別國都不=只有在英國才能,故選B

6.AA句意：只有用這種方式你才能治好你的頭痛。倒裝句型。only+狀語置句首后面主謂半倒裝，助動詞提到主語前面。故選A

7.D一點也不清楚總統(tǒng)會為終止罷工做些什么。

［考點］名詞性從句

【精析】D在英語中，若主語為一個從句時，通常需要把該從句后置，用it作形式主語來代替主語從句。分析本句句子結(jié)構可知，clear后即為主語從句，且空格處在從句中作do的賓語，四個選項中只能用what來引導，故選D

8.C到今年年底，校園內(nèi)將建起三座新樓。本題考查動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)。將來完成時表示將來某時間之前或某一行為發(fā)生之前所完成的動作，常和by或bythetime等引出的時間狀語連用，由will/shall+have+過去分詞構成。本題的時間狀語是bytheendofthisyear，所以應該用將來完成時，另外題干中還有被動的含義，因此用將來完成式的被動結(jié)構will/shall+havebeen+過去分詞，正確答案應選C

9.B兩位女孩都能勝任這項工作。

［考點］固定用法

【精析】Beither表示兩者中的任一個，后面接of短語時，of后應該用名詞的復數(shù)形式，而且名詞前需要加上冠詞the，表示特指。故本題選B

10.A她幾乎沒有可能在這次選舉中勝出，因為她的對手太強大了。

［考點］詞義辨析

【精析】Alittle和alittle修飾不可數(shù)名詞。little：沒有多少，幾乎沒有；alittle：有點兒。few和afew除修飾可數(shù)名詞外，意思與little和alittle相同。因句中chance用的是單數(shù)形式，所以排除選項C、D;又因句中表達的是否定意思，所以選A

11.A不要談論你不確定的這些事情。

［考點］定語從句

【精析】A分析句子結(jié)構可知，of后面的句子是前面suchthings的定語從句，所以此處的引導詞應為of+關系代詞，選項中只有which可以這樣用。故選A

12.C句意：那套房子連同家具的售價是25，000美元。主謂一致題。本句的主語為Thesellingprice,所以謂語應用單數(shù)形式，故選C

13.D盡管他的想法聽起來很奇怪，但是在會上還是被所有人都接受了。

［考點］倒裝句

【精析】D根據(jù)句意和選項可知，空處是as引導的讓步狀語從句，從句應部分倒裝，即把表語strange提至句首。故選D

14.A他昨天本來要見你，但他有一個重要的會議要參加。

［考點］虛擬語氣

【精析】A根據(jù)句中的時間狀語yesterday（昨天）和句意可知，后半句陳述的是事實，前半句是對過去情況的虛擬，因此要用wouldhave+過去分詞的形式。故選A

15.A你沒必要做所有那些計算！我們有一臺電腦可以做這些事。

［考點］情態(tài)動詞

【精析】Aneedn’thavedone表示本不必做，事實上已經(jīng)做過了；musthavedone是對過去事實的肯定猜測，mustn’t表示禁止，千萬別；couldn’thavedone是對過去情況的可能性的否定猜測，表示不可能會，可能沒有。根據(jù)句意可知應選A

16.C

17.B人類在處理垃圾的時候很粗心。

［考點］固定用法

【精析】B本題可用排除法進行選擇。如果選擇選項A，那該句應為強調(diào)句型，但是本句后半部分并不符合強調(diào)句的結(jié)構；選項C出現(xiàn)了who，就說明后面的整個句子是前面man的定語從句，那么該句不是一個完整的句子；而man作人類講時，不需要加冠詞，所以選項D也不符合。故選B

18.C保持燃料的持續(xù)供應是所有需要做的事情。

［考點］定語從句

【精析】C分析句子結(jié)構可知，空處為定語從句，先行詞為不定代詞All。當先行詞為不定代詞時，后跟的定語從句只能用that引導。且need與關系詞（指代All）之間為邏輯上的動賓關系，應用被動語態(tài)。故選C

19.CC當一般疑問句以must（必須，一定）開頭時，肯定回答用must；否定回答用needn’t或don’thaveto。根據(jù)句意并結(jié)合選項可知，選C

20.D

21.HH分析句子結(jié)構可知，空處應填引導詞，引導一個定語從句，修飾指人的先行詞friends。符合要求的選項只有H。句意：學生在上大學時可以學習并交到將持續(xù)一生的朋友。故選H。

22.FK根據(jù)空后的名詞短語15years可知，空處應填介詞。符合要求的選項有C、K。句意：15年來，來自倫敦大學學院的專家們一直在調(diào)查超過6,700名英國人的生活方式。故選K。

23.JA.studied（v.學習，研究）B.continuing（v.繼續(xù)，持續(xù)）C.by（prep.通過）D.who（pron.引導定語從句）E.whose（pron.引導定語從句）F.improve（v.改進，改善）G.truth（n.事實，真相）H.ignored（v.忽視，不予理睬）I.recently（adv.最近，不久前）J.those（pron.那些）K.for（prep.表示一段時間）L.less（adv.更少，較少）J分析句子結(jié)構可知，空后的who引導一個定語從句，空處為其先行詞，所以空處應填指人的名詞或代詞。符合要求的選項只有J。those在此處指代上文中的people，此處表達的是“不去（音樂會、演出和博物館）的那些人”。故選J。

24.B

25.B

26.E

27.A

28.D

29.A

30.E

31.A

32.C

33.D

34.眾所周知，我們的許多問題至少部分是由于溝通失敗引起的

35.污染是個嚴重的問題，因為在當今人口越來越多，社會越來越工業(yè)化的世界上，人類正在污染他們居住的環(huán)境。人口的增長導致對世界上有限的空氣、水和土地的需求不斷增長。伴隨著人口增長的是渴望更高的生活水平，因此這導致有更多的廢物要處理。這個問題已經(jīng)引起人們對生物及其環(huán)境的日益關注。許多人認為，人類只有在后果已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了以后才充分認識到這種破壞

36.It’sverysorrythatthevisittothemuseumbeputofftilltomorrowbecauseoftheheavyrain

37.中國是世界上擁有竹子最多的國家，被稱為竹子的王國。竹文化長期以來深深根植于中國人的思想中。對于中國人來說，竹子是美德的象征，反映了人們的靈魂和情感。中國古代的學者對竹子非常敬重。這就解釋了為什么在整個歷史中有那么多關于竹子的著作和繪畫

38.最先使用的材料是白銀，因為它比黃金便宜

39.BB本題主要考查在if引導的非真實條件句中虛擬語氣的用法。在if引導的非真實條件句中，若表示與過去事實相反的情況，從句應用過去完成時，即had+過去分詞的形式，主句謂語用should/would/could/mighthave+過去分詞的形式；在表示對現(xiàn)在情況的假設時，從句的謂語動詞用過去式，如果出現(xiàn)be動詞，則采用were的形式，主句謂語用should/would/could/might+動詞原形的形式。根據(jù)題干可知，本句表示與過去事實相反的情況，選項B符合要求

40.It’sbytakingmoderateexercisethatshe’simprovinginhealthgreatly

41.一些出乎意料的事情使我不能信守承諾

42.BB本題容易混淆雇主（employer）和雇員（employee）;以誠實、積極的態(tài)度應譯為inanhonestandpositivemanner。A項混淆了雇主（employer）和雇員（employee）的譯法，還錯譯了以誠實、積極的態(tài)度；C項將想要且需要有翻譯成了hopes，不符合語境；D項漏譯了提出改進意見的。故選B

43.下次你去購物、工作或拜訪朋友時，想象一下如果你上不去臺階，或者上不去公交車和火車，你將如何應對

44.B［考點］事實細節(jié)題

【精析】B根據(jù)文章第二段倒數(shù)第三句Youngpeoplemayhearaboutconservationthrougharecordcalled‘No,One’sGoingtoChangeourWorld.’可知，No,One’sGoingtoChangeourWorld.是一個倡導大家保護自然的唱片。故選B

45.A［考點］事實細節(jié)題

根據(jù)第一段最后三句Noothernumbersystemeverinventedhasasimpleway…h(huán)owdifficult