t2012年考研英語閱讀理解TEXT

我們先來看第31題：Accordingtothefirstparagraphtheprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits...本題的答案位于第一段，定位詞為theprocessofdiscovery，即，對象為AischaracterizedbyB的意思是，A的特點(diǎn)是B，遇到這種題我們要到文中尋找theprocessofdiscovery的形容詞或后置定語等能起到修飾作用的詞或表達(dá)。NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedAccordingtoParagraph2,soldmedia第32題：ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocess credibilitygainlacklosecredibilityincredibleimpossibleorverydifficulttobelieve難以置信的（不是“信不第33題：Paragraph3showsthatadiscovery escredibleafter第34題：AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmost

ASG這個(gè)人，是為了論證上述觀點(diǎn)，因此他的觀點(diǎn)和上述觀點(diǎn)是第35題：Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthe①Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.②Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.③Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.④Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.⑤Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.①：Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,facts(abouttheworld)arewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearchers(whousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork).這句話的大結(jié)構(gòu)為：Intheidealizedversionoffactsabout...arewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearchers...InTrump’sidealizedversionofthetradewar,hightariffswouldbenefitAmericaandbringmanyjobsback.文中，theidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone是說，在科學(xué)如何被研whousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork是objectiveresearchersscientificmethod)開展工作(carryouttheirwork)。②引出寫作對象：Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但是在日常的科學(xué)實(shí)踐中(intheeverydaypracticeofscience)，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)常常遵循一條模糊而復(fù)雜的路線(followsa...route)。thepracticeofscience表示“科學(xué)實(shí)踐”，followapath/route表示“遵isdeterminedtofollowapathofpeacefuldevelopment.somethingthatisambiguousisunclearconfusingornotcertain，模棱兩可的，反義詞為unambiguous，后者表示“復(fù)雜的”。要求大家詞典原因有二，一、通過英文才能更透徹的了解單詞的含義。除了一些名詞和與基本生活實(shí)踐相關(guān)的詞語外，大多數(shù)中英文不， 耐的詞（比如用ambiguous替換uncertain,unclear，用alternative替換differenttothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits...根據(jù)第一段，發(fā)現(xiàn)的過程有什么樣的特點(diǎn)？（process或其同義替換③原因一：Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.意識的結(jié)合自己的親身經(jīng)歷，摻雜進(jìn)因素。的預(yù)期，暗示與實(shí)際相反。緊接著but與之呼應(yīng)。context的意思是thesituationinwhichsthhappensandthathelpsyoutobackgroundItishopedthatindividualmediado/doesnotover-interpretortakeitoutofthecontext.④原因二：Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperiencewhatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.PriorknowledgeandinterestinfluenceABandPrior的意思是happeningorexistingbeforesthelseorbeforeaparticulartime先前的，舉個(gè)例子：Althoughnotessential,somepriorknowledgeofstatisticsisPriorto+n.beforesth（在...之前）的意思，比如：PriortohisJapantrip,hewenttoNewYork.BeforehisJapantrip,hewenttoNewCthesubsequentactionswetake，我們要采取的后續(xù)行為。subsequenthappeningorcomingaftersthelse后來的，隨后的，subsequentgenerationsSubsequenteventsconfirmedourOpportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deception這句話的大結(jié)構(gòu)為：Opportunities表示“多”的含義，用法為：sthabounds某物大量存在。Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiring首句先談到理想情況下的科學(xué)研究，然后引出了文章寫作對象—— ①Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.②Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.③Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here, esthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.④Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.①承上啟下，：Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.因此，發(fā)現(xiàn)被視為原始科學(xué)。就像剛你擁有某處礦井，其結(jié)Consequentlyso,therefore等。你的發(fā)現(xiàn)，這就叫discoveryclaims.正是因?yàn)榘l(fā)現(xiàn)ambiguousandcomplicated，所以應(yīng)該被視首先要了解stake這個(gè)詞：stake本義是“木樁”的意思，古時(shí)候人們宣樁之內(nèi)的土地是自己的，這在英語中叫stakesomewhereout.于是便衍生出這么一個(gè)用法：stakeout)ayourclaimtoforon意思是，tosayorshowpubliclythatyouthinksthshouldbeyours公開宣布andthePhilippinesarestakingaclaimtotheNanshaIslands.AdamsstakedhisclaimforaceintheOlympicteamwithhiseasywin把它寫成句子的形式：miningclaimsarenewlystaked有人剛剛你擁有某你探測到下方某個(gè)地方可能有礦，于是對外宣稱所有權(quán)，這叫newlystakedminingclaims，剛宣稱的采礦權(quán)，但挖下去可能真的有礦，也可能空potentil的意思。fullofpotential也體現(xiàn)了第一段的ambiguouscomplicated。scrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.但是發(fā)現(xiàn)需要經(jīng)過集體的和認(rèn)可才能轉(zhuǎn)變成成發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話的大結(jié)構(gòu)為：ittakesAandBtoAB才能A是collectivescrutiny共同，collective的意思是involvingawholegrouporsocietycollectiveculture（集體文化，它的動(dòng)詞形式scrutinize：Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionnsinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.ittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptance是說，這需要集體和認(rèn)可transformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery，把一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化成成發(fā)現(xiàn)，也就是從protoscience到science的過程。researcher’sme,here,now esthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,這就是“取信過程”(Thisisthecredibilityprocess)，通過該過程(throughThisisthecredibilityprocesstransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturetheindividualresearcher’sme,here,now esthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime其實(shí)就是由個(gè)例到普遍規(guī)律的過程。④概括：Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingscrutinyacceptance.credibilityprocess我們看第32題：ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocess the①Onceadiscoveryclaim espublic,thediscovererreceivesinlectualcredit.②But,unlikewithminingclaims,takescontrolofwhat ③Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbythethepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryand panyingtechnology.④Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinctionandbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.第五段詳細(xì)論述了取信過程，關(guān)鍵句在最后一句，閱讀時(shí)要抓住第五段詳細(xì)論述了取信過程，關(guān)鍵句在最后一句，閱讀時(shí)要抓住next,as...①第一步：Onceadiscovery lectualespublic,thediscoverer一旦發(fā) ②第二步：But,unlikewithminingclaimsthecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.individual(s)take(s)controlofwhathappensagroupofpeoplewhohavesthincommon擁有某個(gè)共同特征的某個(gè)群體，這theinternationalcommunity，而不是internationalsociety.我們可以用thecommunity表示“社會(huì)、公眾”的意思，比如：Thetrendistowardsreintegratingmentallyillpeopleintothecommunity.//otherscientiststhepublic(includingotherscientists)。③具體介紹第二步：Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossibly panyingtechnology.對研究員來說：Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries對編輯和評審者來說：editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess對于其他科學(xué)家來說：otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirown最后對公眾來說：andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossibly panyingtechnology.timeassomethingelse，朗文詞典給了這么一個(gè)例子：Thedisease paniedbysneezingand再舉幾個(gè)《》中的例子Infact,bigdeficits panyfastAswithallnew, panythe文中panyingtechnology是指，thetechnologythatisdevelopedbasedonthenewdiscovery.④第三步：(Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunitytheinctionand(betweensharedandcompetingbeliefs/aboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolved)transformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.這句話的大結(jié)構(gòu)為：as...,the ctionandtransformsAAsadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity是說，隨著社會(huì)workitswaythrough 修飾 aboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedbeliefs，意思是，人們我們先把這三部分整理一下：thein ctionand(betweensharedandcompetingbeliefs/aboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolved)competingbeliefs指互相的理念，這里的competing相當(dāng)Theytalkedaboutthecompetingtheoriesoftheoriginof 的生 理論transformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.這部分是說，把個(gè)人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)變成科學(xué)界可信的發(fā)現(xiàn)。(Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity),theinctionand(betweensharedandcompetingbeliefs/aboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolved)transformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.我們看第33題：Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaim escredibleafterit...這道題實(shí)際上的是取信過程的步驟，正確答案選B：hasexaminedbythescientificcommunity，這是對本段的概括。其他選項(xiàng)如果有Two existthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.②First,Twoworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedaspleteorincorrect.③Little paniesduplicationandofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.④Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.⑤Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialyearsaremodificationorbyfutureresearchers.⑥Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.⑦NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”⑧Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandyearsaremodificationortheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.⑨Sometimestrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

①總領(lǐng)：Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibility②一：First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas pleteorincorrect.acceptedinaparticularceorataparticulartime盛行的，比如：Theprevailingmoodofthetradewarremainedthatisviewedas pleteorincorrectprevailingknowledge的定語從③，解釋②的原因：Littlereward ofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved. duplication是“，重復(fù)”的意思，這里指重復(fù)別人的發(fā)現(xiàn)或觀點(diǎn)。其動(dòng)詞形式為duplicate。whatisalreadyknownandbelievedprevailingknowledge的同義Ifyouduplicateandconfirmwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved,youwillreceivenoreward.④，重申②句：Thegoalisnew-search,notre-⑤新帶來的結(jié)果：Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveries(thatappeartobeimportantandconvincing)willalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfuturenewlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcredible新的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及可信發(fā)現(xiàn)thatappeartobeimportantandconvincingdiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveries的定語從句，意思是，貌似重要且令人信服的新的發(fā)現(xiàn)Whetherthenewsituationisanimprovementisopento文中beopento加了兩組成分，第一組是challenge；第二組是modificationorrefutation，modification是“調(diào)整，改變”的意思，可以通過refute。我們梳理一下第一個(gè)：③→②④→⑤（因果⑥第二個(gè)：Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesnovelty指“新鮮的事物、人、環(huán)境等”，provokedisbelief/招致不⑦舉例子為引出觀點(diǎn)作鋪墊：NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryasseeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”ASGbutseeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought，舉⑧作者觀點(diǎn)：Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtand lingotherswhattheyhavemissed/maynotchangetheirviews.這句話兩個(gè)主語：thinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtlingotherswhattheyhavemissed聽，虧了覺得是不好，罵市場罵國家，總之就不是自己的錯(cuò)誤。⑨結(jié)論：Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Sometimesittakesyearsfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandyearsarerequiredittakes我們看第我們看第34題：AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreeA：scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)會(huì)經(jīng)受得住質(zhì)疑。文中只說到會(huì)受到（beopento）質(zhì)疑，并沒有說能經(jīng)受得住。錯(cuò)誤。B：discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.的發(fā)現(xiàn)會(huì)激發(fā)未來的研seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthoughtC：effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.