《跨文化交際》 名詞解釋

《跨文化交際》名詞解釋IntroductionGlobalizationisconsideredasaprocessofincreasinginvolvmentininternationalbusinessoperations.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)視角中的全球化表現(xiàn)為不斷增加的國(guó)際商務(wù)往來(lái)過(guò)程。Macroculture:Thetermmacrocultureimplieslosingethnicdifferencesandformingonelargesociety.宏觀文化意味著種族差異的消失和一個(gè)大社會(huì)的形成。Meltingpotmeansasocioculturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationlities.熔爐:不同背景和國(guó)籍的人們之間的社會(huì)文化的同化。Microcultures:cultureswithincultures微觀文化：文化中的文化Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhosecultureperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.跨文化交際:指擁有不同文化認(rèn)知和符號(hào)體系的人文之間進(jìn)行的交際。Chapter1Cultureisalearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.文化是習(xí)得的一套關(guān)于信仰，價(jià)值觀，規(guī)范的公認(rèn)的解釋，這些信仰，價(jià)值觀，規(guī)范對(duì)相當(dāng)大人類(lèi)群體的行為產(chǎn)生影響。Cultureidentityreferstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.文化身份：指有意識(shí)地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體。Subcultureareformedbygroupsofpeoplepossessingcharacteristictraitsthatsetapartanddistinguishthemfromotherswithinalargersocietyordominantculture.亞文化:具有能在更大的一個(gè)社會(huì)范圍內(nèi)或主流文化中使自己有別于他人的特點(diǎn)的人類(lèi)群體所形成的文化。Subgrouparegroupswiththedominantculturedoesnotagreeandwithwhichithascommunicationproblems.亞群體:與主流文化不一致，并與主流文化有交際障礙的交際群體。Rulesmayreferstosociallyagreed-onbehaviorortoindividualguidelinesforbehavior.規(guī)則:社會(huì)認(rèn)同的行為或行為的個(gè)體原則。Normsareculturallyingrainedprinciplesofcorrectandincorrectbehaviorswhich,ifbrokencarryaformofovertorcovertpenalty.規(guī)范指的是正確和不正確行為根深蒂固的文化原則，這種不正確的行為一旦發(fā)生，就意味著一種顯性或隱性的處罰。Chapter2Enculturationisthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.社會(huì)文化適應(yīng)：人們學(xué)習(xí)適應(yīng)自己所在社會(huì)的文化的社會(huì)化過(guò)程。Acculturationreferstoanindividual’slearningandadoptingthenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.文化適應(yīng)：人們學(xué)習(xí)適應(yīng)新文化的社會(huì)規(guī)范和價(jià)值觀的過(guò)程。分隔和隔離separationandsegregationrefertomaintainingone’soriginalcultureandnotparticipatinginthenewculture.在文化適應(yīng)過(guò)程中保留了原有文化，完全沒(méi)有接受和習(xí)得新文化。融合Integrationtakesplacewhenindividualsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheirculturalintegrityintegrationensuresacontinuityofculture.在文化適應(yīng)中人們成為新文化的一部分，同時(shí)又保留了自己文化的完整性。同化Assimilationisthedegreetowhichanindividualrelinquishesanoriginalcultureforanother.whenindividualsareassimilatedintoamainstreamculture,theylosetheirpreviousculture.人們放棄原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人們就失去了原有的文化。邊緣化Marginalizationordeculturation,referstolosingone’sculturalidentityandnothavinganypsychologicalcontactwiththelargersociety.人們不僅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且與廣大社會(huì)失去了心理聯(lián)系。文化震蕩Cultureshockreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.人們?cè)谶M(jìn)入一種新文化環(huán)境時(shí)，遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經(jīng)歷。Chapter3信息源sourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.是具有交際需要和愿望的具體的人。編碼encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.是指將思想轉(zhuǎn)換成代碼的行為過(guò)程。信息messageistheresultingobject.是交流的內(nèi)容，編碼的結(jié)果。渠道channel是信息傳遞的手段。干擾noise指任何會(huì)曲解信息源所要表達(dá)的信息的事情。解碼decoing信息接收者在積極參與交流的過(guò)程中對(duì)所接收到的符號(hào)信息賦予意義的過(guò)程。反饋feedback指信息接收者的反應(yīng)被信息源所了解的那一部分反應(yīng)。情境context交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境并且有助于解釋交際內(nèi)容的含義。Chapter4人際交際interpersonalcommunication:asmallnumberofindividualswhoareinteractingexclusivelywithoneanotherandwhothereforehavetheabilitytoadapttheirmessagesspecificallyforthoseothersandtoobtainimmediateinterpretaionsfromthem.指少數(shù)人之間的交往他們既能根據(jù)對(duì)方調(diào)整自己的信息，又能立即從對(duì)方那里獲得解釋。內(nèi)文化交際intraculturalcommunicationisdefinedascommunicationbetweenandamongmembersofthesameculture.指同一文化內(nèi)某成員之間的交際，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，同一種族，政治傾向宗教，或者具有同樣興趣的人們之間的交際。國(guó)家間交際internationcommunication指國(guó)家和政府而非個(gè)人之間的交際，此種交際非常正式和儀式化。跨民族交際interthniccommunication：referstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesamerace,butdifferentethnicbackgrounds.指同一種族，不同民族背景的人們之間的交際?？绶N族交際interracialcommunication:occurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentracesthatpertaintodifferentphysicalcharacteristics.指信息源和信息來(lái)自不同的種族，種族具有不同的身體特征?？绲貐^(qū)交際interregionalcommunication:referstotheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculturewithinacountry.指一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)主流文化成員之間的信息交換過(guò)程。Chapter5世界觀worldview:isthebeliefthatweholdexplainingthecosmosGod,thenatureofhumanityandnature.指我們持有的對(duì)宇宙，神，人本質(zhì)及自然的最根本的看法。宗教religionreferstobeliefinandreverenceforasupernaturalpowerorpowersregardedascreatorandgovernoroftheuniverse.對(duì)超自然力量宇宙創(chuàng)造者和控制者權(quán)力的相信與崇敬。個(gè)人主義individualism:個(gè)人利益勝于集體利益，集體主義collectivism：個(gè)人融入集體。對(duì)不確定因素的回避態(tài)度：uncertaintyavoidancedealswithasociety’stoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity;itultimatelyreferstoman’ssearchfortruth.是關(guān)于一個(gè)社會(huì)對(duì)不確定性和模棱兩可的容忍程度。權(quán)利距離powerdistance：組織或機(jī)構(gòu)里邊，沒(méi)有權(quán)力的成員對(duì)于權(quán)力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。Chapter6感覺(jué)sensation：istheneurologicalprocessbywhichpeoplebecomeawareoftheirenvironmnent.人們意識(shí)到周?chē)h(huán)境的神經(jīng)過(guò)程。低語(yǔ)境lowcontext：交際過(guò)程中所產(chǎn)生的信息量的大部分由顯性的語(yǔ)碼負(fù)載，只有少量的信息蘊(yùn)含在隱性的環(huán)境和情景中。高語(yǔ)境highversus：在人們交際時(shí)，有較多的信息量蘊(yùn)含在社會(huì)文化環(huán)境和情景中，明顯的語(yǔ)碼負(fù)載較少的信息量。Chapter7焦慮Anxietyoccursbecauseofnotknowingwhatoneisexpectedtodo,andfocusingonthatfeelingandnotbetotallypresentinthecommunicationtransaction.在新環(huán)境下人們不知如何應(yīng)對(duì)，過(guò)多關(guān)注自己的情緒，不能全身心投入到交際中。假定一致性：(1)Toassumepeopleknowhowsomeoneelseisthinkingbasedonhowtheyseethingsiscalledprojectedcognitivesimilarity.從自己看待事物的角度來(lái)判斷別人的想法。(2)Assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifferencereferstotheassumptionthatpeoplearemoresimilartoyouthantheyactuallyareorthatanotherperson'ssituationismoresimilartoyouownsituationthanitinfactis.定勢(shì)stereotypes：referstonegativeorpositivejudgmentmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.針對(duì)目標(biāo)群體成員所特有的正面或方面的判斷。偏見(jiàn)Prejudicereferstotheirrationaldislike,suspicion,orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation.偏見(jiàn)是指對(duì)于某一特定群體，種類(lèi)，宗教或性取向的無(wú)端的憎惡和懷疑。種族主義是基于種族Racismisanypolicy,practice,belief,orattitudethatattributescharacteristicsorstatustoindividualsbasedontheirrace.把性格特點(diǎn)或地位歸因于個(gè)人的任意政策、做法、信仰或態(tài)度。語(yǔ)言絕對(duì)論：Linguisticdeterminististhatlanguagestructurecontrolsthoughtandculturalnorms.語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)控制思維和文化。語(yǔ)言相對(duì)論：Linguisticrelativityholdsthatcultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.文化由語(yǔ)言來(lái)決定，同時(shí)也決定語(yǔ)言。Chapter8言語(yǔ)交際Verbalinterculturalcommunicationshappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.當(dāng)來(lái)自不同文化背景的人們用語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行交流時(shí)言語(yǔ)交際就發(fā)生了。禁忌語(yǔ)：Tabooreferstosomewordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople，orincertainforreligiousorsocialreasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社會(huì)原因被一特定群體所避免使用的一些詞語(yǔ)或行為。委婉語(yǔ)：Euphemismmeanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.指用溫和的，間接的方式來(lái)代替嚴(yán)厲的，生硬的或冒犯的言語(yǔ)。Chapter10非言語(yǔ)信號(hào)：（狹義）noverbalcommunicatereferstointertionaluseofnonspokensymboltocommunicateaspecificmessage.運(yùn)用非言語(yǔ)符號(hào)傳達(dá)特定信息的交際行為。（廣義）referstoelementsoftheenvironmentthatcommunicatebyvirtueofpeople’suseofthem.人們交際時(shí)運(yùn)用的環(huán)境因素。副語(yǔ)言：Paralanguagereferstotherate,pitchandvolumequalitiesofthevoice,whichinterruptortemporarilytaketheplaceofspeechandaffectthemeaningofamessage是與口語(yǔ)交際有關(guān)，指說(shuō)的速度，音高，和質(zhì)量，這些要素會(huì)打斷或臨時(shí)取代語(yǔ)言并影響信息的語(yǔ)意表達(dá).時(shí)間行為：Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.是指研究人們?nèi)绾慰创褪褂脮r(shí)間。時(shí)空行為：proxemicsreferstotheperceptionanduseofspaceincludingterritorialityandpersonalspace.指對(duì)空間的認(rèn)知和使用時(shí)空進(jìn)行溝通，包括地盤(pán)性和個(gè)人空間。目光語(yǔ)：Thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermedoculesics.研究目光傳遞的交流信息。氣味行為Olfactics：ThestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledOlfactics對(duì)通過(guò)味道進(jìn)行交流的研究。觸覺(jué)行為Haptics:referstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontext.通過(guò)身體接觸來(lái)進(jìn)行交流。身勢(shì)語(yǔ)行為Kinesics：isthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,postureandstance,andothermannerismsthatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.指交際時(shí)所使用的不同類(lèi)型的動(dòng)作，包括表情，手勢(shì)，姿勢(shì)，和其他代替語(yǔ)言傳達(dá)信息的行為舉止。色彩學(xué)Chromatics:referstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeople’smood,emotions,andimpressionofothers.指影響你的情緒，情感和對(duì)他人的印象的顏色的研究。Chapter11禮節(jié)Etiquette:referstomannersandbehaviorsconsideredacceptableinsocialandbusinesssituation.在社會(huì)或商務(wù)往來(lái)中被認(rèn)為可接受的行為舉止。Chapter12良好的交際Competentcommunication：asinteractionthatisperceivedaseffectiveinfulfillingcertainrewardingobjectivesinawaythatisalsoappropriatetothecontextinwhichtheinteractionoccurs.指的是以一種適合交際發(fā)生場(chǎng)景的方式來(lái)完成一定的有回報(bào)的目標(biāo)的有效交際?？缥幕芰nterculturalcompetence:referstotheabilitytounderstandandadapttothetargetculture;inanotherword,itreferstothesensitivitytoculturaldiversity,i.e,theablitytobehaveinanapprop