英語閱讀復習

考研英語閱讀需掌握常見的文章結構(-)

考研閱讀文章雖然題材繁多，但它們都是典型的論證文章，因此行文特點即文章的結構類

型一般都相對固定。作者為了達到自己的寫作目的，往往采用其中一種方式來表達思想。

而考生一旦掌握了這些特點，就能對文章結構有宏觀上的把握，對閱讀內容作出預測，從

而增強對作者意圖的理解和文章內容的記憶。每一種文章結構也暗示了在閱讀時考生應回

答什么樣的問題，這些問題往往就是出題點。尤其對于全局性的題目，文章的主題與結構

本身遠比具體內容重要。

X現象分析型

該類型的文章在歷年考研中占了約三分之一。全文圍繞社會、經濟、科學等領域的某種現

象展開論述。文章開始部分往往通過背景介紹、引用、舉例等鋪墊方法，引出現象。然后

,對該現象進行具體分析、解釋或說明，如：列舉現象的表現，剖析現象產生的原因，分

析現象可能帶來的影響，作者還可能提出對現象的看法和評價。

1)積極現象

(2011Text3)

Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.No

longer.Whiletraditional“paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprint

advertisements-stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmany

alternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate

“owned“mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomers

registeredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeof

factorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.

Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.For

earnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers'responses.Butinsome

cases,onemarketerJsownedmediabecomeanothermarketerJspaidmedia-for

instance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuch

soldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplace

theircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwe

believeisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravel

providerssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,

forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotes

complementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,the

presenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompanies

opportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompaniesJ

marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.

Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(and

morediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionate

consumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamaging

ways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaign

becomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegative

allegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,are

learningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthat

originallycreatedthem.

Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycott

products,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,the

company'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearning

curvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefrom

itsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestrated

social-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumers

directlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.

作者通過對比舊營銷模式引出主題（現代企業(yè)營銷中的各種新媒體）

一分析評價現象(介紹新媒體并指出它們給營銷商帶來了機遇和威脅，并說明企業(yè)應如何

應對風險)

2)中立現象

(2011Text2)

WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanation

wassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvague

excuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunning

acompany.,,Broadcastinghisambitionwasaverymuchmydecision,vMcGesays.

Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartford

FinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.

McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkind

ofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabout

hisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvon

andAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.

Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,

executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusiness

environmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloud

theirreputations.

Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewilling

tomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%from

ayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberum

Research.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.

Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.

Foryearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemost

attractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoachod.SaysKorn/Ferrysenior

partnerDennisCarey:"Ican*tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboard

hasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”

ThosewhojumpedwithoutajobhavenJtalwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.Ellen

MarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.It

wasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.

RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytook

thatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.

Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancial

crisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone."The

traditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat,sbeen

fundamentallyinverted,ffsaysoneheadhunter."Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurtthe

worstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong.”

提出現象(以美國銀行總裁麥基的辭職事件為引子，引出現象：美國企業(yè)的高層管理人員

紛紛高調裸辭)

一分析評價現象(分析高層管理人員裸辭的原因并指出現象中折射出來的美國高端職場規(guī)

則的變化)

3)負面現象

(2010Text1)

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEng1ish-1anguagenewspapersduringthe

pastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledecline

inthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheage

offortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmost

big-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollections

ofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaper

reviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontents

wereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEngland

betweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhen

newsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamentto

thepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgranted

thatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheevents

theycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheir

learninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedto

knowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwere

proudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughor

literarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,“Newmanwrote,“that

Iamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriters

whoarenotreadtowriterswhoare'.”

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrote

fortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,is

nowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,

though,hewasalsooneofEngland*sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylist

sowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography（1947）becameabest-seller.Hewasknighted

in1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnow

inprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseems

remote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodern

readershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhe

specialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlong

retreat.

提出現象（直接指出現象：報刊藝術評論已經呈現出不可遏制的哀落趨勢）

f分析評價現象（追溯報刊評論曾經的繁榮，具體說明現在藝術評論已經走向沒落并進一

步指出藝術評論復興渺茫）。

考研英語閱讀技巧（二）

選擇性閱讀

1.在瀏覽時可略過對理解影響不大的次要信息

1）（尤其是引語前后）補充說明人物的職務、頭銜、社會地位等或補充說明具體事物的同

位語

2）破折號后提供的旁支信息

3）長難句中除了主謂賓表以外的其他修飾成分

4）例證和引證的具體內容可以先不讀，而只讀前面的觀點或總結句

Example[2009_Text1]:

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainson

auto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Not

choice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19th

century.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit“carriesa

negativeimplication.

Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityand

innovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelop

newhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcan

jumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninstead

directourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenew

thingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherently

creative?webecome,bothin〔heworkplacoandinourporsoruillives.

Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedureare

wornintothebrain,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberately

pressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,“saysDawna

Markova,authorofTheOpenMind“Butwearetaughtinsteadto'decide,'just

asourpresidentcallshimself'theDecider'."Sheadds,however,thatutodecide

istokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalways

exploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware,shesays.

Researchersinthelate1960discoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacityto

approachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally

（orcollaboratively）andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrain

shutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathave

seemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,

meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesof

thought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem-thatanyone

candoanylhing,“explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006bookThisYearI

will...andMs.Markova'sbusinesspartner."That'saliethatwehave

perpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingeven

moreofitcreatesexcellence."Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

2.瀏覽時應抓住重要信息

1）題干和選項：由于5個題目基本覆蓋了全文所有的要點和難點，出題順序和文章的層

次也基本保持一致，所以預先“掃描”題目和選項可以幫助考生更快速、準確地理解文章

的大致內容。

2）句子的核心內容：初讀時，應重點解讀句子的主要框架，而把定語（從句）、狀語（

從句）、補語、插入語等修飾成分作為次要信息進行閱讀。

Example[2002_Text4]:

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assisted

suicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect,"a

centuries-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects-agood

onethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen-ispermissibleifthe

actorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

3）首尾段及其他段的首尾句（多為首句）

首段：提出主題或話題；文章引子

末段：得出結論；重申文章主旨

通過閱讀首尾段和其他段的主旨，可以梳理文章的論證脈絡，讀出文章的框架結構，還可

以快速解答主旨大意題。讀完后嘗試問自己幾個問題：①本文最重要的事物或觀點是什么

?②作者談的是主題的哪個或哪些方面？③作者在這方面想說些什么？考生可以在每段旁

邊的空白處，用簡單的詞語概括出該段的含義，這樣文章的框架結構就一目了然了，也就

極大地提高了后面解題的速度。

4）路標詞：路標詞和詞組能夠使句與句、段與段之間的關系更加清楚，提供了要點之間

的“橋梁”，給讀者指明了“路子”，是貫穿全文的線索。

前進型：順接、遞進作用。指示讀者繼續(xù)往下看，往往接下來的可能是作者要強調的重要

內容.其前后可能存在并列、遞進、因果、解釋等關系

and,also,more,moreover,morethanthat,furthermore,likewise,equallyimportant,

first,second,inadditionto,thus,so,therefore,consequently,accordingly,as

aresult,addingto

②

轉彎型：標志著前后兩個句子或段落之間的轉折或對比關系。讀者要敏感地意識到后面出

現的是與前面截然不同的事物或觀點，從而對作者的思想進行預測。

but,yet,while,however,nevertheless,although,though,otherwise,despite,

instead,onthecontrary,incontrast,notwithstanding

③終點型：標志著下面的內容是前面的概括和總結

toconclude,tosumup,insum,inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole

(4)表示強調：indeed,infact,surely,certainly,tobesure

⑤表示目的：forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto

⑥表示條件：inthatcase,thatbeingso,inthesecircumstances,if,unless

Example[2009Text1]:

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainson

auto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Not

choice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19th

century.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit“carriesa

negativeconnotation.

Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativity

andinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciously

developnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbrain

cells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

分析：第二段首句為過渡句，承接上文首段觀點(既然習慣束縛了思維，)那么與創(chuàng)造

性似乎是格格不入的。第二段but轉折后提出新觀點：培養(yǎng)新習慣有利于促進創(chuàng)新思維。下

文圍繞這一觀點展開論述。

考研英語閱讀理解解題技巧(三)

一、轉折對比關系題

在歷年考題中，轉折對比一直受到命題者的青睞。文章通過however,but,in

fact,yet等邏輯詞進行轉折，轉折后的內容常常是作者真正表達的內容。對比常用unlike

,differentfrom,until,notsomuch

as等詞語引導，考的是對比雙方的屬性。對轉折題，考生要著重把握作者轉折后的觀點。

Example

Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhaps

itishumankindJslongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakesthe

ideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinated

isalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharm

thangood.(1998車Passage1)

Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat.

[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality

[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted

[C]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings

[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight

該段前兩句指出人們熱褻建壩的事實和熱衷的自然原因；第三句but話鋒一轉，引出作者探

討的主題。正確答案為[C]選項。

二、指代關系題

Example

Theresearchers?argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:

WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresence

isprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemost

influentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon*tinteractwiththatmanyothers.

Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothe

two-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheir

friendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachperson

soaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturn

influencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthese

peoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjust

twodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,the

cascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.(2010年Text3)

Theunderlinedphraseuthesepeople“inParagraph4referstotheoneswho.

[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

作者在thesepeople

前面的句子提到：受到別人影響的人必須去影響自己周圍的人，如此循環(huán)往復，社會潮流

才能流行。然后又說，有多少人注意中間環(huán)節(jié)的these

people(這些人)，與最初的哪些有影響的人士之間的關系并不大，由此可知，these

people指的就是前文所述的受到別人影響后進而影響他人的人，因此選C項。

1解題技巧

①返回原文，找出題的指代詞；

②向上搜索，找最近的名詞，名詞性詞組或句子；

③將找到的詞，詞組或句子代入，替換該指代詞，看意思是否通順；

④將找到的詞、詞組與四個選項想比較，找出最佳答案。

三、首末段首末句題

通過閱讀首末段和其他段的主旨，可以梳理出文章的論證脈絡，讀出文章的框架結構，還

可以快速解答主旨大意題，所以首末段往往是考察的一個知識點。

Example

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-1anguagenewspapersduringthe

pastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledecline

inthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheage

offortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmost

big-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollections

ofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaper

reviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontents

wereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulation

dailies.(2010年Textl)

ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that.

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies

第一段末尾說：報紙上對藝術的報道的覆蓋面無論是寬度和深度都顯著下降。第二段開頭

指出：普通讀者幾乎不可能想象到大城市的報紙上可以讀到高品質的藝術評論文章。由此

可知：以前報紙刊登更多的藝術評論。第二段的aconsiderable

number強調以前的報紙關于藝術評論數量很多，所以選B項。

四、近義關系題

該類題在考研英語閱讀中占很大比重，考研英語閱讀不像其他簡單的閱讀理解能在文中直

接找到對應的詞就能選出答案，考研英語閱讀選項中出現的與原文?樣的詞往往不是最終

的正確答案，考生在答題時萬不可投機取巧，一定要慎重考慮選項句子的意思，與原文信

息進行比對，才能選出最終答案。

Example

Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforlive

performancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyofthe

art-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithopera

houses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecorded

performancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordings

arecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythan

todayJsliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplace

ofthelistenerJschoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthus

broughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassical

concert.(2011年Textl)

Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers.

[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances

[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances

[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances

[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances

該段第一句話說：喜歡音樂會的人回答說錄音無法替代現場音樂會，這個觀點是錯誤的。

即：錄音是可以替代現場音樂會。這跟選項D：高估了現場音樂會的價值是一樣的說法。所

以正確答案選D項。

考研英語閱讀技巧(四)

考研英語閱讀有四篇文章，在整個考研分數中占據較大比值，而且每篇文章對于考生來說

難度都很大，如何能在考試規(guī)定的較短時間內提高閱讀的速度和答題正確率，這就需要我

們掌握一定的閱讀技巧。

一、閱讀步驟

因研究生考試閱讀是應試閱讀，因此只需要考生快速準確地抓住關鍵信息，理解整篇文章

的大意和脈絡結構，而不需要完全理解整篇文章的全部內容，因此可以采用以下閱讀步驟

1.瀏覽全文

快速掃描全文，跳過細節(jié)或例子，只需要了解文中的關鍵詞及把握文章的大致結構，文章

的大體意思，作者的一些觀點態(tài)度等。通過這種略讀，可以幫助考生抓住主要信息，提高

閱讀速度和效率。

2.心審題

在瀏覽完全文后，需要仔細審題，注意題干中的關鍵詞，比如：true,infer,

opinion等，如果有必要，需將這些關鍵詞用筆標記出來，用于在解題的過程中提醒自己。

還需注意四個選項的記憶，以便再次回到原文尋找答案時，能給予快速準確的定位。

3.定位解答

帶著問題回到原文中去，，用目光在文中自上而下掃視，一旦找到后，立即放慢速度，一

直看到需要的信息為止，仔細研讀信息，比對四個選項，得出最后的答案。

二、閱讀速度

要在不影響理解率的前提下提高自己的閱讀速度，就必須了解影響閱讀速度的兒個因素。

一般來說，影響閱讀速度的因素主要有以下幾點：

1.閱讀方式

在閱讀的時候盡量采用默視，而不是默讀或出聲的閱讀。人的眼球的視野范圍是很廣的，

采用默視，在快速掃描的過程中，信息瞬間被大腦吸收，從而可以快速瀏覽大量信息，也

就是所謂的“一目十行”。而在閱讀的過程中，如果發(fā)出聲音，那么信息先必須經過大腦

的反應，再有個發(fā)出聲音的反應過程，那勢必會影響閱讀的速度。為了培養(yǎng)自己這種閱讀

方式，可以在平時適當做些練習，多讀些中文書籍，并記錄時間。

2.避免回視。

由于閱讀材料太難而造成的回視現象是正常的，但有些讀者的回視卻并非因為閱讀材料太

難，而是因為沒有養(yǎng)成整體認識的習慣，又不能很好的把認識過的文字流利的組成完整的

語句，常常是看完后面忘了前面，不得不回視，這就大大降低了閱讀速度。要克服回視的

毛病，可通過下面練習進行訓練：從閱讀淺顯易懂的閱讀材料開始，通過限時訓練減少回

視，逐步加快閱讀速度，在取得一定成效后之，可慢慢的提高閱讀材料的難度，仍采用限

時閱讀的方法，最后可達到避免回視，加快閱讀速度的效果。

3.注意力高度集中。

閱讀的時候一定要注意力集中，否則很容易回視，一篇文章本來讀?篇就能明白，由于精

神不集中，讀了好多篇才明白，大大影響了考試時間。要讓注意力高度集中，必須做到以

下兩點：①

閱讀前要有明確的目的，即閱讀前因明白通過閱讀文章要解決什么問題或要獲取哪一方面

的知識。②

閱讀在就中要做到專心致志，不要三心二意，不要左顧右盼，更不要考慮無關的其他事情

o以免影響閱讀速度，降低理解率。（未完待續(xù)）

考研英語閱讀技巧（五）

三、選擇性閱讀

1.在瀏覽時可略過對理解影響不大的次要信息

1）（尤其是引語前后）補充說明人物的職務、頭銜、社會地位等或補充說明具體事

物的同位語

2)破折號后提供的旁支信息

3)長難句中除了主謂賓表以外的其他修飾成分

4)例證和引證的具體內容可以先不讀，而只讀前面的觀點或總結句

[2009_Text1]

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainson

auto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Not

choice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19th

century.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesa

negativeimplication.

Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityand

innovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelop

newhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcan

jumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninstead

directourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,thomorenew

thingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherently

creativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.

Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedureare

wornintothebrain,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberately

pressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“ThefirstIhingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,“saysDawna

Markova,authorofTheOpenMind“Butwearetaughtinsteadto'decide,'justas

ourpresidentcallshimself'theDecider'."Sheadds,however,that“todecide

istokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalways

exploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe?reunaware,shesays.Researchers

inthelate1960discoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproach

challengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(or

collaboratively)andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrain

shutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathave

seemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,

meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesof

thought."ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyone

candoanything,“explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006bookThisYearIwilL..and

Ms.Markova'sbusinesspartner."That'saliethatwehaveperpetuated,andit

fosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreates

excellence."Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

2.瀏覽時應抓住重要信息

1)題干和選項：由于5個題目基本覆蓋了全文所有的要點和難點，出題順序和文章

的層次也基本保持?致，所以預先“掃描”題目和選項可以幫助考生更快速、準確地理解

文章的大致內容。

2)句子的核心內容：初讀時，應重點解讀句子的主要框架，而把定語(從句)、

狀語(從句)、補語、插入語等修飾成分作為次要信息進行閱讀。

[2002Text4]Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrightto

physician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof

udoubleeffect,“acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhaving

twoeffects-一agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen一一

ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

3)首尾段及其他段的首尾句(多為首句)

首段：提出主題或話題；文章引子

末段：得出結論；重申文章主旨

通過閱讀首尾段和其他段的主旨，可以梳理文章的論證脈絡，讀出文章的框架結構，還可

以快速解答主旨大意題。讀完后嘗試問自己幾個問題：①本文最重要的事物或觀點是什么

?②作者談的是主題的哪個或哪些方面？③作者在這方面想說些什么？考生可以在每段旁

邊的空白處，用簡單的詞語概括出該段的含義，這樣文章的框架結構就書了然了，也就

極大地提高了后面解題的速度。

4)路標詞：路標詞和詞組能夠使句與句、段與段之間的關系更加清楚，提供了要

點之間的“橋梁”，給讀者指明了“路子”，是貫穿全文的線索。

(1)前進型：順接、遞進作用。指示讀者繼續(xù)往下看，往往接下來的可能是作者要強調

的重要內容。其前后可能存在并列、遞進、因果、解釋等關系

and,also,more,moreover,morethanthat,furthermore,likewise,equallyimportant,

first,second,inadditionto,thus,so,therefore,consequently,accordingly,as

aresult,addingto

(2)轉彎型：標志著前后兩個句子或段落之間的轉折或對比關系。讀者要敏感地意識到

后面出現的是與前面截然不同的事物或觀點，從而對作者的思想進行預測。

but,yet,while,however,nevertheless,although,though,otherwise,despite,

instead,onthecontrary,incontrast,notwithstanding

(3)終點型：標志著下面的內容是前面的概括和總結

toconclude,tosumup,insum,inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole

(4)表示強調：indeed,infact,surely,certainly,tobesure

(5)表示目的：forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto

(6)表示條件：inthatcase,thatbeingso,inthesecircumstances,if,unless

[2009Text1]

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainson

auto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.uNot

choice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19th

century.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit“carriesa

negativeconnotation.

Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityand

innovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelop

newhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,

thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

分析：第二段首句為過渡句，承接上文首段觀點(既然習慣束縛了思維，)那么與創(chuàng)造性

似乎是格格不入的。第二段but轉折后提出新觀點：培養(yǎng)新習慣有利于促進創(chuàng)新思維。下文

圍繞這一觀點展開論述。(未完待續(xù))

考研英語閱讀技巧(六)

四、掌握常見的文章結構

考研閱讀文章雖然題材繁多，但它們都是典型的論證文章，因此行文特點即文章的

結構