2012年職稱英語等級考試真題綜合類

Everyweekthemagazinepresentstheprofileofawell-known1Everyweekthemagazinepresentstheprofileofawell-known,AlltheflatsinthebuildinghadthesameA.A.arrangementB. C. D.Ouraimwastoupdatethehealthservice,andweA.A. B. C. D.HehasbeengrantedasyluminA.A. B. C. D.NothingwouldinducemetovoteforhimA.A. B. C. D.nnC.B.A.HercommentsaboutmenareutterlyA.A. B.D.C.yThewallsaremadeofhollowconcreteA.A. B. C. D.WealmostranintoaRolls-RoycethatpulledoutinfrontofuswithoutA.A. B. C. D.WhenIheardthenoiseinthenextroom,Icouldn’tresisthavingaA.A. B. C. D.ShemovesfromoneexoticlocationtoA.A. B. C. D.HewaswearyoftheconstantbattlebetweenA.A. B. C. D.ThephotographsevokedstrongmemoriesofourholidayinA.A. B. C. D.Newbornbabiescandiscriminatebetweenaman’sandawoman’sC.A. B.HeshiftedhispositionalittleinordertoalleviatethepaininhisA.A. B. C. D.A.A. B. C. D.TheweatherwascrispandclearandTheweatherwascrispandclearandyoucouldseethemountainInSports,RedistheWinningWhenopponentsofagameareequallymatched,theteamdressedinredismorelikelytowin,accordingtoanewBritishanthropologistsRussellHillandRobertBartonoftheUniversityofDurhamreachedthatconclusionbystudyingthe esofone-on-oneboxing,taekwondo,Greco-Roman-wresting,andstyle-wrestlingmatchesatthe2004SummerOlympicsinAthens,Greece.IneacheventOlympicstaffrandomlyassignedredorblueclothingorbodyprotectiontocompetitors.Thered sticThered sticringswereleftonthefinches"Wheretherewasalargepointdifference—presumablybecauseonecontestantwasfarsuperiortotheother—colorhadnoeffectonthe e,”Bartonsaid.“Wheretherewasasmallpointdifference,theeffectofcolorwassufficienttotipthebalance.”Inequallymatchedbouts,thepreponderanceofredwinswasgreatenoughthatitcouldnotbeattributedtochance,theanthropologistssay.HillandBartonfoundsimilarresultsinareviewofthecolorswornattheEuro2004internationalsoccertournament.Theirreportwillbepublishedintomorrow’sissueofthejournalNature.JoannaSetc,aprimateresearcherattheUniversityofCambridgeinEngland,hasfoundsimilarresultsinnature.HerworkwiththelargeAfricanmonkeysknownasmandrillsshowsthatredcolorationgivesmalesanadvantagewhenitcomestomating.Thefindingthatredalsohasanadvantageinhumansportingeventsdoesnotsurpriseher,addingthat“theideaofthestudyisveryclever.”HillandBartongottheideafortheirstudyoutofamutualinterestintheevolutionofualsignalsinprimates—“redseemstobethecolor,acrossspecies,thatsignalsmaledominanceandtestosteronelevels,"Bartonsaid.experimentally cedonthelegsofmalezebrafinchesincreasethebirds’Forexample,studiesbySetc,theCambridgeprimateresearcher,showthatdominantmalemandrillshaveincreasedredcolorationintheirfacesexperimentally cedonthelegsofmalezebrafinchesincreasethebirds’BartonsaidheandHillspeculatedsomespeculatedthat“theremightbeasimilareffectinhumans.Andifso,itbebeapparentinsportingcontests.Thepairsaytheirresultsindicatethat ualselectionmayhaveinfluencedtheevolutionofhumans’response ,theprimatologist,agrees.“AsHillandBartonsay,humansreddenwhenweareangryandpalewhenscared.Theseareveryimportantsignalstootherindividuals,”sheTheadvantageofredmaybeintuitivelyknown,judgingfromtheprevalenceofreduniformsinsports—"thoughitisclearlynotverywidelyappreciated,onaconsciouslevelatleast,”Bartonsaid.HeHeaddsthatthefindingofred’sadvantagemighthaveimplicationsforregulationsthat ernsportingattire.InOlympicmatcheshesurveyedforthenewstudy,forexample,itispossiblesomemedalwinnersmayhavereachedthepedestalwithanunintendedadvantage."Thatistheimplication,thoughwecannotsaythatitmadethedifferenceinanyonespecificcase,”BartonMeanwhile,Meanwhile, noted—tongue-in-cheek—thataredadvantagemaynotbelimitedtosports.“Goingbytherecent[U.S.]electionresults,redisindeedquitesuccessful,”sheBothHillandBartonwantedtofindoutifcoloraffects eofsportsA.A. B. C.NotHillandBartonarebothinterestedinA.A. B. C.NotMalemandrillsuseyellowcolorationtoattractaA.A. B. C.NotRedisnotanadvantageforzebraA.A. B. C.NotA.A. B. C.NotHillandBartonbelieveathletesinredaremorelikelytoA. B. C.NotManyathletesopposethenewregulationsonsportsA.A. B. C.Not27~30題要求從所給的6個選項中為每個句子確定一個最佳選項。HowTechnologyPushesDownPriceshavefalleninthefoodbusinessbecauseofadvancesinfoodproductionanddistributiontechnology.Consumershavebenefitedgreatlyfromthoseadvances.Peoplewhopredictedthattheworldwouldrunoutoffoodwerewrong.Weareproducingmoreandmorefoodwithlessandlesscapital.Foodisthereforemoreplentifulandcheaperthanithaseverbeen.Spendingonfoodcomparedwithothergoodshasfallenformanyyears,andcontinuestodrop.Supermarketshavehelpedpushdownpricesmainlybecauseoftheirscale.Likeanybigbusiness,theycaninvestinITsystemsthatmakethemefficient.Andtheirsizeallowsthemtobuyinbulk.Assupermarketsgetbigger,thepricesgetlower.HugeretailcompaniessuchasWal-Marthavetremendouspowerandtheycanputpressureonproducerstocuttheirmargins.Asaresult,someproducershavehadtomakecuts.Inrecentyears,Unileverhascutitswork by33,000to245,000anddroppedlotsofitsminorbrandsaspartofits"pathtogrowth”strategy.Cadburyhasshutnearly20percentofits133factoriesandcut10percentofits55,000globalwork .Thesecutshelpkeepcostsdown,andthepriceoffoodstayslow.Doescheapfoodmakepeopleunhealthy?Cheapfoodmayencouragepeopletoeatmore.Foodcompaniescertainlythinkthatgivingpeoplemorefoodfortheirmoneymakesthembuymore.Givingpeoplebiggerportionsisaneasywayofmakingthemfeeltheyhavegotabetterdeal.Thatiswhyportionshavegotlargerandlarger.InAmerica,softdrinkscamein8oz(225g)cansinthepast,then12oz(350g),andnowcomein20oz(550g)cans.Ifacansellyouan8ozportionfor$7,theycansellyoua12ozportionfor$8.Theonlyextracosttoisthefood,whichprobablycosts25A.A.HugeproducerstocuntConsumerslikeTechnologyhelpsreducefoodFoodcomescheaperinlargerChainstoresprovidebetterNowcompaniesareunderpressuretostopsellingbiggerportionsforlessmoney.Butitishardtochangethe Bigsupermarketscanofferfoodatlowerpricesbecausetheycanbuy SomefoodproducershaveBesidescuttingitscost,Unileveralsoabandoned30.30.Buyerslikebiggerportionbecausetheythinktheyhave theirhuge theiratheirhuge theiragoodminorDNAtestingrevealstheDNAtestingrevealsthegenesofeachthatallhumancharacteristicsarecontainedin.Sincetheearlytwentiethcenturyscientistshave’sgenesandarepassedfromparentstochildren.workasachemicalinstructionmanualforeachpartandeachfunctionofthebody.TheirbasicchemicalelementiscalledDNA,acopyofwhichcanbefoundineverycell.TheexistenceofgenesandthechemicalstructureofDNAwereunderstoodbythemid-1900s,butscientistshaveonlyrecentlybeenabletoidentifya fromjustadropofbloodorasinglehair.OneofthemostimportantusesofDNAtestingisincriminalinvestigation.TheveryfirstuseofDNAtestinginacriminalcasewasin1985inGreatBritain,whenamanconfessedtokillingayoungwomanintheEnglishcountryside.Becausehadfoundsamplesofthekiller’sDNAatthesceneofthecrime,abiologistsuggestedthatitmightbepossibletocomparethatDNAtosomefromtheconfessor’sblood.Toeveryone’ssurprise,thetestsshowedthathewasnotthekiller.Norwasheguiltyofasimilarmurderthathadhappenedsometimeearlier.Atthatpointheadmittedthathehadconfessedtothecrimesoutoffearandpressure.Thethenasked5,000localmenforsamplesoftheirblood,andDNAtestingrevealedthatoneofthemwastherealmurderer,sothefirstmanwasset.In1992,twolawprofessors,PeterNeufeldandBarryScheck,decidedtouseDNAevidencetohelpsetsuchmistakenlyconvictedprisoners.Withthehelpoftheirstudents,theycreatedanot-for-profitorganizationcalledtheInnocenceProject.Mostoftheirsarepoormen,manyfromracialandethnicminorities.Infact,studieshaveshownthatU.S.judgesandjuriesareofteninfluencedbyracialandethnicbackground,andthatpeoplefromminoritygroupsaremorelikelytobeconvicted.Someofthesemenhadbeensentencedtodeath,aformofpunishmentusedinthirtyeightstatesoutoffifty(asof2006).Formostoftheseprisoners,theironlyhopewasanothertrialinwhichDNAtestingcouldbeusedtoprovetheirinnocence.Between1992and2006,theInnocenceProjecthelped100men.Someoftheseprisonershadbeeninjailforten,twentyyearsormoreforcrimestheydidnotcommit.However,thegoaloftheInnocenceProjectisnotsimplytosetthosewhoarewrongfullyinjail.Theyalsohopetobringaboutrealchangesinthecriminaljusticesystem.Illinoisinthelate1990s,agroupofjournalismstudentsatNorthwesternUniversitywereabletobringaboutsuchachangeinthatstate.TheybeganinvestigatingsomeIllinoisprisonerswhoclaimedtobeinnocent.ThroughDNAtesting,thestudentswereabletoprovethatinfacttheprisonerswerenotguiltyofthecrimestheyhadbeenaccusedof.Thirteenofthesemenwereset,andin2000,ernorRyanofIllinoisdecidedtostopcarryingoutdeathsentencesuntilfurtherstudycouldbemadeoftheprisoners’cases.TheTheuseofDNAincriminalcasesisstillbeingdebatedaroundtheworld.Somefearthat ernmentswillonekeeprecordsofeveryone’sDNA,whichcouldputlimitsontheprivacythescienceofDNAtestingandthinkthatlawyersuseittogettheir domofcitizens.Otherpeoplewhetherornottheyareguilty.Butthosewhoseinnocencehasbeenprovenandwhoarenow men,DNAtestinghasmeantnothinglessthanareturntolife.AndwiththecarefuluseofDNAtesting,noinnocent shouldeverbeconvictedagain.WhatisthemainideaofthisDNAtestinghaschangedtheAmericanlegalDNAtestinghashelpedinnocentmengo inIllinois.DNAtestingusesgeneticstoidentifya DNAtestinghas yedakeyroleincriminalDNAtestingwasfirstusedinacriminalcaseby alawyerinNewstudentsindoctorsintheUnited inGreatBritainTheInnocenceProjectusesDNAtestingto set prisonerhelpthe putpeopleinprisonfindoutwhichlawyer provethat sareSomestudentsinNorthwesternUniversity provedsomeprisonerswerenotbelievedsome swerefromethnictoldthe ernorsofIllinoisnotto theprisonersshowedDNAtestingwasnotalwaysWhatistheauthor’sattitudetowardDNA 第二篇GoingHerOwnWay Whenshewastwelve,Mariamadeherfirstimportantdecisionaboutthecourseofherlife.Shedecidedthatshewantedtocontinuehereducation.Mostgirlsfrommiddle-classfamilieschosetostayhomeafterprimaryschool,thoughsomeattendedprivateCatholic“finishing”schools.Theretheylearnedalittleaboutmusic,art,needlework,andhowtomakepoliteconversation.ThiswasnotthesortofeducationthatinterestedMaria—orhermother.Bythistime,shehadbeguntotakeherstudiesmoreseriously.Shereadconstantlyandbroughtherbookseverywhere.Onetimesheevenbroughthermathbooktothetheaterandtriedtostudyinthedark.Mariaknewthatshewantedtogoonlearninginaseriousway.Thatmeantattendingthepublichighschool,somethingthatveryfewgirlsdid.InItalyatthetime,thereweretwotypesofhighschools:the“classical”schoolsandthe“technical”schools.Intheclassicalschools,thestudentsfollowedaverytraditionalprogramofstudies,withcoursesinLatinandGreeklanguageandli ture,andItalianli tureandhistory.Thefewgirlswhostudyingafterprimaryschoolusuallychosetheseschools.Maria,however,wantedtoattendatechnicalschool.Thetechnicalschoolsweremoremodernthantheclassicalschoolsandtheyofferedcoursesinmodernlanguages,mathematics,science,andaccounting.Mostpeople—includingMaria’sfather—believedthatgirlswouldneverbeabletounderstandthesesubjects.Furthermore,theydidnotthinkitwasproperforgirlstostudythem.Mariadidnotcareifitwasproperornot.Mathandsciencewerethesubjectsthatinterestedhermost.Butbeforeshecouldsignupforthetechnicalschool,shehadtowinherfather’sapproval.Shefinallydid,withhermother’shelp,thoughthoughformanyyearsafter,therewastensioninthefamily.Maria’stoopposeher ns,whilemotherhelpedIn1883,atagethirteen,Mariaenteredthe“RegiaScuolaicaMichelangeloBuonarroti”inRome.Herexperienceatthisschoolisdifficultforustoimagine.Thoughthecoursesincludedmodernsubjects,theteachingmethodswereverytraditional.Learningconsistedofmemorizinglonglistsoffactsandrepeatingthembacktotheteacher.Studentswerenotsupposedtoaskquestionsorthinkforthemselvesinanyway.Teacherswereverydemanding,disciplineintheclassroomwasstrict,andpunishmentwassevereforthosewhofailedtoachieveorweredisobedient.Mariawantedtoattenda schoolwithLatinandtechnicalhighschoolforartandInthosedays,mostItalian wenttoclassicalwentto"finishing”didnotgotohighwenttotechnicalMaria’sfather hadverymodernviewsabouthadverytraditionalviewsabouthadnoopinionaboutthoughtwomencouldnotlearnHighschoolteachersinItalyinthosedayswere veryvery quitequiteWecaninferfromthispassage onlygirlsattendedclassicalgirlsdidnotlikegoingtoMariawasagirlofstrong 第三篇GrossNationalHappiness Inthelastcentury,newtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.However,onecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsia,thekingdomofBhutanremainedseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhistculturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmostathousandyears.Bhutan,however,wasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspeoplecouldnotread,andtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Then,in1972,anewrulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutanto modern,butwithoutlosingitstraditions.KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.HesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheirprogressbyGrossNationalProduct(GNP).TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenthenumberofproductssoldincreases,peoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckhadadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry’sprogressbypeople’shappiness.Ifthepeople’shappinessincreased,thekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.Todecideifpeoplewerehappier,hecreatedameasurecalledGrossNationalHappiness(GNH).GNHisbasedoncertainprinciplesthatcreatehappiness.Peoplearehappieriftheyhavehealthcare,education,andjobs.Theyarehappierwhentheyliveinahealthy,protectedenvironment.Theyarehappierwhentheycankeeptheirtraditionalcultureandcustoms.Finally,peoplearehappierwhentheyhaveagood,stableernment.NowthisissomeevidenceofincreasedGNHinBhutan.Peoplearehealthierandarelivinglonger.Morepeopleareeducatedandemployed.Twenty-fivepercentofthelandhas enationalparks,andthecountryhasalmostnopollution.TheBhutanesecontinuetoweartheirtraditionalclothingandfollowtheirancientBuddhistcustoms.Bhutanhasalso eademocracy.In2008,KingWangchuckgavehispowertohisson.Althoughthecountrystillhadaking,ithelditsfirstdemocraticelectionsthatyear.Bhutanhadpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalcandidatesforthefirsttime.time.Finally,Bhutanhasconnectedtotherestoftheworldthrough evisionandBhutanisasymbolforsocialprogress.ManycountriesarenowinterestedinBhutan’sGNH.Thesecountriesareinvestigatingtheirownwaystomeasurehappiness.Theywanttocreatenewpoliciesthattakecareoftheirpeople,cultures,andland.BrazilmaybethenextcountrytousetheprinciplesofGNH.BrazilianleadersseetheprinciplesofGNHasasourceofinspiration.Brazilisalargecountrywithadiversepopulation.IfhappinessworksasameasureofprogressinBrazil,perhapstherestoftheworldwillfollow.WhowasJigmeSingyeA ABuddhistAAApartfrommodernizingBhutan,whatelsedidWangchuckwanttodoforTomakeitspopulationTokeepitseparatefromtheToencourageitspeopletogetTokeepitstraditionandAcountryshowsitsprogresswithGNPby sellingmorespendingmorespendinglessprovidingmoreAccordingtoGNH,peoplearehappierif havenewcanchangetheirhaveagood,stable havemoreToday,manycountries usingtheprinciplesofGNHtomeasuretheirworkingtogethertodevelopacommonscaletomeasuretakingbothBhutanandBrazilassymbolsforsocialtryingtofindtheirownwaystomeasure TheMysteriesofNazca InthedesertofPeru,300kilometersfromLima,oneofthemostunusualartworksintheworldhasmystified(迷惑)peoplefordecades. (46)Butfromhighabove,thesemarksarehugeimagesofbirds,fish,seass,allbeautifullycarvedintotheearth.TheNazcalinesaresodifficulttoseefromthegroundthattheyweren’tdiscovereduntilthe1930s,whenpilotsspottedthemwhileflyingoverthearea.Inall,thereareabout70differenthumanandanimalfiguresonthein,alongwith900triangles,circles,andlines.Researchershavefiguredoutthatthelinesareatleast1,500yearsold,buttheirpurposeisstilla (47)However,itwouldprobablybeverytrickytolandaspaceshipinthemiddleofpicturesofdogsandInthe1940s,anAmericanexplorernamedPaulKosoksuggestedthatthedrawingsareachronicle(記錄)ofmovementofthestarsmovementofthestarsand Anotherexnationisthatthelinesmayhavebeenmadeforreligiousreasons.BritishresearcherTonyMorrisoninvestigatedthecustomsofpeopleintheAndesMountainandlearnedthattheysometimespraybythesideoftheroad.It’spossiblethatinthepast,thelinesofNazcawerecreatedforasimilarpurpose. (49)But