紅寶書考研英語10年真題

SectionI:StructureandIneachsentence,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedatthecemarked.PutyourchoicesintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Theboarddeemediturgentthatthesefiles righthadtobeshouldhavebeenmustbeshouldbeThelocalhealthorganizationisreported twenty-fiveyearsagowhenDr.Audonbecameitsfirst.tobesetbeingsettohavebeensethavingbeensetTheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandsthathisfollowers behadbeenhaveTedhadtoldmethathealwaysescapes ashehasgotaveryfastsporttotobebeinghavingbeenMorethanonethirdofthe intheUnitedStatesliveinCalifornia, inSanProf.Lee’sbookwillshowyou canbeusedinotherthatyouhavethathowyouhavehowthatyouhavehowwhatyouhaveAllfights becauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethewerehadbeenhavinghavingbeenThenewsecretaryhaswrittenaremarkably reportonlyinafewpagesbutwithallthedetails.Withprices somuch,it’shardfor tonaExpertsaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysfor to Expectednoisesareusuallymore thanunexpectedonesofthelikeItisn’tsomuchwhetherheworkshard;thequestioniswhetherheworks aboveinatafterThereisanincorrectassumptionamongscientistsandmedicalpeoplethateveryone whatconstitutesabenefittoanAlltheinformationwehavecollectedinrelationtothatcase verymakesupaddsupcomesupputsup workworkworkworkBeforethestudentssetoff,theyspentmuchtimesettingalimit theexpensesofthe ofFromthetearsinNedra’seyeswecandeducethatsomethingsad musthavewouldhavemightbeshouldYoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeeting youdon’tmindtakingthenightHardlyamonthgoesbywithout ofanothersurveyrevealingnewdepthsofscientific cyamongU.S.citizens.atheIfyou JerryBrownuntilrecently,you’dthinkthephotographontherightwasdidn’tweren’ttohadn’tSometeenagersharborageneralizedresentmentagainstsociety,which themtherightsandprivilegesofadults,althoughphysicallytheyaremature.Imustgonow. ,ifyouwantthatbookI’llbringitnext[A]Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake, theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.muchmorenomorenolessanymoreThough inSanFrancisco,DaveMitc hadalwayspreferredtorecordtheinfactsofsmall-townlife.Mostelectronicdevicesofthiskind, manufacturedforsuchpurposes,aretightlythataswhichitAsforthewinter,itisinconvenienttobecold,withmostof furnacefuelisallowedsavedforthedawn.AchievingahighdegreeofproficiencyinEnglishasaforeignlanguageisnota withoutscientificWecannotalways thewind,sonewwindmillsshouldbesodesignedthattheycanalsobedrivenbywater.hangcountholdcomeThestormsweeoverthisareanowissuretocause ofvegetablesinthecomingSectionII:ReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosetheanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(30points)Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hotodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourlanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrRecentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern“toy-bear.”Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toyze,tocombineand binethepartsofalanguageinnewways.Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninctionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling(咿呀學(xué)語),grasandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinctionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.ThepurposeofFrederickII’sexperimentwas toprovethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytotodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumantofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldyinteachingachildtotoprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningaThereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobablythat theyareincapableoflearninglanguagetheyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageattheirmothersrespond ytotheirattemptstotheirmothersarenot ligentenoughtohelpWhatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutachildisthat heisbornwiththecapacitytohehasabrainmorecomplexthananhecanproducehisownheoweshisspeechabilitytogoodWhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromtheThefacultyofspeechisinborninEncouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguageThechild’sbrainishighlyMostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefiniteIfachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill haveahighbeless beinsensitivetoverbalnotnecessarilybeIngeneral,oursocietyis ingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic(主義的)managementinwhichman esasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhas epowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthewhite-collarworkershave eeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandinlectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforinligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain--bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’s petitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century“enterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery”theauthorintendstorendertheideathatman anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual’sfunctionisworkingincompleteharmonywiththerestoftheahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingTherealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat theyarelikelytolosetheirtheyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestintheyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumantheyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandFromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose whoareatthebottomofthewhoarehigherupintheirsocialwhoprovebetterthan whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveTosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould resorttotheproductionmodeofourofferhigherwagestotheworkersandenablemantofullydevelophistakethefundamentalrealitiesforTheauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof Whenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheideasecret,orpatentit.Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopoly()andpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolourTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsoflillymillionsofideasthatareforanyonetouseand,ifolderthanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistogiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost“new”ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindevisionoriginatefromthelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear.Thepassageismainlyabout anapproachtotheapplicationfortheuseoftheaccesstoWhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtotheWhena esoutofeffect,itcanbere-patentedorextendedifItisnecessaryforaninventortoapplyforapatentbeforehemakeshisinventionApatentholdermustpublicizethedetailsofhisinventionwhenitslegalperiodisOnecangetallthedetailsofapatentedinventionfromalibraryattachedtothepatentGeorgeValensi’spatentlasteduntil1971because nobodywouldofferanyrewardforhispatentpriortothathispatentcouldnotbeputtouseforanunusuallylongtherewerenotenoughTVstationstoprovidecolourthecolourTVreceiverwasnotavailableuntilthatTheword“giarize”(line8,Para.5)mostprobablymeans stealandgiverewardmaketakeandFromthepassagewelearnthat aninventionwillnotbenefittheinventorunlessitisreducedtocommercialproductsareactuallyinventionswhichweremadealongtimeitismuchcheapertobuyanoldpatentthananewpatentexpertsoften mendpatentstoothersbyconductingasearchthroughdeadSectionIII:CloseForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(15points)Althoughinteriordesignhasexistedsincethebeginningofarchitecture,itsdevelopmentintoaspecializedfieldisreallyquiterecent.Interiordesignershave eimportantpartlybecauseofthemanyfunctionsthatmightbe46inasinglelargebuilding.Theimportanceofinterior es whenwerealizehowmuchtimewe surroundedbyfourwalls.Wheneverweneedtobeindoors,wewantoursurroundingstobe attractiveandcomfortableaspossible.Wealsoexpect cetobeappropriateitsuse.Youwouldbe51iftheinsideofyourbedroomweresuddenlychangedtolook52theinsideofarestaurant.Andyouwouldn’tfeel53inabusinessofficethathastheappearanceofaschool.Itsoon esclearthattheinteriordesigner’smostimportantbasic54isthefunctionoftheparticular55.Forexample,atheaterwithpoorsightlines,poorsound-shaqualities,and56fewentriesandexitswillnotworkfor57purpose,nomatterhowbeautifullyitmightbe58.Nevertheless,foranykindofspace,thedesignerhastomakemanyofthesamekindof59.Heorshemustcoordinatetheshapes,lightinganddecorationofeverythingfromceilingtofloor.60addition,thedesignermustusuallyselectfurnitureordesignbuilt-infurniture,accordingtothefunctionsthatneedtobeserved.[A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A][A]a[A][A][A][A][B][D]SectionIV:Error-detectionandEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibitionwhich[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.Answer[C]iswrongbecausethesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibitionwheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C]andwritethecorrection“where”ontheline.[A][B][●][D]Hecannot lthedifferencebetweentrue[A]praiseandflattering[B]statementsmaking[C]onlytogain[D]hisfavor.Theywanttoexposethoseeducational[A]disadvantagedstudentstocreative,enriching[B]educationalexperiences[C]forafive-year[D]period.Thechangesthattook[A]ceinairtravelduring[B]thelastsixtyyearswouldhave[C] yimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsat[D]theturnofthe19thIdon’tthinkit[A]advisablethathewillbeassigned[B]tothejobsincehehasno[C]experiencewhatsoever[D].Beethoven,thegreatmusician,wrote[A]ninesymphoniesinhislife,mostofthemwerewritten[B]afterhehadlost[C]hishearing[D].Mr.Jankinregrettedtoblame[A]hissecretaryfor[B]themistake,for[C]helater[D]itwashisownAsfor[A]theinfluenceofcomputerization,nowherewehaveseen[B]theresultsmoreclearlythanintheU.S.[C],whichreallyhavesurprised[D]usall.Attimes[A],morecaregoesinto[B]thecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanthewriting[C]offeatures[D]andeditorials.Itisrequiredbylawthatahusbandhavetopay[A]thedebtsofhiswifeuntil[B]formalnoticeisgiventhat[C]henolongerhastopayher[D].Over[A]theyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudied[B]atthatuniversityintheresult[C]thatithas[D]acquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.SectionV: Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesinto.(15(71)Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexnation.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinary ,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.(72)Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.Youwillunderstandthisbetterperhaps,ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.(73Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinduction歸納法anddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.(74)Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Tohearalltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleapparatusarebeingusedbyyourselveseverydayandeveryhourofyourlives.Thereisawell-known inoneofMotiere’sys,wheretheauthormakestheheroexpressunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingprose(散文