外文翻譯-抗側(cè)向荷載的結(jié)構(gòu)體系

StructuralsystemstoresistlateralloadsCommonlyusedstructuralsystemsWithloadsmeasuredintensofthousandskips,thereislittleroominthedesignofhigh-risebuildingsforexcessivelycomplexthoughts.Indeed,thebetterhigh-risebuildingscarrytheuniversaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtandclarityofexpression.Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomforgrandthoughts.Indeed,itiswithsuchgrandthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhigh-risebuildingshasevolved.Perhapsmoreimportant,thenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohavebecomecommonplaceintoday’stechnology.Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstruction,themostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhigh-risebuildingscanbecategorizedasfollows:Moment-resistingframes.Bracedframes,includingeccentricallybracedframes.Shearwalls,includingsteelplateshearwalls.Tube-in-tubestructures.Tube-in-tubestructures.Core-interactivestructures.Cellularorbundled-tubesystems.Particularlywiththerecenttrendtowardmorecomplexforms,butinresponsealsototheneedforincreasedstiffnesstoresisttheforcesfromwindandearthquake,mosthigh-risebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframes,bracedbents,shearwalls,andrelatedsystems.Further,forthetallerbuildings,themajoritiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthree-dimensionalarrays.Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessforhigh-risebuildings.Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmental,functional,andcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights.Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture.Tothecontrary,manyexamplesoffinearchitecturehavebeencreatedwithonlymoderatesupportfromthestructuralengineer,whileonlyfinestructure,notgreatarchitecture,canbedevelopedwithoutthegeniusandtheleadershipofatalentedarchitect.Inanyevent,thebestofbothisneededtoformulateatrulyextraordinarydesignofahigh-risebuilding.Whilecomprehensivediscussionsofthesesevensystemsaregenerallyavailableintheliterature,furtherdiscussioniswarrantedhere.Theessenceofthedesignprocessisdistributedthroughoutthediscussion.Moment-ResistingFramesPerhapsthemostcommonlyusedsysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings,themoment-resistingframe,ischaracterizedbylinearhorizontalandverticalmembersconnectedessentiallyrigidlyattheirjoints.Suchframesareusedasastand-alonesystemorincombinationwithothersystemssoastoprovidetheneededresistancetohorizontalloads.Inthetallerofhigh-risebuildings,thesystemislikelytobefoundinappropriateforastand-alonesystem,thisbecauseofthedifficultyinmobilizingsufficientstiffnessunderlateralforces.AnalysiscanbeaccomplishedbySTRESS,STRUDL,orahostofotherappropriatecomputerprograms;analysisbytheso-calledportalmethodofthecantilevermethodhasnoplaceintoday’stechnology.殲Beca晌use思o(jì)ft癢hei捷ntri伴nsic使fle絨xibi榮lity豎of拴the賢colu迎mn/g某irde夠rin鉤ters獻(xiàn)ecti何on,鹿and呆beca劣use羊prel來(lái)imin硬ary詢(xún)desi川gns臂shou猛lda晃imt濃ohi獄ghli立ght跨weak乎ness介eso豆fsy南stem射s,i唯tis光not杰unu廟sual哭to魂use扮cent擠er-t床o-ce墾nter渣dim顯ensi喪ons離for早the懂fram違ein悶the憤pre辣limi國(guó)nary飾ana淚lysi崖s.O瞎fco戶(hù)urse頂,in窄the遺lat院ter嚼phas駱eso箱fde媽sign漠,a罪real批isti腎cap鴉prai占sal得in-j聯(lián)oint鄭def廢orma政tion賀is烈esse濕ntia綠l.樸Brac幣edF瓜rame對(duì)s叮The絨brac簽edf醬rame蹈,in勸trin隊(duì)sica鑼lly棉stif事fer僅than雞the荷mom猛ent張–冠resi晶stin銀gfr印ame,睡fin旦dsa康lso勿grea閉ter旁appl導(dǎo)icat篩ion野toh錫ighe叔r-ri輔seb拍uild笨ings翠.Th把esy映stem醒is吉char或acte熊rize尊dby漸lin尊ear悠hori四zont貧al,起vert訴ical競(jìng),an叢ddi貿(mào)agon融alm蘇embe攜rs,床conn努ecte日dsi藍(lán)mply之or坡rigi與dly腰att航heir笑joi隊(duì)nts.再I(mǎi)t萍isu豈sed太comm縮only疾in紗conj接unct幸ion脖with昂oth化ers只yste仆msf涌ort聞alle儲(chǔ)rbu致ildi盆ngs摩and緒asa繭sta泊nd-a叢lone崗sys話(huà)tem敵inl參ow-t支ome肝dium柔-ris蘭ebu睬ildi喉ngs.湊Whil醒eth索eus腫eof棟str栽u(píng)ctu詠ral扯stee主lin攻bra基ced屑fram成esi蠶sco紀(jì)mmon困,co購(gòu)ncre蘋(píng)tef戀rame政sar污emo減rel淹ikel浩yto看be識(shí)oft悼hel進(jìn)arge寄r-sc粉ale露vari珠ety.咐Ofs況peci淚ali巖nter科est旬ina始reas垃of途high隙囑seis讀m樂(lè)i冤city福is斷the僑use響oft歉hee拒ccen份tric免bra碧ced劃fram柜e.傅A(chǔ)gai事n,a耽naly忠sis蛾can壯beb險(xiǎn)yST歇RESS評(píng),ST噸RUDL香,or炮any哲one毛of度ase軋ries絲of牛two炮–姻ort于hree喜巧dime匯nsio割nal決ana隙lysi恢sco襖mput椒erp跪rogr據(jù)ams.邁And竄aga乒in,呀cent銹er-t冊(cè)o-ce萌nter米dim宴ensi劫ons裳a(bǔ)re擋used齊com鈴monl鞭yin舟the獵pre憂(yōu)limi找nary致ana截lysi貍s.塊She選arw腥alls枝The軟shea仍rwa對(duì)lli陣sye澇tan晝othe溝rst勝epf煩orwa紀(jì)rda布long賽ap代rogr友essi鑼ono艦fev票er-s積tiff隔ers徑truc報(bào)tura親lsy擠stem燒s.T當(dāng)hes雹yste襯mis緒cha琴ract償eriz幸edb茂yre基lati攏vely妖thi玉n,g記ener霉ally悉(bu美tno品t際alwa懇ys)霜conc剝r(jià)ete鉤ele胳ment那sth特atp返rovi絲deb脫oth湊stru磨ctur消als浮tren討gth卻and豈sepa依rati軋onb提etwe稍enb押uild軍ing渠func駕tion偷s.穩(wěn)Inh站igh-霉rise司bui球ldin秒gs,峽shea螺rwa潮lls膜yste威mst炎end蛾toh殊ave根are狗lati想vely聚hig們has該pect隨rat魯io,漂that昏is,遠(yuǎn)the勿irh圈eigh岔tte戴nds疼tob涼ela慶rge助comp音ared炮to耕thei陰rwi硬dth.廁Lac浸king跪ten額sion裹in忌the誦foun森dati鳥(niǎo)ons憲yste溜m,a上nys繼truc蹲tura燦lel猴emen捎tis標(biāo)lim紀(jì)ited肉in煌its元abil嶼ity岸tor踩esis滔tov杜ertu勺rnin池gmo邀ment奪by鉤the郊widt宮hof纏the貨sys呀tem抬and冷byt光heg宮ravi讓tyl右oad蒸supp貍orte察dby惱the鄙ele忙ment線(xiàn).Li促mite襪dto勾an致arro取wov帳ertu互rnin老g,O靈neo技bvio掙usu仙seo遙fth雜esy炕stem洞,wh撐ich搶does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聲ems聚need席to從have怨thi蓋sdi淚ffer吸enti捉ald殃efle揪ctio白nre華conc市iled坊.肆M蓮ajor羽str側(cè)uctu找ral海work啟has洪bee惜nfo鬼und貴tob齡ene耍eded梅at牙such墻loc饞atio貪ns.隨Ina方tle同ast勇one寄buil季ding吹,th戲eRi座alto潔Pro繪ject島,Me孕l(wèi)bou絞rne,伯the癢str鎖uctu托ral脆engi驚neer壓fou撈ndi配tne屬cess殊ary小to億vert苗ical緊ly賤pre段-str單ess憤the違lowe欠rhe光ight敘col悟umns輛so道ast揚(yáng)ore奮conc抖ile矮the依diff礦eren勝tial貼def觀(guān)lect示ions決of迷colu紐mns請(qǐng)inc烈lose銹pro陽(yáng)ximi涉tyw壩ith故the媽post貨-ten祝sion藍(lán)ing憐oft熔hes倚hort息erc氏olum厚nsi喊mula螺ting煩the譜wei怪ght悉tob貨ead惑ded貸ont智oad要jace扶nt,距high嚇erc奇olum璃ns.鈔抗側(cè)向荷鋸載的結(jié)構(gòu)煮體系絞常用的結(jié)叢構(gòu)體系周若已測(cè)出妥荷載量達(dá)民數(shù)千萬(wàn)磅儀重，那么悠在高層建鍛筑設(shè)計(jì)中梁就沒(méi)有多剩少可以進(jìn)濟(jì)行極其復(fù)票雜的構(gòu)思見(jiàn)余地了。財(cái)確實(shí)，較疾好的高層申建筑普遍底具有構(gòu)思緞簡(jiǎn)單、表膝現(xiàn)明晰的窗特點(diǎn)。愧這并不是雄說(shuō)沒(méi)有進(jìn)甘行宏觀(guān)構(gòu)粥思的余地打。實(shí)際上甘，正是因伴為有了這憂(yōu)種宏觀(guān)的腸構(gòu)思，新傘奇的高層憑建筑體系懸才得以發(fā)旨展，可能殺更重要的跳是：幾年繁以前才出壁現(xiàn)的一些兩新概念在友今天的技叛術(shù)中已經(jīng)秧變得平常叫了。盾如果忽略粒一些與建鑰筑材料密咬切相關(guān)的甚概念不談耍，高層建裙筑里最為隱常用的結(jié)渣構(gòu)體系便銅可分為如吵下幾類(lèi)：鄭抗彎矩框秋架。夠支撐框架稅，包括偏牛心支撐框咽架。級(jí)剪力墻，泊包括鋼板感剪力墻。葉筒中框架豎。拘筒中筒結(jié)蘋(píng)構(gòu)。恨核心交互販結(jié)構(gòu)。燭框格體系宴或束筒體查系。殺特別是由牧于最近趨格向于更復(fù)宵雜的建筑辯形式，同松時(shí)也需要秀增加剛度劫以抵抗幾短力和地震霧力，大多難數(shù)高層建齡筑都具有艘由框架、教支撐構(gòu)架教、剪力墻限和相關(guān)體閥系相結(jié)合邁而構(gòu)成的界體系。而異且，就較等高的建筑敗物而言，郵大多數(shù)都曬是由交互如式構(gòu)件組佛成三維陳木列。鋒將這些構(gòu)欺件結(jié)合起告來(lái)的方法另正是高層唐建筑設(shè)計(jì)虧方法的本菊質(zhì)。其結(jié)移合方式需棋要在考慮蠶環(huán)境、功鉤能和費(fèi)用坊后再發(fā)展瑞，以便提疼供促使建彎筑發(fā)展達(dá)滋到新高度只的有效結(jié)培構(gòu)。這并細(xì)不是說(shuō)富陣于想象力置的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)門(mén)計(jì)就能夠恰創(chuàng)造出偉判大建筑。掘正相反，飽有許多例奏優(yōu)美的建煩筑僅得到剝結(jié)構(gòu)工程基師適當(dāng)?shù)幕闹С志捅恢苿?chuàng)造出來(lái)夜了，然而棕，如果沒(méi)葬有天賦甚愁厚的建筑彩師的創(chuàng)造吧力的指導(dǎo)筍，那么，聲得以發(fā)展對(duì)的就只能丟是好的結(jié)新構(gòu)，并非陳是偉大的畏建筑。無(wú)厘論如何，濕要想創(chuàng)造硬出高層建千筑真正非陸凡的設(shè)計(jì)飼，兩者都勉需要最好金的。全雖然在文膀獻(xiàn)中通常輝可以見(jiàn)到酸有關(guān)這七迎種體系的錯(cuò)全面性討款論，但是論在這里還揉值得進(jìn)一城步討論。虜設(shè)計(jì)方法固的本質(zhì)貫留穿于整個(gè)瞇討論。設(shè)尺計(jì)方法的尸本質(zhì)貫穿援于整個(gè)討真論中。稈抗彎矩框微架諒抗彎矩框泄架也許是販低，中高釀度的建筑崖中常用的戒體系，它摟具有線(xiàn)性挎水平構(gòu)件溪和垂直構(gòu)喝件在接頭訴處基本剛挖接之特點(diǎn)泳。這種框汽架用作獨(dú)偉立的體系紅，或者和爬其他體系脆結(jié)合起來(lái)房使用，以弦便提供所診需要水平馳荷載抵抗綢力。對(duì)于友較高的高哨層建筑，寇可能會(huì)發(fā)紹現(xiàn)該本系影不宜作為瞎獨(dú)立體系障，這是因簡(jiǎn)為在側(cè)向遣力的作用負(fù)下難以調(diào)竭動(dòng)足夠的夾剛度。假我們可以物利宿用類(lèi)STRE惡S相S冷，然STRU煙DL洲暢或者其他朗大量合適推的計(jì)算機(jī)化程序進(jìn)行報(bào)結(jié)構(gòu)分析問(wèn)。所謂的彎門(mén)架法分上析或懸臂兄法分析在晉當(dāng)今的技腳術(shù)中無(wú)一養(yǎng)席之地，肆由于柱梁批節(jié)點(diǎn)固有掠柔性，并廈且由于初遲步設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)佩該力求突復(fù)出體系的邀弱點(diǎn)，所娘以在初析工中使用框華架的中心雜距尺寸設(shè)掘計(jì)是司空酷慣的。當(dāng)炒然，在設(shè)桑計(jì)的后期景階段，實(shí)朵際地評(píng)價(jià)達(dá)結(jié)點(diǎn)的變黨形很有必兼要。支撐框架咳支撐框架樹(shù)實(shí)際上剛優(yōu)度比抗彎巡矩框架強(qiáng)謝，在高層甩建筑中也冤得到更廣披泛的應(yīng)用夾。這種體羞系以其結(jié)修點(diǎn)處鉸接鉤或則接的料線(xiàn)性水平萍構(gòu)件、垂墳直構(gòu)件和份斜撐構(gòu)件紫而具特色嘆，它通常怒與其他體睛系共同用執(zhí)于較高的堡建筑，并農(nóng)且作為一理種獨(dú)立的協(xié)體系用在瀉低、中高渣度的建筑床中。尤其磚引人關(guān)注劫的是，在跑強(qiáng)震區(qū)使而用偏心支迎撐框架。軋此外，可娘以利洞用敗STRE殖S季S鴿，霉STRU迷D償L血，或一系擦列二維或險(xiǎn)三維計(jì)算狼機(jī)分析程備序中的任塞何一種進(jìn)文行結(jié)構(gòu)分落析。另外弟，初步分拼析中常用繭中心距尺喉寸。剪力墻尸剪力墻在遲加強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)表體系剛性記的發(fā)展過(guò)么程中又前喂進(jìn)了一步議。該體系該的特點(diǎn)是拐具有相當(dāng)莖薄的，通減常是（而姿不總是）鍛混凝土的班構(gòu)件，這族種構(gòu)件既缺可提供結(jié)頁(yè)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度，生又可提供先建筑物功準(zhǔn)能上的分惑隔。廉在高層建茅筑中，剪課力墻體系陶趨向于具鞏有相對(duì)大緣的高寬經(jīng)允，即與寬偵度相比，赤其高度偏我大。由于惹基礎(chǔ)體系捕缺少應(yīng)力笑，任何一洗種結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)壽件抗傾覆貧彎矩的能織力都受到砌體系的寬愛(ài)度和構(gòu)件巧承受的重浴力荷載的評(píng)限制。由歌于剪力墻萄寬度狹狹壓窄受限，鵝所以需要扇以某種方脖式加以擴(kuò)銳大，以便管提從所需暑的抗傾覆宜能力。在哄窗戶(hù)需要委量小的建移筑物外墻蜓中明顯地誕使用了這品種確有所急需要寬度精的體系。筒鋼結(jié)構(gòu)剪袍力墻通常紹由混凝土唯覆蓋層來(lái)惱加強(qiáng)以抵?？故Х€(wěn)，塞這在剪切謊荷載大的充地方已得顧到應(yīng)用。日這種體系倉(cāng)實(shí)際上比勿鋼支撐經(jīng)驅(qū)濟(jì)，對(duì)于增使剪切荷料載由位于井地面正上許方區(qū)域內(nèi)抽比較高的談樓層向下君移特別有謊效。這種逐體系還具叛有高延性鋪之優(yōu)點(diǎn)，領(lǐng)這種特性勝在強(qiáng)震區(qū)他特別重要知。突由于這些遼墻內(nèi)必然臉出同一些盡大孔，使刊得剪力墻相體系分析源變得錯(cuò)綜攏復(fù)雜。可葡以通過(guò)桁秧架模似法幕、有限元爹法，或者族通過(guò)利用刑為考慮剪醒力墻的交泛互作用或閘扭轉(zhuǎn)功能桐設(shè)計(jì)的專(zhuān)扎門(mén)計(jì)處機(jī)柏程序進(jìn)行控初步分析餓框架或支般撐式筒體布結(jié)構(gòu)：繩框架或支尚撐式筒體灰最先應(yīng)用物于都IB標(biāo)M價(jià)公司據(jù)在懸Pitt愧sbur控g提h濁的一幢辦費(fèi)公樓，隨吹后立即被棉應(yīng)用于紐娘約雙子座探的謝11狐0湖層世界貿(mào)積易中心摩狂天大樓和姻其他的建晚筑中。這餅種系統(tǒng)有昨以下幾個(gè)閉顯著的特與征：三維毒結(jié)構(gòu)、支單撐式結(jié)構(gòu)糖、或由剪多力墻形成詳?shù)囊粋€(gè)性紋質(zhì)上差不宇多是圓柱贈(zèng)體的閉合固曲面，但倍又有任意鉆的平面構(gòu)初成。由于技這些抵抗敵側(cè)向荷載寨的柱子差籮不多都被儀設(shè)置在整用個(gè)系統(tǒng)的江中心，所零以整體的興慣性得到秤提高，剛鏟度也是很粘大的。謹(jǐn)在可能的征情況下，魔通過(guò)三維誰(shuí)概念的應(yīng)供用、二維貪的類(lèi)比，蓮我們可以崖進(jìn)行筒體接結(jié)構(gòu)的分闖析。不管多應(yīng)用那種縱方法，都婚必須考慮柳剪力滯后級(jí)的影響。央這種最先丸在航天器灶結(jié)構(gòu)中研綁究的剪力結(jié)滯后出現(xiàn)該后，對(duì)筒詠體結(jié)構(gòu)的杰剛度是一奉個(gè)很大的吸限制。這煌種觀(guān)念已鹿經(jīng)影響了心筒體結(jié)構(gòu)胳在倘6罪0紋層以上建編筑中的應(yīng)追用。設(shè)計(jì)是者已經(jīng)開(kāi)海發(fā)出了很層多的技術(shù)撥，用以減綠小剪力滯千后的影響扎，這其中飼最有名的磨是桁架的夫應(yīng)用。框旗架或支撐裳式筒體偵在逗4羊0賀層或稍高理的建筑中顛找到了自懼己的用武吃之地。除悼了一些美霉觀(guān)的考慮今外，桁架疲幾乎很少蘿涉及與外襪墻聯(lián)系的礙每個(gè)建筑挺功能，而淡懸索一般耍設(shè)置在機(jī)文械的地板表上，這就干令機(jī)械體寶系設(shè)計(jì)師趣們很不贊教成。但是資，作為一菜個(gè)性?xún)r(jià)比私較好的結(jié)納構(gòu)體系，啄桁架能充傘分發(fā)揮它武的性能，貪所以它會(huì)醋得到設(shè)計(jì)割師們持續(xù)耗的支持。蚊由于其最俘佳位置正的取決于所央提供的桁豪架的數(shù)量翁，因此很瑞多研究已酷經(jīng)試圖完衫善這些構(gòu)杰件的位置寨。實(shí)驗(yàn)表鄉(xiāng)明：由于豐這種結(jié)構(gòu)抹體系的經(jīng)館濟(jì)性并不