tpo3閱讀翻譯和答案

tpo3閱讀翻譯和答案Architecture

Architectureistheartandscienceofdesigningstructuresthatorganizeandenclosespaceforpracticalandsymbolicpurposes.Becausearchitecturegrowsoutofhumanneedsandaspirations,itclearlycommunicatesculturalvalues.Ofallthevisualarts,architectureaffectsourlivesmostdirectlyforitdeterminesthecharacterofthehumanenvironmentinmajorways.

Architectureisathree-dimensionalform.Itutilizesspace,mass,texture,line,light,andcolor.Tobearchitecture,abuildingmustachieveaworkingharmonywithavarietyofelements.Humansinstinctivelyseekstructuresthatwillshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.Itistheworkofarchitectstocreatebuildingsthatarenotsimplyconstructionsbutalsoofferinspirationanddelight.Buildingscontributetohumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,andareeconomicallyfeasible.Theclientwhopaysforthebuildinganddefinesitsfunctionisanimportantmemberofthearchitecturalteam.Themediocredesignofmanycontemporarybuildingscanbetracedtobothclientsandarchitects.

Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem-evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.Theworldsarchitecturalstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials.Structurescanbeanalyzedintermsofhowtheydealwithdownwardforcescreatedbygravity.Theyaredesignedtowithstandtheforcesofcompression(pushingtogether),tension(pullingapart),bending,oracombinationoftheseindifferentpartsofthestructure.

Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,suchaswood,stone,brick.Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired.Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniquesofconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuchgreatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial.Progressinthisareacanbemeasuredbythedifferenceinweightbetweenbuildingsbuiltnowandthoseofcomparablesizebuiltonehundredyearsago.

Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody:asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,andequipment,similartothebodysvitalorgansandsystems.Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture-suchasigloosandadobestructures-therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.

Muchoftheworldsgreatarchitecturehasbeenconstructedofstonebecauseofitsbeauty,permanence,andavailability.Inthepast,wholecitiesgrewfromthearduoustaskofcuttingandpilingstoneupon.SomeoftheworldsfineststonearchitecturecanbeseenintheruinsoftheancientIncacityofMachuPicchuhighintheeasternAndesMountainsofPeru.Thedoorwaysandwindowsaremadepossiblebyplacingovertheopenspacesthickstonebeamsthatsupporttheweightfromabove.Astructuralinventionhadtobemadebeforethephysicallimitationsofstonecouldbeovercomeandnewarchitecturalformscouldbecreated.Thatinventionwasthearch,acurvedstructureoriginallymadeofseparatestoneorbricksegments.ThearchwasusedbytheearlyculturesoftheMediterraneanareachieflyforundergrounddrains,butitwastheRomanswhofirstdevelopedandusedthearchextensivelyinabovegroundstructures.Romanbuildersperfectedthesemicirculararchmadeofseparateblocksofstone.Asamethodofspanningspace,thearchcansupportgreaterweightthanahorizontalbeam.Itworksincompressiontodiverttheweightaboveitouttothesides,wheretheweightisbornebytheverticalelementsoneithersideofthearch.Thearchisamongthemanyimportantstructuralbreakthroughsthathavecharacterizedarchitecturethroughoutthecenturies.

Paragraph1:Architectureistheartandscienceofdesigningstructuresthatorganizeandenclosespaceforpracticalandsymbolicpurposes.Becausearchitecturegrowsoutofhumanneedsandaspirations,itclearlycommunicatesculturalvalues.Ofallthevisualarts,architectureaffectsourlivesmostdirectlyforitdeterminesthecharacterofthehumanenvironmentinmajorways.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingstatementsaboutarchitecturearetrueEXCEPT:

○Architectureisvisualart.

○Architecturereflectstheculturalvaluesofitscreators.

○Architecturehasbothartisticandscientificdimensions.

○Architecturehasanindirecteffectonlife.

Paragraph2:Architectureisathree-dimensionalform.Itutilizesspace,mass,texture,line,light,andcolor.Tobearchitecture,abuildingmustachieveaworkingharmonywithavarietyofelements.Humansinstinctivelyseekstructuresthatwillshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.Itistheworkofarchitectstocreatebuildingsthatarenotsimplyconstructionsbutalsoofferinspirationanddelight.Buildingscontributetohumanlifewhentheyprovideshelter,enrichspace,complementtheirsite,suittheclimate,andareeconomicallyfeasible.Theclientwhopaysforthebuildinganddefinesitsfunctionisanimportantmemberofthearchitecturalteam.Themediocredesignofmanycontemporarybuildingscanbetracedtobothclientsandarchitects.

2.Thewordfeasibleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○inexistence

○withoutquestion

○achievable

○mostlikely

3.Thewordenhanceinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○protect

○improve

○organize

○match

Paragraph3:Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem-evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.Theworldsarchitecturalstructureshavealsobeendevisedinrelationtotheobjectivelimitationsofmaterials.Structurescanbeanalyzedintermsofhowtheydealwithdownwardforcescreatedbygravity.Theyaredesignedtowithstandtheforcesofcompression(pushingtogether),tension(pullingapart),bending,oracombinationoftheseindifferentpartsofthestructure.

4.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

○Unchangingphysicallawshavelimitedthesizeandstrengthofbuildingsthatcanbemadewithmaterialsdiscoveredlongago.

○B(yǎng)uildingmaterialshavechangedinordertoincreasearchitecturalsizeandstrength,butphysicallawsofstructurehavenotchanged.

○Whenpeoplefirststartedtobuild,thestructuralmethodsusedtoprovidestrengthandsizewereinadequatebecausetheywerenotbasedonphysicallaws.

○Unlikebuildingmaterials,themethodsofsupportusedinarchitecturehavenotchangedovertimebecausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws.

5.Theworddevisedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○combined

○created

○introduced

○suggested

Paragraph4:Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesitwasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,suchaswood,stone,brick.Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuildingmaterialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired.Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniquesofconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuchgreatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial.Progressinthisareacanbemeasuredbythedifferenceinweightbetweenbuildingsbuiltnowandthoseofcomparablesizebuiltonehundredyearsago.

6.Thewordintegralisclosestinmeaningto

○essential

○variable

○practical

○independent

7.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutmaterialsusedintheconstructionofbuildings?

○B(yǎng)ecausenewbuildingmaterialsarehardtofind,constructiontechniqueshavechangedverylittlefrompastgenerations.

○Theavailabilityofsuitablebuildingmaterialsnolongerlimitsthetypesofstructuresthatmaybebuilt.

○Theprimarybuildingmaterialsthatareavailabletodayarewood,stone,andbrick.

○Architectsinearliertimesdidnothaveenoughbuildingmaterialstoencloselargespaces.

8.Inparagraph4,whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutmodernbuildings?

○Theyoccupymuchlessspacethanbuildingsconstructedonehundredyearsago.

○Theyarenotverydifferentfromthebuildingofafewgenerationsago.

○Theyweighlessinrelationtotheirsizethanbuildingsconstructedonehundredyearsago.

○Theytakealongtimetobuildasaresultoftheircomplexconstructionmethods.

Paragraph5:Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody:asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,andequipment,similartothebodysvitalorgansandsystems.Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture-suchasigloosandadobestructures-therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.

9.Whichofthefollowingcorrectlycharacterizestherelationshipbetweenthehumanbodyandarchitecturethatisdescribedinparagraph5?

○Complexequipmentinsidebuildingsistheoneelementinmodernarchitecturethatresemblesacomponentofthehumanbody.

○Thecomponentsinearlybuildingsweresimilartothreeparticularelementsofthehumanbody.

○Modernbuildingshavecomponentsthatareaslikelytochangeasthehumanbodyis.

○Ingeneral,modernbuildingsmorecloselyresemblethehumanbodythanearlierbuildingsdo.

Paragraph6:Muchoftheworldsgreatarchitecturehasbeenconstructedofstonebecauseofitsbeauty,permanence,andavailability.Inthepast,wholecitiesgrewfromthearduoustaskofcuttingandpilingstoneupon.SomeoftheworldsfineststonearchitecturecanbeseenintheruinsoftheancientIncacityofMachuPicchuhighintheeasternAndesMountainsofPeru.Thedoorwaysandwindowsaremadepossiblebyplacingovertheopenspacesthickstonebeamsthatsupporttheweightfromabove.Astructuralinventionhadtobemadebeforethephysicallimitationsofstonecouldbeovercomeandnewarchitecturalformscouldbecreated.Thatinventionwasthearch,acurvedstructureoriginallymadeofseparatestoneorbricksegments.ThearchwasusedbytheearlyculturesoftheMediterraneanareachieflyforundergrounddrains,butitwastheRomanswhofirstdevelopedandusedthearchextensivelyinabovegroundstructures.Romanbuildersperfectedthesemicirculararchmadeofseparateblocksofstone.Asamethodofspanningspace,thearchcansupportgreaterweightthanahorizontalbeam.Itworksincompressiontodiverttheweightaboveitouttothesides,wheretheweightisbornebytheverticalelementsoneithersideofthearch.Thearchisamongthemanyimportantstructuralbreakthroughsthathavecharacterizedarchitecturethroughoutthecenturies.

10.Thewordarduousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○difficult

○necessary

○skilled

○shared

11.WhydoestheauthorincludeadescriptionofhowthedoorwaysandwindowsofMachuPicchuwereconstructed?

○ToindicatethatthecombinedskeletonsandskinsofthestonebuildingsofMachuPicchuweresimilartoigloosandadobestructures

○ToindicatethedifferentkindsofstonesthathadtobecuttobuildMachuPicchu

○Toprovideanillustrationofthekindofconstructionthatwasrequiredbeforearcheswereinvented

○Toexplainhowancientbuildersreducedtheamountoftimenecessarytoconstructbuildingsfromstone

12．Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthearch?

○TheRomanswerethefirstpeopletousethestonearch.

○Theinventionofthearchallowednewarchitecturalformstobedeveloped.

○Thearchworkedbydistributingthestructuralloadofabuildingtowardthecenterofthearch.

○TheRomansfollowedearlierpracticesintheiruseofarches.

Paragraph5:█Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,andequipment,similartothebodysvitalorgansandsystems.█Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.█Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture-suchasigloosandadobestructures-therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.█

13．Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

However,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcreterorair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifyingskeletonandskin.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

14．Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Architectureusesformsandspacetoexpressculturalvalues.

●

●

●

Answerchoices

○Architectsseektocreatebuildingsthatarebothvisuallyappealingandwellsuitedforhumanuse.

○Overthecourseofthehistoryofbuilding,innovationsinmaterialandmethodsofconstructionhavegivenarchitectsevergreaterfreedomtoexpressthemselves.

○Throughouthistorybuildingshavebeenconstructedlikehumanbodies,needingdistinctorgansystemsinordertofunction.

○B(yǎng)othclientsandarchitectsareresponsibleforthemediocredesignsofsomemodernbuildings.

○ModernbuildingstendtolackthebeautyofancientstonebuildingssuchasthoseofMachuPicchu.

○Thediscoveryanduseofthearchtypifiesthewayinwhicharchitectureadvancesbydevelopingmoreefficienttypesofstructures.

本文關(guān)鍵字：1

篇三：tpo3閱讀答案

TPO3閱讀真題(文本+答案+翻譯)：Part2DepletionoftheOgallalaAquifer，更多托福TPO閱讀真題、TPO閱讀文本、TPO閱讀答案、TPO閱讀翻譯盡在新東方在線(xiàn)頻道！

DepletionoftheOgallalaAquifer

ThevastgrasslandsoftheHighPlainsinthecentralUnitedStatesweresettledbyfarmersandranchersinthe1880s.Thisregionhasasemiaridclimate,andfor50yearsafteritssettlement,itsupportedalow-intensityagriculturaleconomyofcattleranchingandwheatfarming.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,however,itwasdiscoveredthatmuchoftheHighPlainswasunderlainbyahugeaquifer(arocklayercontaininglargequantitiesofgroundwater).ThisaquiferwasnamedtheOgallalaaquiferaftertheOgallalaSiouxIndians,whoonceinhabitedtheregion.

TheOgallalaaquiferisasandstoneformationthatunderliessome583,000squarekilometersoflandextendingfromnorthwesternTexastosouthernSouthDakota.WaterfromrainsandmeltingsnowshasbeenaccumulatingintheOgallalaforthepast30,000years.EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunately,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,ratesofadditiontotheaquiferareminimal,amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.

ThefirstwellsweredrilledintotheOgallaladuringthedroughtyearsoftheearly1930s.Theensuingrapidexpansionofirrigationagriculture,especiallyfromthe1950sonward,transformedtheeconomyoftheregion.Morethan100,000wellsnowtaptheOgallala.Modernirrigationdevices,eachcapableofspraying4.5millionlitersofwateraday,haveproducedalandscapedominatedbygeometricpatternsofcirculargreenislandsofcrops.OgallalawaterhasenabledtheHighPlainsregiontosupplysignificantamountsofthecotton,sorghum,wheat,andcorngrownintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,40percentofAmericangrain-fedbeefcattlearefattenedhere.

Thisunprecedenteddevelopmentofafinitegroundwaterresourcewithanalmostnegligiblenaturalrechargerate-thatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupply-hascausedwatertablesintheregiontofalldrastically.Inthe1930s,wellsencounteredplentifulwateratadepthofabout15meters;currently,theymustbedugtodepthsof45to60metersormore.Inplaces,thewatertableisdecliningatarateofameterayear,necessitatingtheperiodicdeepeningofwellsandtheuseofever-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestimatedthatatcurrentwithdrawalrates,muchoftheaquiferwillrundrywithin40years.ThesituationismostcriticalinTexas,wheretheclimateisdriest,thegreatestamountofwaterisbeingpumped,andtheaquifercontainstheleastwater.ItisprojectedthattheremainingOgallalawaterwill,bytheyear2030,supportonly35to40percentoftheirrigatedacreageinTexasthatissupportedin1980.

ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Others,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregionswatersupplies.

Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbycanalorpipelinefromtheMississippi,theMissouri,ortheArkansasrivers.

Unfortunately,thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanyoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold,makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets.Somewhatmorepromisinghavebeenrecentexperimentsforreleasingcapillarywater(waterinthesoil)abovethewatertablebyinjectingcompressedairintotheground.Evenifthisprocessprovessuccessful,however,itwouldalmosttriplewatercosts.Geneticengineeringalsomayprovideapartialsolution,asnewstrainsofdrought-resistantcropscontinuetobedeveloped.Whateverthefinalanswertothewatercrisismaybe,itisevidentthatwithintheHighPlains,irrigationwaterwillneveragainbetheabundant,inexpensiveresourceitwasduringtheagriculturalboomyearsofthemid-twentiethcentury.

Paragraph1:ThevastgrasslandsoftheHighPlainsinthecentralUnitedStatesweresettledbyfarmersandranchersinthe1880s.Thisregionhasasemiaridclimate,andfor50yearsafteritssettlement,itsupportedalow-intensityagriculturaleconomyofcattleranchingandwheatfarming.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,however,itwasdiscoveredthatmuchoftheHighPlainswasunderlainbyahugeaquifer(arocklayercontaininglargequantitiesofgroundwater).ThisaquiferwasnamedtheOgallalaaquiferaftertheOgallalaSiouxIndians,whoonceinhabitedtheregion.

1．Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheHighPlainsistrue?

○Untilfarmersandrancherssettledthereinthe1880s,theHighPlainshadneverbeeninhabited.

○TheclimateoftheHighPlainsischaracterizedbyhigher-than-averagetemperatures.

○ThelargeaquiferthatliesunderneaththeHighPlainswasdiscoveredbytheOgallalaSiouxIndians.

○B(yǎng)eforetheearly1900stherewasonlyasmallamountoffarmingandranchingintheHighPlains.

Paragraph2:TheOgallalaaquiferisasandstoneformationthatunderliessome583,000squarekilometersoflandextendingfromnorthwesternTexastosouthernSouthDakota.WaterfromrainsandmeltingsnowshasbeenaccumulatingintheOgallalaforthepast30,000years.EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunately,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,ratesofadditiontotheaquiferareminimal,amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.

2.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingstatementsabouttheOgallalaaquiferaretrueEXCEPT:

○TheaquiferstretchesfromSouthDakotatoTexas.

○Theaquiferswatercomesfromundergroundsprings.

○Waterhasbeengatheringintheaquiferfor30,000years.

○Theaquiferswaterisstoredinalayerofsandstone.

3.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

○DespitethecurrentimpressivesizeoftheOgallalaaquifer,theregionsclimatekeepstheratesofwateradditionverysmall.

○Althoughtheaquiferhasbeenaddingwaterattherateofonlyhalfacentimeterayear,itwilleventuallyaccumulateenoughwateroffillLakeHuron.

○B(yǎng)ecauseoftheregionspresentclimaticconditions,waterisbeingaddedeachyeartotheaquifer.

○Evenwhentheregionexperiencesunfortunateclimaticconditions,theratesofadditionofwatercontinuetoincrease.

Paragraph3:ThefirstwellsweredrilledintotheOgallaladuringthedroughtyearsoftheearly1930s.Theensuingrapidexpansionofirrigationagriculture,especiallyfromthe1950sonward,transformedtheeconomyoftheregion.Morethan100,000wellsnowtaptheOgallala.Modernirrigationdevices,eachcapableofspraying4.5millionlitersofwateraday,haveproducedalandscapedominatedbygeometricpatternsofcirculargreenislandsofcrops.OgallalawaterhasenabledtheHighPlainsregiontosupplysignificantamountsofthecotton,sorghum,wheat,andcorngrownintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,40percentofAmericangrain-fedbeefcattlearefattenedhere.

4.Thewordensuinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○continuing

○surprising

○initial

○subsequent

5.Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat40percentofAmericancattlearefattenedintheHighPlains?

○TosuggestthatcropcultivationisnotthemostimportantpartoftheeconomyoftheHighPlains

○ToindicatethatnotalleconomicactivityintheHighPlainsisdependentonirrigation

○ToprovideanotherexampleofhowwaterfromtheOgallalahastransformedtheeconomyoftheHighPlains

○Tocontrastcattle-fatteningpracticesintheHighPlainswiththoseusedinotherregionoftheUnitedStates

Paragraph4:Thisunprecedenteddevelopmentofafinitegroundwaterresourcewithanalmostnegligiblenaturalrechargerate-thatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupply-hascausedwatertablesintheregiontofalldrastically.Inthe1930s,wellsencounteredplentifulwateratadepthofabout15meters;currently,theymustbedugtodepthsof45to60metersormore.Inplaces,thewatertableisdecliningatarateofameterayear,necessitatingtheperiodicdeepeningofwellsandtheuseofever-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestimatedthatatcurrentwithdrawalrates,muchoftheaquiferwillrundrywithin40years.ThesituationismostcriticalinTexas,wheretheclimateisdriest,thegreatestamountofwaterisbeingpumped,andtheaquifercontainstheleastwater.ItisprojectedthattheremainingOgallalawaterwill,bytheyear2030,supportonly35to40percentoftheirrigatedacreageinTexasthatissupportedin1980.

6.Thewordunprecedentedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○difficulttocontrol

○withoutanyrestriction

○unlikeanythinginthepast

○rapidlyexpanding

7.Thewordvirtuallyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○clearly

○perhaps

○frequently

○almost

8.Accordingtoparagraph4,alloffollowingareconsequencesoftheheavyuseoftheOgallalaaquiferforirrigationEXCEPT:

○Therechargerateoftheaquiferisdecreasing.

○Watertablesintheregionarebecomingincreasinglylower.

○Wellsnowhavetobedugtomuchgreaterdepthsthanbefore.

○Increasinglypowerfulpumpsareneededtodrawwaterfromtheaquifer.

9.Accordingtoparagraph4,comparedwithallotherstatesthatuseOgallalawaterforirrigation,Texas

○hasthegreatestamountoffarmlandbeingirrigatedwithOgallalawater

○containsthelargestamountofOgallalawaterunderneaththesoil

○isexpectedtofacetheworstwatersupplycrisisastheOgallalarunsdry

○usestheleastamountofOgallalawaterforitsirrigationneeds

Paragraph5:ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Others,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregionswatersupplies.

10.Thewordinevitableinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

○unfortunate

○predictable

○unavoidable

○final

11.Paragraph5mentionswhichofthefollowingasasourceofdifficultyforsomefarmerswhotrytoconservewater?

○CropsthatdonotneedmuchwateraredifficulttogrowintheHighPlains.

○Farmerswhogrowcropsthatneedalotofwatermakehigherprofits.

○Irrigati