2023年上海市英語高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)精講精練專題15：閱讀理解詞義猜測題高分技巧帶講解

?專題15閱讀理解詞義猜測題高分技巧+高考題型組合練_________________________________________________________________________________________考點(diǎn)精講考點(diǎn)精講詞義猜測題基本上是閱讀理解每年必考的題型。閱讀文章時(shí),常常會(huì)遇到一些未見過的詞,但這類生詞的詞義大都可以通過上下文推斷出來,這是閱讀理解中經(jīng)常檢測的一種能力。此類題型要求學(xué)生根據(jù)閱讀材料提供的信息,結(jié)合學(xué)習(xí)中積累的常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)生詞的含義、熟詞生義和短語、句子的含義加以猜測,以及對(duì)代詞的指代對(duì)象準(zhǔn)確定位。命題人要求猜測詞義的詞一般是實(shí)詞及其詞組。題型和考查角度：1.猜測生詞或熟詞生義。2.猜測短語的意義。3.猜測代替詞所替代的內(nèi)容。4.猜測句意。此類考題目要求考生能根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語的準(zhǔn)確含義。一般提問方式如下：1)Theword“ABC”inthepassageprobablymeans________.2)Theunderlinedword“ABC”inthepassagerefersto/means_______.3)Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph？4)Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans____．5)Theword"it（them）"inthefirstparagraphrefersto____．這種題型要求對(duì)文章中的劃線生詞進(jìn)行詞義猜測。這類題型不僅要求具備一定構(gòu)詞法，而且也要求對(duì)上下文具有比較全面的理解。做詞意猜測時(shí)，應(yīng)注意劃線生詞后面的定語從句、同位語從句。定語從句、同位語從句通常用來解釋生詞的詞意。另外，還要應(yīng)注意生詞后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)、引號(hào)、括號(hào)都可用于提示詞意。有時(shí)，詞意隱藏在全文或某一段中，這就需要把握文段的意境來加以透知該詞的含義。在高考閱讀題中，考生要在心目中樹立起上下文觀念，要學(xué)會(huì)"順藤摸瓜"，通過構(gòu)詞，語法，定義，同位，對(duì)比，因果，常識(shí)，上下文等線索確定詞義?！疽c(diǎn)梳理】考點(diǎn)一：單詞或短語意義猜測上下文猜詞義。猜測任何詞義都離不開上下文，所以要借助上下文對(duì)需要猜測的詞或短語進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推測?？衫孟铝蟹椒ǎ?1)根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測。有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。(2)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)下文緊跟一個(gè)同位語，對(duì)上文的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系對(duì)上文或下文的詞義或短語意義進(jìn)行猜測。(3)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行猜測。在英語中，有很多詞可以加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)新詞，如果掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)，就不難猜出它的詞義。(4)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。(5)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等可知上下句存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義?！?022虹口二?！縃avingbothisagoodideathoughitmaysoundextraredundant.Youdon’twanttoentirelyrelyontheCloud,justincaseyouloseaccesstoyouraccount,oriftheproviderclosesdown.Andyoudon’twanttorelyexclusivelyonofflinestorage,say,onaplug-inharddiskstoredatthebackofacupboard,becauseifdisasterstrikesthenyourback-upwillburndownalongsideyourcomputerandtherestofyourbelongings.37.Theunderlinedword“redundant”inparagraph3mostprobablymeans________.A.unnecessary B.demanding C.meaningful D.useless【答案】37.A【解析】詞句猜測題。A.unnecessary不必要的；B.demanding要求高的；C.meaningful有意義的；D.useless無用的。首先，劃線單詞所在句的“though”說明“good”和劃線單詞前后語義相對(duì)，說明劃線單詞是個(gè)貶義詞。該句本段的中心句，該段分別探討了只有線上備份和只有離線備份的數(shù)據(jù)丟失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)情況，由此推知，中心句講的是線上、離線雙備份這種方式看似冗余、不必要，但其實(shí)缺少了其中一種，數(shù)據(jù)丟失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都會(huì)加大，所以劃線單詞與A項(xiàng)語義接近。故選A項(xiàng)?！?022閔行二模】ThepopulationofrareAtlanticpuffinsinMaine,US,tookahitthisyear,asthenumberofchickstosurviveatoughsummercollapsed.Thestate'scoastalbaysandtheGulfofMaineareamongthefastestwarminglargewaterbodiesontheplanet,makingthepuffins'fateatest-caseforhowclimatechangecoulddisruptmarineecosystemsworldwide.56.Thephrase“tookahit”(inthe1stparagraph)probablymean“________”.A.sufferheavylosses B.escapebadfortuneC.increaseonalarge-scale D.declinemoderately【答案】56.A【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“asthenumberofchickstosurviveatoughsummercollapsed”可知，今年，在這個(gè)艱難的夏天生存下來的雛鳥數(shù)量銳減，所以美國緬因州稀有的大西洋海雀遭受重大損失。故畫線詞意思是“遭受重大損失”，故選A。【2022靜安二?！縎t.PetersburgenjoysawidevarietyofbarsmeantforthatoriginalRussianvodkaexperienceincludingthefamousbarryumochnaya.Thebarwasoriginallymeanttodefythemisbehavioroflabelingpeople.Itwasaplaceforeveryonetojustenjoyadrink.Abillionairecouldbesittinghappilynexttoaworker.41.Theunderlinedworddefyisclosestinmeaningto______.A.highlight B.imitate C.resist D.reward【答案】41.C【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后文“Itwasaplaceforeveryonetojustenjoyadrink.Abillionairecouldbesittinghappilynexttoaworker.(這是一個(gè)讓每個(gè)人都能享受一杯酒的地方。一個(gè)億萬富翁可以快樂地坐在一個(gè)工人旁邊。)”可知，每個(gè)人，不分等級(jí)都能在這里享受一杯酒，由此可知，這家酒吧抵制給人貼標(biāo)簽的不當(dāng)行為。所以劃線單詞defy為“抵制”之意。故選C?！?022徐匯二模】TheInternetischangingthewaywecommunicate.LOL,awks,amazeballs,BRB,theuseofemojiandemoticon—andevenwritingfacialexpressionssuchas‘sadface’—haveallbecomestandardindigitalcommunications.Soingrained,infact,thatthey’rechangingthewaywewriteandeventalk.56.Whatdoestheword“ingrained”inparagraph1mostprobablymean?A.Deep-rooted. B.Long-lasting. C.Well-equipped. D.Single-minded.【答案】56.A【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“TheInternetischangingthewaywecommunicate.LOL,awks,amazeballs,BRB,theuseofemojiandemoticon—andevenwritingfacialexpressionssuchas‘sadface’—haveallbecomestandardindigitalcommunications.(互聯(lián)網(wǎng)正在改變我們的交流方式。網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語（LOL，awks，amazeballs，BRB）和表情符號(hào)的使用甚至還有畫出的“悲傷的臉”等面部表情都已成為數(shù)字通信的標(biāo)準(zhǔn))”及下文“infact,thatthey’rechangingthewaywewriteandeventalk.(事實(shí)上，它們正在改變我們寫作甚至說話的方式)”可知，網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語和表情符號(hào)影響非常深遠(yuǎn)。由此可知，劃線詞與deep-rooted(根深蒂固的)意思接近。故選A項(xiàng)?！?021金山一?！縏hebuswasfull,bumpy,anditsoongotnoisyasherkidbegancryingbecausehecouldn’tsitnexttohismother.Therewereacoupleofopenseats,buttheyweren’ttogether.Shewasflusteredandlookedembarrassed.56.Theunderlinedword“flustered”inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto_______.A.angry B.anxious C.scared D.upset【答案】56.D【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段“Thebuswasfull,bumpy,anditsoongotnoisyasherkidbegancryingbecausehecouldn’tsitnexttohismother.Therewereacoupleofopenseats,buttheyweren’ttogether(巴士滿了人，顛簸不平，很快就變得很吵，因?yàn)樗暮⒆涌蘖似饋?，因?yàn)樗荒茏趮寢屌赃?。有兩個(gè)空位，但他們不在一起).”可知，她很心慌，顯得很尷尬。第二段中劃線詞“flustered”意思最接近于upset(不安的)，故選D。【2022浦東二?！縏oteaseapartthesefeaturesofemotionregulation,Varmadesignedanexperimentalsituationinwhichtheyputparticipantsintoan“emotioninduction(引導(dǎo))”treatment.Participantsreadastorythatwasintendedtocauseanegativeemotionsuchasahit-and-runcaraccidentorthedeathofyourdog.64.Theunderlinedphrase“teaseapart”(Para3,Line1)isclosestinmeaningto_________.A.identify B.combine C.emphasize D.dominate【答案】64.A【解析】短語猜測題。結(jié)合劃線部分后“Varmadesignedanexperimentalsituationinwhichtheyputparticipantsintoan‘emotioninduction(引導(dǎo))’treatment(Varma設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)情境，讓參與者接受‘情緒引導(dǎo)’治療)”及下一段中提到的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果“PeoplewithBPDwereequaltothecontrolparticipantsinthenegativityoftheirexpressedemotion,theintensityofthatemotion,andeventhewordstheyusedtodescribetheiremotions.(BPD患者表達(dá)情緒的消極程度，情緒的強(qiáng)度，甚至他們用來描述自己情緒的詞匯，都與對(duì)照組的參與者相同)”可推知，Varma的試驗(yàn)?zāi)康氖鞘崂砬榫w調(diào)節(jié)的特征，teaseapart意為“梳理，確認(rèn)”，故選A項(xiàng)?！?016上海高考】NervoussuspectslockedupinBritain'snewestpolicestationmayfeelrelievedbyapleasantyellowcolouronthedoor.Iftheyareclosetoconfessingacrime,theblueonthewallmighttipthebalance.56.Theexpression“tipthebalance”inparagraph1probablyindicatesthatthebluemight_________.A.letsuspectskeeptheirbalance.B.makesuspectscoldandunfriendlyinlawcourt.C.helpsuspectstoconfesstheircrimes.D.enablesuspectstochangetheirattitudestocolours.【答案】C【解析】短語猜測題。根據(jù)Nervoussuspects(嫌疑犯)lockedupinBritain'snewestpolicestationmayfeelrelievedbyapleasantyellowcolouronthedoor.Iftheyareclosetoconfessingacrime,theblueonthewallmighttipthebalance可知，黃色和藍(lán)色是讓人放松心情的顏色，所以在坦白罪行的時(shí)候能夠緩解情緒，有利于罪行的交代，故選C?？键c(diǎn)二：猜測代替詞所替代的內(nèi)容就近原則找指代。猜測代替詞的指代內(nèi)容，要求判斷代詞(it,one,they,this,that,these,those,which等)或助動(dòng)詞(do,does,did等)具體替代什么?？砂匆韵氯竭M(jìn)行：返回原文，找到指代詞→向上(有時(shí)向下)搜索，找最近的名詞、代詞，短語或句子→將找到的詞、詞組或句子代入替代該指代詞，看意思和邏輯關(guān)系是否通順，從而確定最佳選項(xiàng)?！?022寶山二?！緽utbewarned:Someescaperoomsareextraordinarybecausetheyareintense.Welearnedthatthehardwaywhenweinvitedalargegroupoffriendstoone.Someofthemhadnevertriedanescaperoombefore.Theywerealittlenervous,butweassuredthemthatescaperoomsarerelaxingandfun.“Theyaren’tscaryortoohighpressure,”wesaid.Well,wewerewrong.Itturnsoutsomeareabitoverthetop,butweenjoyedthat,too!Thereisnothinglikethefeelingofsolvingproblemsasateam.62.Whatdoestheword“They”inboldinthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Thewriter’sfriends. B.Thecompanies.C.Escaperooms. D.Theproblems.【答案】62.C【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Someofthemhadnevertriedanescaperoombefore.Theywerealittlenervous,butweassuredthemthatescaperoomsarerelaxingandfun.(他們當(dāng)中有一些從來沒有玩過密室逃脫。他們有點(diǎn)緊張，但是我們向他們保證密室脫逃讓人放松且有趣。)”可知，我的一些朋友害怕玩密室逃脫，因此作者試圖說服他們放寬心去玩，密室逃脫一點(diǎn)都不可怕。所以“They”指的是“密室逃脫”。故選C項(xiàng)。【2017閔行一?！縏heyswimlovelyalongtheshore,lookingforunderwatergreenstofeedon.Butthesedays,alongFlorida’swesterncoast,somethingismixingwiththeseagrassthatmanatees(海牛)liketoeat.Andit’smakingthemsick-evenkillingthem.56.Theword“them”(inthe1stparagraph)probablyrefersto“________”.A.underwatergreens B.algae C.manatees D.endangeredanimals【答案】C【解析】詞義猜測題。句意：但在最近日子里，沿著佛羅里達(dá)的西海岸與海草混合著海牛喜歡吃東西。而這正是海牛致病的東西，甚至殺了他們。此處“then”指代句子前文部分出現(xiàn)的“manatees(海牛)”。故選C。考點(diǎn)三：句意猜測題意義吻合推句意。句意猜測要求通過閱讀文章，用合適的語句對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。具體技巧如下：(1)返回原文，找到該句，對(duì)原句進(jìn)行語法和邏輯關(guān)系分析。對(duì)于需要猜測句意的情形，首先要理解句子的前后特定語境，然后根據(jù)語境對(duì)此句在文中的意思進(jìn)行有依據(jù)的推理，最后再進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，得出答案。(2)一般來說，正確選項(xiàng)的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不過是用其他的詞匯或句式來轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)而已?！?022徐匯二?！縏hefastestgrowing‘newlanguage’intheworldisemoticons(faces)andemojis(imagesofobjects,whichhailfromJapan),whichareoneofthebiggestchangescausedbydigitalcommunications.“Facialexpressions,visualpresenceandbodylanguagehavealwaysbeenvitaltobeingaconfidentspeaker,butnowemojisareblurringthelinesbetweenverbalandwrittencommunication,”thinksKermode,whoaddsthatcavemenhadearlyversionsofemojisonthesidesoftheircaves.“Pictures,cartoonsoremojisare‘shortcuts’sowecanbeclearaboutwhatourmessagereallymeans.”57.Whichofthefollowingstatementcorrectlyinterpretstheunderlinedsentencebutnowemojisareblurringthelinesbetweenverbalandwrittencommunicationinparagraph5?A.Emojisaremixingupthespokenwordsandthewrittenwordsinourdailyconversations.B.Emojisaremakingthedifferencesbetweenspokenandwrittencommunicationlessclear.C.Emojisareinlinewithspokenandwrittenexpressions.D.Emojisarehelpingspokenandwrittencommunicationbecomemorestraight-forward.【答案】57.B【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第五段的“Facialexpressions,visualpresenceandbodylanguagehavealwaysbeenvitaltobeingaconfidentspeaker,butnowemojisareblurringthelinesbetweenverbalandwrittencommunication,(面部表情、視覺存在和肢體語言一直是成為一個(gè)自信的說話者的關(guān)鍵，但現(xiàn)在表情符號(hào)模糊了口頭和書面交流之間的界限)”可知，劃線句子的意思是“表情符號(hào)使口頭和書面交流之間的差異變得不那么清晰了”。故選B項(xiàng)?！?018奉賢二模】Breathtakingsceneryandfamoussightseverywhere.FromthelegendaryIslandofCapritothehauntingruinsofPompeii,andfromtheunforgettable“AmalfiDrive”tothedelightfulresortsofPositano,SorrentoandRavello,theareaisafeastfortheeyes!Shouldyouchoosetojoinus,weknowthatyouwillnotbedisappointed!62.Theunderlinedpart“theareaisafeastfortheeyes”inthepassagemeans__________.

A.theareaispleasingtotheeye

B.theareaisreallyunforgettableC.theareacatchesthetourists’eye

D.theareaiscrowdedwithtourists【答案】A【解析】句子理解題。根據(jù)這一段中“Breathtaking

scenery

and

famous

sights

everywhere

.可猜測出the

areaisafeastfor

the

eyes的意思是“這個(gè)地方非常令人賞心悅目，故選A?！?019青浦期末】Londonresolvedtoliveafull，excitinglife．Heoncesaid，"Iwouldratherbeasuperbmeteor（流星），everyatomofmeinmagnificentglow，thanasleepyandpermanentplanet．"Eachday，hepushedhimself．OnceLondondeterminedthathewasgoingtobeawriter，nothingcouldstophim．Hisgoalwastowriteatleastonethousandwordseveryday．Herefusedtostopevenwhenhewassick．Ineighteenyears，thewriterpublishedfifty﹣onebooksandhundredsofarticles．Hewasthebest﹣sellingandhighest﹣paidauthorofhisday．Manypeoplealsoconsideredhimtobethebestwriter．WhiteFangandTheCalloftheWildarehismostfamousstoriesandareaboutsurvivingintheAlaskanwilderness．ReaderscanenjoyJackLondon'senergyandhistalentfortellingwonderfulstorieseachtimetheyopenoneofhisnovels．TheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphindicatesthatJackLondon．A．isexpertatuniverse．B．a(chǎn)imshighandstrivetosucceed．C．isexcitedaboutlifeifthewildness．D．faceachoicebetweenlifeanddeath．【答案】B【解析】句子理解。根據(jù)最后一段Heoncesaid，"Iwouldratherbeasuperbmeteor（流星），everyatomofmeinmagnificentglow，thanasleepyandpermanentplanet．"Eachday，hepushedhimself．他曾說："我寧愿成為一顆卓越的流星，我的每一個(gè)原子都在燦爛的光輝中，也不愿成為一個(gè)沉睡的、永恒的行星．"每天，他都在鞭策自己．可知暗示JackLondon要制定高遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)奮斗到成功，故選B．_____重點(diǎn)小練【例1】(2021·全國甲卷·C篇)Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(橫桿),Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe！重點(diǎn)小練9．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe!Safe!Safe！”probablymean?A．Becareful!B．Welldone!C．Noway! D．Don'tworry!【答案】B【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.(那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大聲歡呼。由此可推知，畫線詞指“落地技巧完美，干得漂亮”。故選B?！纠?】(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷·C篇)Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A．Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B．TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C．WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D．WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.【答案】D【解析】指代判斷題。上文提到了Bissell(比塞爾)寫了一篇關(guān)于咸海消失的文章，然后畫線詞所在句提到他的訪問最終涉及的事遠(yuǎn)不止這個(gè)，因而才有了ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia這本書。由此可知，畫線詞that指的是“寫有關(guān)咸海的文章”。故選D。【例3】(2019·浙江高考·B篇)Moneywithnostringsattached.It'snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”24．Whatdoestheexpression“Moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A．Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B．Moneynotlegallymade.C．Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.D．Moneynottiedtogether.【答案】C【解析】句意猜測題。根據(jù)本段中的“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.(盡你所能，取你所需。)”可知，此處“Moneywithnostringsattached”的意思是“無條件地提供錢”。故選C?！纠?】(2019·全國高考·B篇)Iguessthatthere’sprobablysomedemandingworkschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppinguptohelpforanunknownsport.Shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.SoItryagainandtugattheheartstrings.ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren’tevenon…Atthispointtheunwillingparentspeaksup,“Alright.Yes,I’lldoit.”57.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“tugattheheartstrings”inparagraph2mean?A.Encourageteamwork. B.Appealtofeelings.C.Promotegooddeeds. D.Provideadvice.[解析]詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線前句shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.和下面的一句話ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren’tevenon...可知，作者為了勸服這位家長，舉了兩個(gè)例子。故可知，劃線句此處應(yīng)是“煽情”之意。故選B。_____好題必測好題必測Nothingsucceedslikesuccess,aseveryparentofastraight-Astudentknows,buttryingtostressacademicexcellencebytellingyourchild,“You’resosmart!”maybecounterproductive.Why?Accordingtoa2017study,childrenwhothinktheirintelligenceisfixedarelesslikelytopayattentiontoandbounceback（重新振作）frommistakesthanchildrenwhothinkintelligencecangrowandchange.Inthestudy,researcherslookedat123children.Theteamassessedthechildrentodeterminewhethertheyhada“growthmindset”(believingthatyoucanworkhardertogetsmarter),ora“fixedmindset”(believingthatyourintelligenceisunabletochange).Theythenaskedthechildrentocompleteafast-pacedcomputeraccuracytaskwhiletheirbrainactivitywasrecorded.Duringtherecording,researchersnotedthatbrainactivitystoppedwithinahalf-secondaftermakingamistake,aschildrenbecameawareoftheirmistakeandpaidcloserattentiontowhatwentwrong.Thelargerthebrainresponsewas,themorethechildfocusedonthemistake.Basedonthedata,theyconcludedthatchildrenwitha“growthmindset”weremuchmorelikelytohavealargerbrainresponseaftermakingamistake.Whilechildrenwitha“fixedmindset”wereableto“bounceback”,onlyiftheygavetheirfullattentiontothemistake.Forparents,thelessonsareclear.Don’tpayyourchildrencomplimentsthatsuggestthatintelligenceisfixed.IfyourchildhandsyouanA+score,don’tsay,“You’resosmart!”Instead,say,“Wow,thatstudyingreallypaidoff!”or“Youclearlymasteredthismaterial-waytogo!”Notetheeffort,nottheintelligence.Besides,manyparentshyawayfromaddressingachild’smistakes,tellingthem“It’sOK.”You’llgetitnexttime.”withoutofferingthemthechancestofigureoutwhatgoeswrong.Instead,it’sbettertoreassureyourchildrenthatmistakeshappen,andworktofigureoutwhereandhowtheymakethemistake.9．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“counterproductive”underlinedinparagraph1?A．Opposite B．CompetitiveC．Successful D．Unknown10．Howdidthechildrenwitha“growthmindset”reactinthestudy?A．Theymadefewermistakes. B．TheytriedtoavoidmistakesC．Theyhadsmallerbrainresponse D．Theyfocusedmoreonthemistake.11．Whatshouldparentssaywhenchildrenmakeamistakeaccordingtothetext?A．YouaresocarelessB．PayingcomplimentstochildrenC．You’llgetitthenexttimeD．Let’sfindouthowyoumadeit.12．Whatshouldbeavoidedaccordingtothestudy?A．Overstressingtheintelligence.B．Paycomplimenttochildren.C．Addressingchildren’smistakes.D．Offeringchancestofindmistakes.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章通過實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果說明在孩子的成長過程中，不應(yīng)該過度地強(qiáng)調(diào)智力的重要性。9．A【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第一段“Nothingsucceedslikesuccess,aseveryparentofastraight-Astudentknows,buttryingtostressacademicexcellencebytellingyourchild,“You’resosmart!”(沒有什么比成功更成功的了，每一個(gè)全優(yōu)生的父母都知道，但試圖通過告訴孩子“你太聰明了!”來強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)業(yè)上的優(yōu)秀，可能會(huì)counterproductive。)”可知每個(gè)全優(yōu)生的父母都知道成功的意義，結(jié)合but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，所以試圖通過告訴孩子“你很聰明”來達(dá)到讓孩子學(xué)業(yè)優(yōu)秀的目的，可能會(huì)得到相反的結(jié)果，由此可推知counterproductive指的是“相反的”意思。故選A項(xiàng)。10．D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thelargerthebrainresponsewas,themorethechildfocusedonthemistake.Basedonthedata,theyconcludedthatchildrenwitha“growthmindset”weremuchmorelikelytohavealargerbrainresponseaftermakingamistake.（大腦的反應(yīng)越大，孩子對(duì)錯(cuò)誤的關(guān)注就越大?；谶@些數(shù)據(jù)，他們得出結(jié)論，具有“成長型思維模式”的兒童在犯錯(cuò)后更有可能有更大的大腦反應(yīng)。）”可知，“成長心態(tài)”兒童在研究中更關(guān)注的是錯(cuò)誤。故選D項(xiàng)。11．D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Instead,it’sbettertoreassureyourchildrenthatmistakeshappen,andworktofigureoutwhereandhowtheymakethemistake.（相反，最好是讓你的孩子知道錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生了，并找出他們在哪里犯了錯(cuò)誤，是如何犯的。）”可知，當(dāng)孩子犯了錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，父母應(yīng)該說“讓我們看看你是怎么出錯(cuò)的?！惫蔬xD項(xiàng)。12．A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Accordingtoa2017study,childrenwhothinktheirintelligenceisfixedarelesslikelytopayattentiontoandbouncebackfrommistakesthanchildrenwhothinkintelligencecangrowandchange.”可知，據(jù)2017年的一項(xiàng)研究，認(rèn)為自己的智力是固定的孩子比認(rèn)為智力可以成長和改變的孩子更不可能關(guān)注錯(cuò)誤并從錯(cuò)誤中恢復(fù)過來。由此推知，我們應(yīng)該避免過度強(qiáng)調(diào)智力。故選A項(xiàng)。BSerenaWilliamsBiography(1981-)WhoIsSerenaWilliams?SerenaWilliamsisanAmericanprofessionaltennisplayerwhohasheldthetopspotintheWomen'sTennisAssociation(WTA)rankingsnumeroustimesoverhercareer.Shewonherfirstmajorchampionshipin1999andcompletedthecareerGrandSlamin2003.Alongwithherindividualsuccess,SerenahasteamedwithsisterVenusWilliamstowinaseriesofdoublestitles.EarlyLifeandFamilySerenaWilliamswasbornonSeptember26,1981,inSaginaw,Michigan.TheyoungestofRichard'sfivedaughters,SerenaandhersisterVenuswouldgrowuptobecomegreattennischampions.Serena'sfather—aformersharecropperfromLouisianadeterminedtoseehistwoyoungestgirlssucceed—usedwhathe'dcollectedfromtennisbooksandvideostoinstructSerenaandVenusonhowtoplaythegame.Attheageofthree,practicingonacourtnotfarfromthefamily'snewCompton,California,home,Serenaenduredthehardshipofdailytwo-hourdemandingpracticesfromherfather.TheWilliamsSistersWiththeirsignaturestyleandplay,VenusandSerenachangedthelookoftheirsport.Theirsheerpowerandathleticabilityoverwhelmedopponents,andtheirsenseofstyleandpresencemadethemstandoutcelebritiesonthecourt.Theclose-knitsisterslivedtogetherformorethanadozenyearsinagatedPalmBeachGardensregioninFlorida,buttheywenttheirseparatewaysafterSerenaboughtamansioninnearbyJupiterinDecember2013.In1999,SerenabeatouthersisterVenusintheirracetothefamily'sfirstGrandSlamwinwhenshecapturedtheU.S.Opentitle.Itsetthestageforarunofhigh-powered,high-profilevictoriesforbothWilliamssisters.'TheSerenaSlam'In1995Serenaturnedpro.In2002,SerenawontheFrenchOpen,theU.S.Open,andWimbledon,defeatingsisterVenusinthefinalsofeachtournament.ShecapturedherfirstAustralianOpenin2003,makingheroneofonlysixwomenintheOpeneratocompleteacareerGrandSlam.Thewinalsofulfilledherdesiretoholdallfourmajortitlesatthesametimetomakeupwhatshe'dcalled"TheSerenaSlam."40.WhatcanwelearnabouttheWilliamssistersfromthepassage?A.SerenalivestogetherwithVenus.B.SerenaandVenusaretwinsisters.C.TheWilliamssistersoutstoodbeyondtheirtalents.D.SerenadefeatedVenuswinningherfirstchampionship.41.Accordingtothe2ndand3rdpartsofthepassage,whichstatementistrue?A.Serenausedtoreceiveverystricttrainingwhenshewasachild.B.TheWilliamssistersmanagedtocopytheiropponentsstyles.C.Serenaboughtherselfahouseattheageof30inMichigan.D.SerenaandVenusarehostiletoeachother.42.Whatdoes"TheSerenaSlam"meanaccordingtothepassage?A.SerenawonherfirstAustralianOpenin2003.B.SerenawonthechampionshipsinthefourOpeninarow.C.SerenadefeatedhersisterVenusinthefinalsofeachtournament.D.SerenabecamethefirstintheOpeneratocompleteacareerGrandSlam.【答案】40.C41.A42.B【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了美國職業(yè)網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員小威廉姆斯的成長經(jīng)歷和所取得的成就?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“TheyoungestofRichard'sfivedaughters,SerenaandhersisterVenuswouldgrowuptobecomegreattennischampions.”（理查德五個(gè)女兒中最小的塞雷娜和她的姐姐維納斯長大后都成為了偉大的網(wǎng)球冠軍。）可推知，威廉斯姐妹的才華超群。故選C?！?1題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Attheageofthree,practicingonacourtnotfarfromthefamily'snewCompton,California,home,Serenaenduredthehardshipofdailytwo-hourdemandingpracticesfromherfather.”（三歲的時(shí)候，塞蕾娜就在離他們家加州新康普頓不遠(yuǎn)的球場上練習(xí)，每天都要忍受著父親兩個(gè)小時(shí)的艱苦訓(xùn)練。）可知，塞蕾娜小時(shí)候接受過非常嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練。故選A?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“ShecapturedherfirstAustralianOpenin2003,makingheroneofonlysixwomenintheOpeneratocompleteacareerGrandSlam.Thewinalsofulfilledherdesiretoholdallfourmajortitlesatthesametimetomakeupwhatshe'dcalled"TheSerenaSlam."”（2003年，她首次獲得澳網(wǎng)公開賽冠軍，成為公開賽時(shí)代僅有的六名完成職業(yè)生涯大滿貫賽事的女性之一。這場勝利也滿足了她同時(shí)獲得四大冠軍頭銜的愿望，她稱之為“塞雷娜大滿貫”。）可推知，“塞雷娜大滿貫”是指指塞雷娜連續(xù)在四項(xiàng)網(wǎng)球公開賽中獲得冠軍。故選B。CIn2012,JamesCameron,creatorofAvatarandTitanic,becamethefirstpersontoreachtheChallengerDeep.WhenhearrivedatthedeepestspotonEarthat7milesbelowsealevel,hespenthoursmappingtheregionandtakingphotosandsamples.“Ashumanbeings,we’redrawntoabsolutes—thedeepest,thehighest,thecoldest,thefarthest,”hesays.“Andasastorytellerandcuriousmonkey,Ijustwantedtoseewhatwasthere.”Theanswerisobvious—plasticandmore.“Ourso-calledcivilizationisusingtheoceanasitstoilet,”Cameronsays.“Unlessthischanges,oceanecosystemsaregoingtocontinuetheirrapidcollapse.”Despitedecadesofenvironmentalstudies,theimpactofplasticandotherformsofpollutiononoceansarenotentirelyunderstood.Initialstudiesappeartoindicatethatingesting(攝取)them—eitherdirectlyorindirectly—couldcausedisease.Plasticscanalsoreleasepoisonoussubstancesintothewater,whichcouldpotentiallyimpactanimalpopulations.Butplasticisjustoneoftheproblemsfacingoceansthathaveyettobefullyunderstood.“Plasticwasteintheoceanishorrifyingbutisonlythemostobviousofourmanydeadlywastestreams,whichincludecarbonthat’sheatingtheatmosphereandmakingtheoceanacidic,andtherun-offnutrientsfromalltheworld’sagriculture,whichiscausinganoxic(缺氧)deadzonesthesizeofcountries,”Cameronsays.Oceans,liketherestoftheworld,areimpactedbytheburningoffossilfuelsandthereleaseofgreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxide—about30percentofwhichisabsorbedbythesea.Thisabsorptioncausesoceanacidi?cation,wherethepHlevelisalteredtobecomemoreacidic.Asaresult,it’sharderforsomecreaturestoformshellsandskeletonsandcountlessspeciesatthebaseofthefoodwebcanstruggletosurvive,which,scientistssay,hasthepotentialtocausehugedisruptionstoentireecosystems.Indeed,oceanacidi?cationisthoughttohaveplayedanimportantroleinEarth’sworst-evermassextinctionevent252millionyearsago.Theeffectofclimatechangeontheworld’soceanswilllikelyworsenincomingdecades.LastJune,scientistsannouncedcarbondioxidelevelshadreachedthehighestlevelssincehumanrecordsbegan.ThelasttimecarbondioxidelevelswerethishighwasduringthePlioceneera,between3and5millionyearsago,whenglobaltemperatureswereabout4degreesCelsiuswarmerthantheyaretoday.Currentclimatemodelssuggestthatifgreenhousegasemissionscontinueontheircurrenttrend,wemaybeoncoursetosee4degreesofwarmingby2100.Asaresult,understandingtheroleoceanshaveonglobalsystemsisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.36.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A.Theauthor’sfeelingstotheocean. B.Cameron’smoviesandremarks.C.Theauthor’sdiscoveriesunderthesea. D.Cameron’sobservationandconcern.37.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Severalcountriesaresufferingfromanoxicdeadzones.B.Moreconcernshould