《大學(xué)英語》課件 Unit2Civil Rights Heroes

Unit2

CivilRightsHeroesWhatiscivilrights?civil:oforrelatingtoordinarycitizensandtheirconcernscivilrights:therightsofcitizenstopoliticalandsocialfreedomandequalityCivilRightsMovementTheUSnationalcampaignbyAfrican-Americanagainstracialoppressionandprejudice,especiallyinthe1950sand1960s.Thecampaignincludedboycotts(refusalstobuyparticularproducts),theactionoffreedomriders,andin1963amarchtoWashingtonledbyMartinLutherKing.CivilRightsMovementTheimportantachievementsoftheCivilRightsMovementwerethepassageoftheCivilRightsActof1964andVotingRightsActinthefollowingyear.CivilRightsHeroesRosaParksSheworkedwithcivilrightsorganizationstostarttheMontgomeryBusBoycottformorethanayear.RosaParksandtheboycottersdefeatedtheracistsystem,andshebecameknownas"themotherofthecivilrightsmovement.CivilRightsHeroesThurgoodMarshallwasacourageouscivilrightslawyer.HismostimportantcasewasBrownv.BoardofEducationofTopeka(1954),whichendedsegregationinpublicschools.MarshallbecamethefirstAfrican-AmericanSupremeCourtJusticeinAmericanhistory.CivilRightsHeroesJohnF.Kennedywasthe35thpresidentoftheUS.AsPresident,hetookvigorousactioninthecauseofequalrights,callingfornewcivilrightslegislation.OnNovember22,1963,JohnF.Kennedywasassassinated.CivilRightsHeroesRobertF.KennedyHewasappointedattorneygeneraloftheUnitedStatesintheearly1960s.InSeptember1962,heenforcedaFederalcourtorderadmittingthefirstAfrican-AmericanstudenttotheUniversityofMississippi.HeproposedtheCivilRightsActof1964.HewaskilledonJune5,1968.CivilRightsHeroesMartinLutherKingwastheleaderoftheCivilRightsMovement.KingwasshotonApril4,1968whenheledsanitationworkersinaprotestagainstlowwagesandintolerableworkingconditionsinMemphis.Kingadvocatedcivildisobedience,thenon-violentresistanceagainstunjustlaws.TextATheFreedomGiversFreedomFreedomoftheindividualisconsideredoneoftheessentialfeaturesofwesterncivilization.Itisoftenexpressedastherightstodocertainthingsortobetreatedinaparticularway.InBritainandtheUSthemostbasicrightsincludefreedomofexpression,freedomofchoiceandfreedomofworship.TimelineofSlavery1619—SlavesinVirginiaThefirstAfricansinAmericaarrivedin1619.By1640,Marylandbecamethefirstcolonytoinstitutionalizeslavery.TimelineofSlavery1705—SlavesasPropertyDescribingslavesasrealestate,Virginialawmakersallowedownerstobequeaththeirslaves.Thesamelawallowedmastersto“killanddestroy”runaways.TimelineofSlavery1775—AmericanRevolutionBeganBattlesattheMassachusettsonApril19sparkedthewar.1776—DeclarationofIndependenceTheContinentalCongressasserted“thattheseUnitedColoniesare,andofRightoughttobeFreeandIndependentStates”.1783—AmericanRevolutionEnded

BritainandtheinfantUnitedStatessignedthePeaceofParistreaty.TimelineofSlaveryBythetimeoftheAmericanRevolutionslavesweremostlyintheSouth.Withthegrowingdemandforcotton,therewasagreatdemandforslavesintheregion:Alabama,Arkansas,Florida,Georgia,Louisiana,Mississippi,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,Tennessee,TexasandVirginia.TheDeepSouthThemostsouthernstatesofthesoutheastUS:Alabama,Florida,Georgia,Louisiana,Mississippi,SouthCarolinaandeasternTexas.TheyareamongthestatesthatoncehadslavesandlefttheUnionduringtheCivilWar.TimelineofSlavery1808—UnitedStatesBannedSlaveTrade

ImportingAfricanslaveswasoutlawed,butsmugglingcontinued.GraduallytheSouth’seconomybecamedependentonslavesandby1860,therewereabout4millionslaves.TimelineofSlavery1860—AbrahamLincolnElected

AbrahamLincolnofIllinoisbecamethefirstRepublicantowintheUnitedStatesPresidency.OnApril14,1865,LincolnwasassassinatedinWashington.TimelineofSlavery1861~1865—UnitedStatesCivilWar

WiththeindustrialdevelopmentintheNorth,morefreeworkerswereneededinNorthernstates,andmuchoppositiontoslaverycamefromthere.In1861theslavestateslefttheUSandformedtheirowngovernment.Thefouryearsofbrutalconflictclaimed623,000lives.TimelineofSlavery1863—TheEmancipationProclamation

OnJanuary1,1863,PresidentAbrahamLincolnissuedTheEmancipationProclamation(《解放黑人奴隸宣言》)thatdeclaredforeverfreethoseslaveswithintheConfederacy(南部邦聯(lián)).TimelineofSlavery1865—SlaveryAbolished

The13thAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionoutlawedslavery.AftertheNorthwontheCivilWarandbroughtthesouthernstatesbackintotheUS,slaverywasended.Butslavesstillsufferedfromstrongdiscrimination,especiallyintheSouth.TimelineofSlaveryThroughoutthehistoryoftheUnitedStates,AfricanAmericanshaveresisted,firstagainsttheinstitutionofslaveryandlatersecond-classcitizenshipandracialsegregation.Itisbelievedthatmuchremainstobedonebeforefullandcompleteequalityisachieved.PartDivisionoftheTextPartsParasMainIdeas11~5ItishightimetohonortheheroeswhohelpedliberateslavesbyforgingtheUndergroundRailroadintheearlycivil-rightsstrugglesinAmerica.26~23Bycitingexamplestheauthorpraisestheexploitsofcivil-rightsheroeswhohelpedslavestraveltheUndergroundRailroadtofreedom.ThreeStoriesStoriesHeroesParasMainIdeas1JohnParker6~10Afterwinninghisownfreedomfromslavery,JohnParkerhelpedotherslavesescapenorthtoCanadatogetfreedom.2LeviCoffin11~15Supportedbyastrongreligiousconviction,thewhitemanLeviCoffinhelpedblackslavesescapeathugerisktohimself.3JosiahHenson16~23BytravelingtheUndergroundRailroad,JosiahHensonreachedhisdestinationandbecamefreeatlast.UndergroundRailroadItwasasecretsystemusedintheUSbeforetheCivilWarforhelpingthousandsofslavestoescapetothefreenorthernstatesorCanada.Theslaveswerecalled“passengers”,thepeoplewhohelpedthemwere“conductors”andtheslaveshidin“stations”(safehouse)alongtheway.Theywent“underground”intermsofconcealingtheiractions.RoutesofFreedomThetripis560miles(900kilometers)long.Astrong,luckyrunawaymighthavemadeittofreedomintwomonths.Forothers,especiallyinbadweather,thetrek(跋涉)mighthavelastedayear.BasicknowledgeofChristianityPara.3:……amanwhowas,inmanyways,anAfrican-AmericanMoses

IntheOldTestament,MoseswastheHebrewprophetandlawgiverwholedtheIsraelitesoutofEgypt.Henson,ablackwholivedinAmerica,helpedotherblacksescapefromtheUS.BasicknowledgeofChristianityPara.11:LeviCoffin,aQuakerraisedinNorthCarolina,……AQuakerisanymemberoftheSocietyofFriends.QuakersworshipChristwithoutanyformalceremonyorfixedbeliefs