世界銀行：第三版全球集裝箱港口績(jī)效指數(shù)報(bào)告

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TransportGlobalPracticeTheContainerPortPerformanceIndex2022

AComparableAssessmentofPerformancebasedonVesselTimeinPort

?2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/

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I|TableofContents

Tableofcontents

Acknowledgements iii

AbbreviationsandAcronyms iv

Glossary v

Foreword vi

Executivesummary 1

1.Introduction 8

2.TheApproachandMethodology 12

Introduction 12

ThePortPerformanceProgram 13

TheAutomaticIdentificationSystemandPortZoning 13

TheAnatomyofaPortCall 14

OverallPortTimeDistribution 16

TheSignificanceofCallSize 22

ConstructionoftheCPPI 27

3.TheContainerPortPerformanceIndex2022 34

Introduction 34

TheCPPI2022 34

RankingbyRegion 37

RankingbyThroughput 44

4.ConclusionsandNextSteps 50

AppendixA:TheCPPI2022 51

AppendixB:ConstructingtheCPPI 74

TheStructureoftheData 74

ImputationofMissingValues 75

WhyIsMatrixFactorizationUseful? 76

TheStatisticalMethodology 76

TheAdministrativeApproach 77

AggregatingallShipSizeGroups 79

TableofContents|II

Tables

TableE.1.?TheCPPI2022:GlobalRankingofContainerPorts3

Table2.1?AverageArrivalTimeDevelopmentperRegionandShipSize,2021-2022 18

Table2.2?Top20PortsthatMostReducedAverageArrivalTimes,2021-2022 19

Table2.3?Top20PortsthatIncreasedAveragePortArrivalTimes,2021-2022 20

Table2.4?AverageArrivalTimePerformanceperShipSizeRangeperRegion 21

Table2.5?SmallerVesselAverageArrivalTimes 21

Table2.6?PortCallsDistribution 28

Table2.7?ShipSizeGroupDefinitions 28

Table2.8?CallSizeSensitivity 29

Table2.9?QuantityofPortsIncludedperShipSizeGroup 30

Table2.10?ExampleofImputingMissingValues 31

Table2.11?AnExampleofAggregatedRankingsforFourPortswithRandomlyGeneratedAdministrativeand

StatisticalIndexValues 32

Table3.1?TheCPPI2022 35

Table3.2?TheCPPIbyRegion:NorthAmerica 37

Table3.3?TheCPPIbyRegion:CentralAmerica,SouthAmerica,andtheCaribbeanRegion 38

Table3.4?TheCPPIbyRegion:West,Central,andSouthAsia(SaudiArabiatoBangladesh) 39

Table3.5?TheCPPIbyRegion:EastAsia(MyanmartoJapan) 40

Table3.6?TheCPPIbyRegion:Oceania(Australia,NewZealand,andthePacificIslands) 41

Table3.7?TheCPPIbyRegion:Sub-SaharanAfrica 42

Table3.8?TheCPPIbyRegion:EuropeandNorthAfrica 43

Table3.9?TheCPPIbyThroughput:LargePorts(Morethan4millionTEUsperYear) 44

Table3.10?TheCPPIbyThroughput:MediumPorts(between0.5millionand4millionTEUsperYear) 45

Table3.11?TheCPPIbyThroughput:SmallPorts(Lessthan0.5millionTEUsperYear) 48

Figures

Figure2.1?TheAnatomyofaPortCall 15

Figure2.2?In-PortTimeConsumption 16

Figure2.3?GlobalAverageArrivalTimeDevelopment 17

Figure2.4?TheAggregatedCorrelationbetweenShipandCallSize 23

Figure2.5?ContainerMovesPerformedpergrossCraneHouracrossVariousShipSizes 24

Figure2.6?GrossCraneProductivitybyCallSize 25

Figure2.7?CraneProductivitybyCraneIntensity 25

Figure2.8?CallSizeversusCraneIntensity 26

Figure2.9?AverageMovesperCrane 26

Figure2.10?TheStructureoftheCPPI 27

Figure2.11?PercentageofPortCallsperShipSizeGroup-2022 29

III|Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

ThistechnicalreportwaspreparedjointlybytheteamsfromtheTransportGlobalPracticeoftheInfrastructureVice-PresidencyattheWorldBankandtheMaritime,TradeandSupplyChaindivisionofS&PGlobalMarketIntelligence.

TheWorldBankteamwasledbyRichardMartinHumphreys(GlobalLeadforConnectivityandLogisticsandLeadTransportEconomist,ITRGK),GraceNaaMerleyAshley(TransportSpecialist,ITRGK),andDominiqueGuillot(AssociateProfessor,UniversityofDelaware),undertheguidanceofBinyamReja(GlobalPracticeManagerTransport,ITRGK)andNicolasPeltier-Thiberge(GlobalPracticeDirectorTransport,ITRGK).

TheS&PGlobalMarketIntelligenceteamwasledbyTurlochMooney(Director,GlobalIntelligence&Analytics),AndyLane(Partner,CTIConsultancy),andMichelleWong(SeniorResearchAnalyst,GTIProductManagement),undertheguidanceofJennyPaurys(HeadofGlobalIntelligence&Analytics)andGuySear(ManagingDirector,GlobalRisk&MaritimeGlobalIntelligence&Analytics).

Thejointteamwouldliketoextendspecialthankstothefollowingexpertsfortheircommentsonthedraftofthetechnicalreport:JanHoffmann(Chief,TradeLogisticsBranch,DivisiononTechnologyandLogistics,UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment,Geneva),GylfiPalsson(LeadTransportSpecialist,ILTC1),andNinanBijuOommen(SeniorTransportSpecialist,IEAT1).

AbbreviationsandAcronyms|IV

AbbreviationsandAcronyms

AIS

CICOVID-19CPPI

EEZ

FA

GCIGCMPHGDPGRTITULLDCLPISIDSTEU

UNCTAD

AutomaticIdentificationSystem

CraneIntensity

CoronavirusDisease2019

ContainerPortPerformanceIndex

ExclusiveEconomicZone

FactorAnalysis

GlobalCompetitivenessIndex

MovesperGrossCraneHour

GrossDomesticProduct

GrossRegisteredTonnage

InternationalTelecommunicationUnion

LandlockedDevelopingCountry

LogisticsPerformanceIndex

SmallIslandDevelopingStates

Twenty-footEquivalentUnit

UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment

V|Glossary

Moves:Totalcontainermoves.Discharge+restowagemoves+load.Excludinghatchcovers,gearboxes,andothernon-containerrelatedcranework.Breakbulkcargoliftsareexcluded,howeveremptyplatform(tweendeckorflat-rack)handlingmovesareincluded.

Movespercrane:TotalMovesforacalldividedbythecraneintensity.

Portcall:Acalltoacontainerport/terminalbyacontainervesselwhereatleastonecontainerwasdischargedorloaded.

Porthours:Thenumberofhoursashipspendsat/inport,fromarrivalattheportlimitstosailingfromtheberth.

Portlimits:Eitherananchoragezoneorthelocationwherepilotembarkationordisembarkationoccursandrecordedaswhicheveractivityistheearliest.

Porttoberthhours:Thetimefromwhenashipfirstarrivedattheportlimitsoranchoragezone(whicheveractivityoccursfirst)untilitisallfastalongsidetheberth.

Relaytranshipment:Containerstranshippedbetweenoceangoingcontainerships.

Shipsize:Nominalcapacityintwentyfootequivalentunits(“TEU’s”).

Start:Thetimeelapsedfromberthing(alllinesfast)tofirstcontainermove.

Steamintime:Thetimerequiredtosteam-infromtheportlimitsanduntilallfastalongsidetheberth.

TwentyfootequivalentunitorTEU:Astandardmetricforcontainerthroughput,andthephysicalcapacityofacontainerterminal.A20-footcontainerisequalto1TEU,anda40-footor45-footcontainerisequalto2TEUs.Regardlessofcontainersize(10feet,15feet,20feet,30feet,40feet,or45feet),eachisrecordedasonemovewhenbeingloadedordischargedfromthevessel.

Vesselcapacity:NominalcapacityintwentyfootequivalentUnits(“TEU’s”).

Waitingtime:Totalelapsedtimefromwhenvesselentersanchoragezonetowhenvesseldepartsanchoragezone(vesselspeedmusthavedroppedbelow0.5knotsforatleast15minswithinthezone).

Glossary

Allfast:Thepointwhenthevesselisfullysecuredatberthandallmooringlinesarefast

Arrivaltime/hours:Thetotalelapsedtimebetweenthevessel’sautomaticidentificationsystem(AIS)recordedarrivalattheactualportlimitoranchorage(whicheverrecordedtimeistheearlier)anditsalllinesfastattheberth

Berthhours:Thetimebetweenalllinesfastandalllinesreleased

Berthidle:Thetimespentonberthwithoutongoingcargooperations.Theaccumulatedtimebetweenallfasttofirstmovepluslastmovetoalllinesreleased

Callsize:Thenumberofcontainermovespercall,inclusiveofdischarge,load,andrestowage

Cargooperations:Whencargoisbeingexchanged,thetimebetweenfirstandlastcontainermoves

Craneintensity(CI):Thequantityofcranesdeployedtoaship’sberthcall.Calculatedastotalaccumulatedgrosscranehoursdividedbyoperating(firsttolastmove)hours

Factoranalysis(FA):Astatisticalmethodusedtodescribevariabilityamongobserved,correlatedvariablesintermsofapotentiallylowernumberofunobservedvariablescalledfactors

Finish:Totalelapsedtimebetweenlastcontainermoveandalllinesreleased

Grosscranehours:Aggregatedtotalworkingtimeforallcranesdeployedtoavesselcallwithoutanydeductions.Timeincludesbreakdowns,inclementweather,vesselinspireddelays,un/lashing,gantry,boomdown/upplushatchcoverandgear-boxhandling.

Grosscraneproductivity(GCMPH):Callsizeortotalmovesdividedbytotalgrosscranehours.

Hubport:Aportwhichiscalledatbydeep-seamainlinecontainershipsandservesasatransshipmentpointforsmalleroutlying,orfeeder,portswithinitsgeographicalregion.Typically,morethan35percentofitstotalthroughputwouldbehubandspokeorrelaytransshipmentcontaineractivity.

Foreword|VI

Foreword

ThechallengescausedbytheCOVID-19pandemicanditsaftermathonthesectoreasedin2022,aneasingthathascontinuedintoearly2023.Thishasresultedinanimprovementinbothportcongestionandareductioninlogisticaldisruption.Theimprovementin2022hashadapositiveimpactontheperformanceandrankingofsomeports;wheretheproblemwassystemic,asopposedtolocationspecific,theinherentinefficiencyremains.Oneofthe‘silverlinings’ofthepandemicwasgreaterawarenessandfocusontheresilienceandefficiencyofthemaritimegateways,whereanyfrictionwillresultintangibleimpactsonconsumerchoice,priceandultimatelyeconomicdevelopment.

However,oneofthemajorchallengestostimulatingimprovementintheefficiencyofportshasbeenthelackofareliable,consistent,andcomparablebasisonwhichtocompareoperationalperformanceacrossdifferentports.Whilemodernportscollectdataforperformancepurposes,theQuality,consistency,andavailabilityofdata,thedefinitionsemployed,andthecapacityandwillingnessoftheorganizationstocollectandtransmitdatatoacollatingbodyhaveallprecludedthedevelopmentofarobustcomparablemeasure(s)toassessperformanceacrossportsandtime.

Theintroductionofnewtechnologies,increaseddigitalization,andthewillingnessonthepartofindustrystakeholderstoworkcollectivelytowardsystemwideimprovementshavenowprovidedtheopportunitytomeasureandcomparecontainerportperformanceinarobustandreliablemanner.Apartnershiphasresultedinthistechnicalreport,whichisthethirditerationoftheContainerPortPerformanceIndex(CPPI),producedbytheTransportGlobalPracticeoftheWorldBankincollaborationwiththeGlobalIntelligence&AnalyticsdivisionofS&PGlobalMarketIntelligence.

TheCPPIisintended,asinitsearlieriterations,toserveasareferencepointforimprovementforkeystakeholdersintheglobaleconomy,includingnationalgovernments,portauthoritiesandoperators,developmentagencies,supranationalorganizations,variousmaritimeinterests,andotherpublicandprivatestakeholdersintrade,logistics,andsupplychainservices.Theperformanceofaportmaybeassessedbasedonamyriadofmeasurements,suchas:terminalcapacityorspaceutilization,cost,landsideconnectivity&services,orshiptoshoreinterchange.TheCPPIisbasedonavailableempiricalobjectivedatapertainingexclusivelytotimeexpendedinavesselstayinaportandshouldbeinterpretedasanindicativemeasureofcontainerportperformance,butnotadefinitiveone.

NicolasPeltier-Thiberge

GlobalPracticeDirectorTransport

TheWorldBank

JennyPaurys

HeadofGlobalIntelligence

&Analytics

S&PGlobalMarket

Intelligence

1|ExecutiveSummary

ExecutiveSummary

Maritimetransportformsthefoundationofglobaltradeandthemanufacturingsupplychain.Themaritimeindustryprovidesthemostcost-effective,energy-efficient,anddependablemodeoftransportationforlongdistances.Morethan80percentofglobalmerchandisetrade(byvolume)istransportedviasearoutes.Aconsiderableandincreasingproportionofthisvolume,accountingforabout35percentoftotalvolumesandover60percentofcommercialvalue,iscarriedincontainers.

Theemergenceofcontainerizationbroughtaboutsignificantchangesinhowandwheregoodsaremanufacturedandprocessed,atrendthatislikelytocontinuewithdigitalization.Containerportsarecriticalnodesinglobalsupplychainsandessentialtothegrowthstrategiesofmanyemergingeconomies.Innumerouscases,thedevelopmentofhigh-qualitycontainerportinfrastructureoperatingefficientlyhasbeenaprerequisiteforsuccessfulexport-ledgrowthstrategies.Countriesthatfollowsuchastrategywillhavehigherlevelsofeconomicgrowththanthosethatdonot.Efficient,highqualityportinfrastructurecanfacilitateinvestmentinproductionanddistributionsystems,engenderexpansionofmanufacturingandlogistics,createemploymentopportunities,andraiseincomelevels.

However,portsandterminals,especiallycontainerterminals,cancauseshipmentdelays,disruptionsinsupplychain,additionalexpenses,andreducedcompetitiveness.Thenegativeeffectofpoorperformanceinaportcanextendbeyondthethatport’shinterlandtoothersascontainershippingservicesfollowafixedschedulewithspecificberthwindowsateachportofcallontheroute.Therefore,poorperformanceatoneportcoulddisrupttheentireschedule.This,inturn,increasesthecostofimportsandexports,reducesthecompetitivenessofthecountryanditshinterland,andhinderseconomicgrowthandpovertyreduction.Theconsequencesareparticularlysignificantforlandlockeddevelopingcountries(LLDCs)andsmallislanddevelopingstates(SIDS).

Comparingoperationalperformanceacrossportshasbeenamajorchallengeforimprovingglobalvaluechainsduetothelackofareliable,consistent,andcomparablebasis.Despitethedatacollectedbymodernportsforperformancepurposes,thequality,consistency,andavailabilityofdata,aswellasthedefinitionsusedandthecapacityandwillingnessoforganizationstotransmitdatatoacollatingbody,havehinderedthedevelopmentofacomparablemeasure(s)forassessingperformanceacrossportsandtime.However,newtechnologies,increaseddigitalization,andindustryinterests’willingnesstoworkcollectivelytowardsystemwideimprovementsnowprovideanopportunitytomeasureandcomparecontainerportperformanceinarobustandreliablemanner.TheWorldBank’sTransportGlobalPracticeandtheGlobalIntelligence&AnalyticsdivisionofS&PGlobalMarketIntelligencehavecollaboratedtoproducethethirdeditionoftheContainerPortPerformanceIndex(CPPI),presentedinthistechnicalpaper.

TheaimoftheCPPIistopinpointareasforenhancementthatcanultimatelybenefitallpartiesinvolved,rangingfromshippinglinestonationalgovernmentsandconsumers.Itisdesignedtoactasapointofreferenceforimportantstakeholdersintheglobaleconomy,includingportauthoritiesandoperators,nationalgovernments,supranationalorganizations,developmentagencies,variousmaritimeinterests,andotherpublicandprivatestakeholdersintrade,logistics,andsupplychainservices.ThedevelopmentoftheCPPIrestsontotalcontainershipinporttimeinthemannerexplainedinsubsequentsectionsofthereport,andasinearlier

ExecutiveSummary|2

iterationsoftheCPPI.Thisthirditerationutilizesdataforthefullcalendaryearof2022.OneslightchangeinthisiterationisthattheCPPI2022onlyincludesportsthathadaminimumof24validportcallswithinthe12-monthperiodofthestudy,comparedto20inearlieriterations.ThenumberofportsincludedintheCPPI2022is348.

InearlieriterationsoftheCPPI,thecalculationoftherankingoftheindexemployedtwodifferentmethodologicalapproaches,anadministrative,ortechnical,approach,apragmaticmethodologyreflectingexpertknowledgeandjudgment;andastatisticalapproach,usingfactoranalysis(FA).Therationaleforusingtwoapproacheswastotryandensurethattherankingofcontainerportperformancereflectsascloselyaspossibleactualportperformance,whilstalsobeingstatisticallyrobust.AndtherehasbeenamarkedimprovementinconsistencybetweentherankingsthatresultfromthetwoapproachessincetheinauguralCPPI2020,butsomeminorinconsistenciesremained.

Accordingly,forCPPI2022,thesamemethodologicalapproachesareusedandthenarankaggregationmethodappliedtocombinetheresultsfromthetwodifferentapproachesandreturnoneaggregateranking.Theaggregationmethodologyandtheresultingrankingisdetailedinthereport,whilethestatisticalandadministrativeapproachesandtheirrespectiverankingsaredetailedinAppendixA.TableE.1presentstheresultingCPPI2022.

Thetwotop-rankedcontainerportsintheCPPI2022areYangshanPort(China)infirstplace,followedbythePortofSalalah(Oman)insecondplace.Thesetwoportsoccupythesamepositionsintherankingsgeneratedbybothapproaches.PortofSalalahwasrankedsecondinbothapproachesinCPPI2021.YangshanPortrankedthirdandfourthinthestatisticalandadministrativeapproaches,respectively,forCPPI2021.ThreeportsintheMiddleEastarerankedinthetopten(Salalah,Kahlifa,Hamad),asarethreeofthelargeChinesegateways(Yangshan,NingboandGuangzhou).

Ofthetop10rankedports,9haveeithermaintainedorimprovedtheirpositionsinceCPPI2021.TheexceptionisHamadPort,whichmoveddown5and3placesintheadministrativeandstatisticalrankings,respectively.Yokohamafellfrom10thand12thinCPPI2021to15thplaceinCPPI2022,andJeddahfellfrom8thplaceinCPPI2021to29thplaceinCPPI2022.

3|ExecutiveSummary

PortName

OverallRanking

Fuzhou

39

Marsaxlokk

40

Yarimca

41

Dalian

42

LazaroCardenas

43

Wilmington(USA-NCarolina)

44

Kobe

45

Nagoya

46

Shimizu

47

Mundra

48

Sohar

49

RioGrande(Brazil)

50

Piraeus

51

PortOfVirginia

52

Yantian

53

Tokyo

54

Altamira

55

Haifa

56

Ambarli

57

Jubail

58

Aqaba

59

Bremerhaven

60

Itapoa

61

Zeebrugge

62

DaChanBayTerminalOne

63

Krishnapatnam

64

Zhoushan

65

Antwerp

66

RioDeJaneiro

67

Savona-Vado

68

Boston(USA)

69

Keelung

70

SantaCruzDeTenerife

71

Paranagua

72

KhalifaBinSalman

73

SiamSeaport

74

Diliskelesi

75

Balboa

76

TableE.1?TheCPPI2022:GlobalRankingofContainerPorts

PortName

OverallRanking

Yangshan

1

Salalah

2

KhalifaPort

3

Tanger-Mediterranean

4

Cartagena(Colombia)

5

TanjungPelepas

6

Ningbo

7

HamadPort

8

Guangzhou

9

PortSaid

10

HongKong

11

CaiMep

12

Shekou

13

Mawan

14

Yokohama

15

Algeciras

16

KingAbdullahPort

17

Singapore

18

Posorja

19

Tianjin

20

Buenaventura

21

Busan

22

Yeosu

23

Chiwan

24

Kaohsiung

25

Djibouti

26

LaemChabang

27

Colombo

28

Jeddah

29

Pipavav

30

Dammam

31

Coronel

32

Xiamen

33

Barcelona

34

Callao

35

PortKlang

36

Incheon

37

JebelAli

38

ExecutiveSummary|4

PortName

OverallRanking

Shantou

77

Kattupalli

78

Kamarajar

79

Osaka

80

Colon

81

Jacksonville

82

Lianyungang

83

Karachi

84

Hazira

85

JawaharlalNehruPort

86

PuertoLimon

87

Cochin

88

PortEverglades

89

MuhammadBinQasim

90

Johor

91

Penang

92

Aarhus

93

PuertoCortes

94

Fort-De-France

95

Pointe-A-Pitre

96

TanjungPerak

97

Philadelphia

98

Veracruz

99

NemrutBay

100

Paita

101

Yokkaichi

102

Limassol

103

Naha

104

Ensenada

105

Malaga

106

CatLai

107

Imbituba

108

Hakata

109

Chennai

110

Gemlik

111

Mersin

112

NewOrleans

113

Santos

114

Visakhapatnam

115

Pecem

116

PortName

OverallRanking

Danang

117

Wilhelmshaven

118

PuertoBarrios

119

Salvador

120

Shuaiba

121

Gothenburg

122

GioiaTauro

123

Saigon

124

Taichung

125

PortAkdeniz

126

Sharjah

127

Noumea

128

PuertoQuetzal

129

SanJuan

130

SantaMarta

131

TanjungEmas

132

Omaezaki

133

Gijon

134

Batangas

135

Moji

136

Izmir

137

Vigo

138

Papeete

139

Haiphong

140

Lirquen

141

Shuwaikh

142

Cebu

143

Berbera

144

PortTampaBay

145

QuyNhon

146

PuertoBolivar(Ecuador)

147

Caucedo

148

Fredericia

149

Odessa

150

Helsingborg

151

Cadiz

152

Wellington

153

Nantes-StNazaire

154

ChuLai

155

CagayanDeOro

156

5|ExecutiveSummary

PortName

OverallRanking

Ancona

157

RioHaina

158

Casablanca

159

Bar

160

Ravenna

161

PuertoProgreso

162

Salerno

163

Barranquilla

164

UmmQasr

165

Oslo

166

Gustavia

167

Borusan

168

Philipsburg

169

Vitoria

170

Qingdao

171

ElDekheila

172

Damietta

173

BuenosAires

174

Leixoes

175

Brest

176

Latakia

177

Suape

178

Larvik

179

Burgas

180

Norrkoping

181

Sepetiba

182

Muuga-PortOfTallinn

183

Bari

184

Civitavecchia

185

Sines

186

Copenhagen