閱讀理解之篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題

閱讀理解之篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題

最近兩年，篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題頻繁地出現(xiàn)在各地高考英語閱讀理解題中，已經(jīng)成為了一種新穎而獨立的閱讀題

型。從其考查內(nèi)容而言，可分為三種：考查考生對整個文章結(jié)構(gòu)的組織能力；考查考生對后文內(nèi)容的預(yù)測能力；考查考生對文章寫作手法、修辭手段的鑒賞能力

。解題指導(dǎo)

A.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題主要的設(shè)題方式有：

(1)Howisthepassageorganized?(2)Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthe

structure/organizationofthepassage?(4)Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby________.(5)Thefirstparagraphservesasa(n)________.(6)Theexampleof…isgiventoshow/illustratethat________.

B．篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題主要的解題策略有：(1)了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)的組織形式。從段落組

織方式上講，常見的文章結(jié)構(gòu)有三

種：總分式結(jié)構(gòu)(總→分；總→分→

總；分→總)；并列式結(jié)構(gòu)(段落之間是

平行關(guān)系，并且相對獨立);對照式

結(jié)構(gòu)(結(jié)構(gòu)形式上是一正一反)。(2)了解文章的論證方法。從論證方法上

講，常見的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類：①Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion(提出問題→分析問題→解決問題);②Argument/Idea→Evidence→Conclusion/Restatingtheidea(由論點到論據(jù)到結(jié)論或者強調(diào)論點)。

(3)了解文章的修辭手法。從修辭手法上

講，在高考閱讀中主要考查下定義、分

類說明、列舉例證和對比等寫作手法。

其中，“引用”和“例證”是議論文和

說明文中最常用的寫作手法，是歷年高

考閱讀試題中必不可缺的命題方向。

“引用”和“例證”的共同目的就是增

強說服力，以更好地達到說理和說明

的目的?！耙谩焙汀袄C”的共同功

能就是服務(wù)于段落或篇章的主題。

[2013?重慶卷節(jié)選]

Inthemid-1700s,aFrenchmancameupwithanewdesignofroad—abaselayer(層)oflargestonescoveredwithathinlayerofsmallerstones.

AScotsmanimprovedonthisdesigninthe1820sandastrong,lastingroadsurfacebecameareality.

Ataroundthesametime,metalhubs(thecentralpartofawheel)cameintobeing,真題再現(xiàn)followedbythepneumatictyre(充氣輪胎)in1846.Alloywheelswereinventedin1967,sixtyyearsaftertheappearanceoftarmackedroads(柏油路).Aswheeldesigntookoff,vehiclesgotfasterandfaster.66.Howisthelastparagraphmainlydeveloped?A.Bygivingexamples.B.Bymakingcomparisons.C.Byfollowingtimeorder.D.Bymakingclassifications.[解析]C篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。該段看似舉例，但這些例子均是按時間順序由遠及近敘述的。

[2013?重慶卷節(jié)選]

ItiseasytoimaginetheAtlantictryingtodrawbreath—perhapsnotsonoticeablyoutinmid-ocean,butwhereitmeetsland,itswatersbathingupanddownasandybeach.Itmimics(模仿)nearlyperfectlythesteadybreathingofalivingcreature.

Itisfilledwithsymbioticexistences,too;unimaginablequantitiesofcreatures,littleandlargealike,mixwithinitsdepthsinakindofoceanicharmony,givingtothewatersafeelingofheartbeat,akindofsub-oceanvitality.

Andithasapsychology.

Ithaspersonalities:sometimespeacefulandpleasant,onrareoccasionsroughandwild;alwaysitisstrongandstriking.

71.Inthelastparagraph,theAtlanticiscomparedto________．

A.abeautifulandpoeticplaceB.afleshandbloodpersonC.awonderfulworldD.alovelyanimal[解析]B寫作方法題。該文通過詩詞和擬人化的描寫把大西洋比作有血有肉的人。

[2013?陜西卷節(jié)選]

Accordingtosociologists(社會學(xué)家),everymodernindustrialsocietyhassomeformofsocialstratification(階層).Class,powerandstatusareimportantindecidingpeople’srankinsociety.Classmeansaperson’seconomicpositioninsociety.

Acommonlyusedclassificationislowerclass,middleclassandupperclass.Whilesociologistsdisagreeonhowthesetermsshouldbeexactlydefined,theydodescribesocietiesliketheUnitedStatesquitewell.

One

studyshowsthat53%ofAmericansbelongtothelowerclass,46%themiddleclass,and1%theupperclass.

Interestingly,asurgeonearning$500,000ayearandabusdriverearning$50,000ayearbothregardthemselvesasthemiddleclass!

Powerreferstotheamountofcontrolapersonhasoverotherpeople.

Obviously,peopleinpositionsofgreatpower

(suchasgovernors)exercise(行使)bigpower,butpeoplewhotakeordersfromothershavelesspower.

Powerandclassdonotalwaysgohandinhand,however.

Forexample,thegovernorofastatehasgreatpower,

butheorshemaynotbelongtoacorresponding(相應(yīng)的)economicclass.

Generally,however,thereisarelationshipbetweenpowerandclass.Toourknowledge,therearen’ttoomanypeoplewhoaren’tmillionairesintheUSSenate!Statusisthehonourorrespectattachedtoaperson’spositioninsociety.Itcanalsobeaffectedbypowerandclass,butnotnecessarilyso.Forexample,auniversityprofessormayhaveahighstatusbutnotbelongtoahighsocialclassorhavealotofpoweroverothers.56.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructu