大學英語六級改革適用閱讀-試卷199

大學英語六級改革適用（閱讀）-試卷199（總分：60.00,做題時間：90分鐘）一、ReadingComprehension（總題數(shù)：6，分數(shù)：60.00）PartIIIReadingComprehension（分數(shù)：10.00）解析：SectionC（分數(shù):10.00）解析：Aboutthetimethatschoolsandothersquitereasonablybecameinterestedinseeingtoitthatallchildren,whatevertheirbackground,werefairlytreated,intelligencetestingbecameunpopular.Somethoughtitwasunfairtominoritychildren.Throughthepastfewdecadessuchtestinghasgoneoutoffashionandmanycommunitieshaveindeedforbiddenit.However,paradoxically,justrecentlyagroupofblackparentsfiledlawsuit訴訟）inCaliforniaclaimingthatthestate,sbanonIQtestingdiscriminatesagainsttheirchildrenbydenyingthemtheopportunitytotakethetest（Theybelieved,correctly,thatIQtestsareavalidmethodofevaluatingchildrenforspecialeducationclasses.）Thejudge,therefore,reversed,atleastpartially,hisoriginaldecision.Andsotheargumentgoesonandon.Doesitbenefitorharmchildrenfromminoritygroupstohavetheirintelligencetested?Wehavealwaysbeenonthesideofpermitting,evenfacilitating,suchtesting.Ifachildofanycolororgroupisdoingpoorlyinschoolitseemstousveryimportanttoknowwhetheritisbecauseheorsheisoflowintelligence,orwhethersomeotherfactoristhecause.Whatschoolandfamilycandotoimprovepoorperformanceisinfluencedbyitscause.Itisnotdiscriminativetoevaluateeitherachild,sphysicalconditionorhisintellectuallevel.Unfortunately,intellectuallevelseemstobeasensitivesubject,andwhatthelawallowsustodovariesfromtimetotime.Thesamefluctuationbackandforthoccursinareasotherthanintelligence.Thirtyyearsorsoago,forinstance,whitefamilieswereencouragedtoadoptblackchildren.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativenottodoso.Andthenthestylechangedandthiscross-racialadoptingbecamegenerallyunpopular,andsocialagenciesfeltthatblackchildrenshouldgotoblackfamiliesonly.Itishardtosaywhatarethebestprocedures.Butsurelygoodwillonthepartofallofusisneeded.Astointelligence,inouropinion,themoreweknowaboutanychild,sintellectuallevel,thebetterforthechildinquestion.（分數(shù)：10.00）.Whydidtheintelligencetestbecomeunpopularinthepastfewdecades?（分數(shù)：2.00）A.Itsvaliditywaschallengedbymanycommunities.B.Itwasconsidereddiscriminativeagainstminoritychildren.VC.Itmetwithstrongoppositionfromthemajorityofblackparents.D.Itdeprivedtheblackchildrenoftheirrightstoagoodeducation.解析：解析：根據(jù)文章第2段“有些人認為智力測驗對少數(shù)民族兒童不公平。因此，在過去的幾十年里，智力測驗已不再流行，在有些社區(qū)甚至被禁止了"，這里的it指代前面的intelligencetestingo因此，B與文章所表達的意思一致。.TherecentlegalactiontakenbysomeblackparentsinCaliforniaaimedto.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.drawpublicattentiontoIQtestingB.putanendtospecialeducationC.removethestate,sbanonintelligencetestsVD.havetheirchildrenenterwhiteschools解析：解析：根據(jù)文章第3段第2句“最近，一群黑人父母提出訴訟，聲稱該州禁止智商測驗剝奪了他們的孩子接受這種測驗的機會，是對孩子的歧視”，由此可判斷黑人父母要求取消對智力測試的禁令。故此，應(yīng)該選Co.Theauthorbelievesthatintelligencetesting.(分數(shù)：2.00)A.mayeaseracialconfrontationintheUnitedStatesB.canencourageblackchildrentokeepupwithwhitechildrenC.mayseriouslyaggravateracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStatesD.canhelpblackparentsmakedecisionsabouttheirchildren,seducationV解析：解析：根據(jù)文章第4段末句和第5段首句“如果任何一種膚色的小孩在學校的成績不好，弄清楚是由于他的智商低，還是由于其他原因引起的對我們來說似乎很重要；學校和家庭只有弄清楚孩子成績不好的原因才能幫助孩子”，因此，應(yīng)選Do.Theauthor'sopinionofchildadoptionseemstobethat.(分數(shù)：2.00)A.noruleswhatsoevercanbeprescribedVB.whitefamiliesshouldadoptblackchildrenC.adoptionshouldbebasedonIQtestresultsD.cross-racialadoptionistobeadvocated解析：解析：根據(jù)文章第7段末句“因此，很難說到底怎樣才是最好的。但肯定無疑的是，我們大家都需要有善意”，由此可推斷，人們并不能制定某種規(guī)則來限制它，故此，A與文章的意思相符。.Childadoptionismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat.(分數(shù)：2.00)A.goodwillmaysometimescomplicateracialproblemsB.socialsurroundingsarevitaltothehealthygrowthofchildrenC.intelligencetestingalsoappliestonon-academicareasD.AmericanopinioncanshiftwhenitcomestosensitiveissuesV解析：解析：文章第6段前兩句，作者提出“智商水平似乎是個敏感的問題。法律允許我們不時改變觀點。在智商以外的其他領(lǐng)域也存在著這種來來回回不斷變化的情況”，兒童收養(yǎng)問題只是作者舉的一個例子，旨在說明在一些敏感問題上，人們的觀點可以不斷變化的情況。故選DoThedesireforachievementisoneoflife,sgreatmysteries.Socialscientistshavedevotedlifetimesstudyingthedrivesthatspurusoutofbedinthemorning,compelustoworkorstudyhardandsparkallmannerofhumanendeavors.Indeed,a1992textbookactuallydocuments32distincttheoriesofhumanmotivation.Giventhisdiversityofthought,it'seasytoforgetthatforhalfacentury,Americansocietyhasbeendominatedbythepsychologicalschoolknownasbehaviorism,orSkinnerianpsychology.Althoughbehaviorismanditsfundamentalprincipleof"positivereinforcement"havelongsincelosttheirswayinacademiccircles,theSkinnerianlegacyremainspowerfulineveryrealmofdailylife,fromthehomeandclassroomtotheworkplace.Don'twanttotakethetrashout?Doit,andyoucangotothemoviesFridaynight.Notinthemoodforwork?Keeppluggingaway,andyoimightgetabonus.Notinterestedincalculus?StriveforanAintheclass,andyou'llmakethehonorroll.Thetheorymaybebankrupt,butincentivesandrewardsaresomuchapartofAmericanculturethatit'shardtoimaginelifewithoutthem.Yetthat'sexactlywhatagrowinggroupofresearchersareadvocatingtoday.Asteadystreamofresearchhasfoundthatratherthanencouragingmotivationandproductivity,rewardsactuallycanunderminegenuineinterestanddiminishperformance."Oursocietyiscaughtinawhoppingparadox,"assertsAlfieKohn,authorofthenewbookPunishedbyRewards(HoughtonMifflin),whichsurveysrecentresearchontheeffectivenessofrewards."Wecomplainloudlyaboutdecliningproductivity,thecrisisofourschoolandthedistortedvaluesofourchildren.Buttheverystrategyweusetosolvethoseproblems一danglingrewardslikeincentiveplansandgradeandcandybarsinfrontofpeople一ispartlyresponsibleforthefixwe'rein."It'stoughargumenttomakeinaculturethatcelebratesthespoilsofsuccess.Yetstudyafterstudyshowsthatpeopletendtoperformworse,togiveupmoreeasilyandtoloseinterestmorequicklywhenarewardisinvolved.Childrenwhoaregiventreatsfordoingartwork,forexample,losetheirinitialloveofartwithinweeks.Teenagerswhoarepromisedarewardfortutoringyoungstersdon,tteachasenthusiasticallyastutorsofferednothing.Andchiefexecutiveofficerswhohavebeenawardedlong-termincentiveplanshaveoftensteeredtheircompaniestowardlowerreturns.（分數(shù)：10.00）.Accordingtobehaviorism,allhumanactions.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.arebasedonstimulusandresponseVB.havenobearingonhumandrivesC.aresupposedtobehighlymotivatedD.areofagreatmystery解析：解析：第2段第2句提到行為主義的根本理論是正面性強化理論，隨后舉例說明要對人的行為進行刺激，A是正確的。根據(jù)第2段首句的thisdiversityofthought（即第1段末提到的theoriesofhumanmotivation）,it,seasytoforget...可知“動機理論"與下文講到的行為主義的正面性強化理論是不一樣的理論，故C不正確。.Behaviorismbasicallybelievesin.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.motivationB.performanceC.rewardsVD.humanfactors解析：解析：第2段大致對行為主義進行相關(guān)的描述，最后一句說也許這一理論已失去影響力，但是獎勵在美國文化中依然占有重要地位，據(jù)此可以推斷行為主義相信獎勵（rewards）,故選C。.Inparagraph2,"calculus"probablyrefersto"”.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.acourseVB.asportC.akindofpublicserviceD.apositioninthestudentunion解析：解析：本題要求通過上下文推測出生詞的詞義。calculus出現(xiàn)在原文第2段倒數(shù)第三句，設(shè)問之后緊接著作者回答說，只要在課堂努力爭取得到A（美國課程評分系統(tǒng)中的一個等級水平），就可以上光榮榜，可見calculus是一門課程，即acourseo.Fromthepassage,itcanbeinferredthat.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.rewardsarehighlyeffectiveinAmericaB.rewardsarenotmuchsought-afterinacademiccirclesC.rewardshavelonglosttheirappealinAmericansocietyD.AmericansareaddictedtorewardsV解析：解析：本文主要針砭時弊，揭露了美國社會中人們的行為依賴于獎勵這一現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)原文第2段末句中的“但是物質(zhì)鼓勵和獎賞確實在美國文化中仍然占如此重要的地位”以及第3段最后兩句等內(nèi)容可看出美國社會對于獎勵很依賴，D與之相符。.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisinsupportofthefindingthat"peopletendtoperformworse...whenarewardisinvolved"（inthelastparagraph）?（分數(shù)：2.00）A.Peoplearenotusedtobeingconditionedbyprizes.B.Rewardsareattemptstocontrolbehavior.VC.RewardsareindispensabletoAmericanculture.D.Theprincipleof"positivereinforcement"isnotfullyenforced.解析：解析：該句意思是說“當涉及獎勵的時候，人們更容易表現(xiàn)不佳，更容易輕易放棄，更容易失去興趣”，而下文舉的例子也說明了一旦涉及獎勵，人們往往容易被獎勵所控制，而忽視了個人本身的內(nèi)在動力力量。四個選項中只有B“獎勵是誘惑，它控制著人的行為”可以支持這一說法。Parentscaneasilycomedownwithanacutecaseofschizophrenia（精神分裂癥）fromreadingthecontradictoryreportsaboutthestateofthepublicschools.Onesetofexpertsassertsthattheschoolsarebetterthantheyhavebeenforyears.OtherssaythattheschoolsareinterribleshapeandareresponsibleforeverynationalproblemfromurbanpovertytothetradedeficiDnegroupofexpertslooksprimarilyatsuchindicatorsastestscores,andtheycheerwhattheysee:alltheindicators—readingscores,minimumcompetencytestresults,thescholasticaptitudetestscores—areup,somebysubstantialmargins.Studentsarerequiredtotakemoreacademiccourses—moremathematicsandscience,alongwithgreaterstressonbasicskills,includingknowledgeofcomputers.Morethan40statelegislatureshavemandatedsuchchanges.Butintheeyesofanothersetofschoolreformerssuchchangesareatbestsuperficialandatworstcounterproductive.Theseexpertssaythatmerelytougheningrequirementswithouteitherimprovingthequalityofinstructionorevenmoreimportant,changingthewayschoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtmakestheschoolsworseratherthanbetter.Theychallengethenatureofthetests,mostlymultiplechoiceortrueorfalse,bywhichchildren,sprogressismeasured;theychargethatraisingthetestscoresbydrillingpupilstocomeupwiththerightanswersdoesnotimproveknowledge,understandingandthecapacitytothinklogicallyandindependently.Inadoption,thesecriticsfearthattheget-toughapproachtoschoolreformwillcausemoreoftheyoungstersatthebottomtogiveupanddropout.This,theysay,mayimprovenationalscoresbutdrainevenfurtherthenation,spoolofeducatedpeople.Thewaytocutthroughtheconfusionistounderstandthedifferentyardsticksusedbydifferentobservers.Comparedwithwhatschoolsusedtobelike"inthegoodolddays",withlotsofdrillanduniformrequirements,andtheexpectationthatmanyyoungsterswhocouldnotmakeitwoulddropoutandfindtheirwayintounskilledjobs—bythoseyardstickstheschoolshavemeasurablyimprovedinrecentyears.Butbytheyardsticksofthoseexpertswhobelievethattheoldschoolwasdeficientinteachingtheskillsneededinthemodernworld,today,sschoolshavenotbecomebetter.Theseeducatorsbelievethatrigidnewmandatesmayactuallyhavemadetheschoolsworse.（分數(shù)：10.00）.Iftheparentsreadthecontradictoryreportsaboutthestateofthepublicschools,theywill.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.haveaclearerunderstandingoftheeducationprovidedbythepublicschoolsB.realizethedisadvantagesoftheeducationprovidedbythepublicschoolsC.begreatlyconfusedandnotknowwhichsidetobelieveVD.notbelievethatpublicschoolsshouldberesponsibleforeverynationalproblem解析：解析：第1段第1句說“讀一讀那些互相對立的有關(guān)公共學校現(xiàn)狀的報告，可能會讓學生家長患上嚴重的精神分裂癥”，然后列舉了專家們的兩種不同看法，也就是說兩種看法讓家長們感到困惑，不知道該相信哪種說法，故選C。.Intheeyesofthefirstgroupofexpertsmentionedinthesecondparagraph,（.分數(shù)：2.00）A.academiccoursesaremoreimportantthanbasicskillsB.everystatelegislatureshouldmandatethechangesC.studentsshouldtakeacademiccoursesandlearnbasicskillsD.theincreaseoftestscorescanshowthatpublicschoolsarebetterthanbeforeV解析：解析：第1段第2句提到第一類專家對目前的學校及教育持樂觀態(tài)度，再結(jié)合第2段第1句，不難看出這類專家是根據(jù)考試分數(shù)來斷定公共學校進步了，故選D。文中并沒有提到這些專家認為分數(shù)比基本技能重要，也沒有說他們認為立法機關(guān)應(yīng)做一些改變；所以排除A、B。C所述是立法機關(guān)所要求的，非這類專家的看法。.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthatschoolreformersareconvincedthat.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.thewayschoolsareorganizedandchildrenaretaughtatpresentisgoodenoughB.enablingpupilstoraisetheirtestscorescanimprovetheirlogicalthinkingC.thepresenttestingsystemcannotmeasureeitherthestudents,progressoractualabilityVD.tougheningrequirementscanhelptoproducemoreeducatedpeople解析：解析：首先需了解schoolreformers對公共學校的教育現(xiàn)狀不那么樂觀，同時他們對立法機關(guān)制定的規(guī)章表示質(zhì)疑，了解他們的這一態(tài)度后A、B、D都可以排除。根據(jù)第3段第3句中的“訓練學生找到正確答案并以此提高考試成績，并不能讓學生增長知識、加強理解、提高他們的邏輯思維和獨立思維能力”，可知C符合題意。.Theword"yardstick”（Line3,Para.5）mostpossiblymeans"”.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.measuringstandardVB.methodofschoolreformC.judgmentD.logicthinking解析：解析：根據(jù)文章第5段“學校要求學生進行大量的訓練以及穿制服，不能勝任學習任務(wù)的年輕人可以輟學去從事無特殊技能要求的工作”被用來作為說明學校進步與否的依據(jù)，也就是說被當作一種衡量標準，故答案為A°C“判斷；評價”有一定干擾性，但是破折號之前的內(nèi)容并不是有關(guān)判斷、評價，因此可以排除。.Thepassagemainly.（分數(shù)：2.00）A.comparestheoldschoolsandthepresentschoolsB.showscontradictoryviewsaboutthestateofpublicschoolsVC.tellswhyparentscaneasilybecomeschizophrenicD.displayshowschoolreformiscarriedout解析：解析：文章用較大篇幅闡釋兩類專家看法，并對兩種看法進行比較，所以答案為B。C中提及家長的反應(yīng)只是在開篇作為引子引出專家的說法；A、D涉及的內(nèi)容只是在文章稍有涉及，并未做深入的討論。AskmostpeoplehowtheydefinetheAmericanDreamandchancesarethey,llsay,"Success."ThedreamofindividualopportunityhasbeenathomeinAmericansinceEuropeansdiscovereda"newworld"intheWesternHemisphere.EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders:inLettersfromanAmericanFarmer（1782）hewrote,"Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfettered（無拘無束的）andunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself...Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil（干苦力活），starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld."Thepromiseofalandwhere"therewardsofaman,sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor"drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.Ournationalmythology（神話）isfullofillustrationsoftheAmericansuccessstory.There,sBenjaminFranklin,theverymodeloftheself-educated,self-mademan,whorosefrommodestoriginstobecomeawell-knownscientist,philosopher,andstatesman.Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican,sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales.Thenotionofsuccesshauntsus:wespendmillionseveryyearreadingabouttherichandfamous,learninghowto"makeafortuneinrealestatewithnomoneydown,"and"dressingforsuccess.Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit,sasimportanttobe"successful"inmarriageorparenthoodasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.EveryAmericanwhohopesto"makeit"alsoknowsthefearoffailure,becausethemythofsuccessinevitablyimpliescomparisonbetweenthehavesandthehave-nots,thestarsandtheanonymouscrowd.Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe"right"neighborhoods,wearthe"right"clothes,eatthe"right"foods.Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.（分數(shù)：10.00）.WhatistheessenceoftheAmericanDreamaccordingtoCrevecoeur?（分數(shù)：2.00）A.Peoplearefreetodeveloptheirpowerofimagination.B.Peoplewhoarehonestandworkhardcansucceed.VC.Peoplearefreefromexploitationandoppression.D.Peoplecanfullyenjoyindividualfreedom.解析：解析：第1段第3、4句講到，Crevecoeur高度評價了新世界的自由和機會，在那里人人都能通過誠實和辛勤工作獲得成功