開題報告(含文獻綜述)

寧波理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）開題報告（含文獻綜述）題目3P模式在商務(wù)口譯中的應(yīng)用姓 名 章欽盈 學(xué) 號 3044115148 專業(yè)班級 2004級英語5班 指導(dǎo)教師 劉逖 分院 外國語分院 開題日期2008年1月15日LiteratureReviewLiteratureReviewChinahasbeenspeedinguponitsopening-upcourses,andasaresult,businessactivitiescrossboundariestakeplacefrequently.Asakindofcommunication,thebusinessactivitiesismoreemphasized.Thisthesisistryingtogiveabrief? -4 ■ -4 ? ? T? i~*introductionofbusinessinterpretingintermsofitsdefinition,history,rangeofbusinessactivitiesandfeatures,particularlyconcentrateonthewholeprocessandthepracticeof"3P''modelinbusinessinterpreting.Withthis,Iwantstodrawmoreattentiontobusinessinterpreting,andhelpsbusinessinterpretersovercomelanguageandculturedifficultiestoachieveasuccessfulbusinesscommunication.Asitiscleartousallthatinterpretationcanbeclassifiedintoseveralcategoriesfromdifferentaspects.Thewidelyacceptedclassificationshouldbesimultaneousinterpretationandconsecutiveinterpretation.RelayinterpretationSimultaneousinterpretationConsecutiveinterpretationSightinterpretationWhisperinterpretationConference*****Visit****Dailyactivity***Ceremony***Entertainment***Guide***FrominterpretingonbusinessseZttUiOngY,anqing,XiamenUniversity,Xiamen,FujiangProvinceAsithasbeenillustratedabove,thejobofbusinessinterpretersismostlyrelatedtoconsecutiveinterpretation,asmostofthebusinessactivitiesareconcernedwithmutualcontactbyintermittentcommunicating,andduringthiscoursetheinterpreterservesasabridge.Thecomplexityofbusinessactivitiesandbarriersbetweenlanguagesmakesitreallyhardtofulfillsufficientinformationtransmission.Insuchacase,businessinterpretationplaysacrucialroleinnarrowingdownthegapbetweentheparties.Thus,thestudyoftheprocessofinterpretingisofgreatsignificance.Asweknow,theinterpreterexperiencestheprocessofthinkingandanalyzingduringtheextremelylimitedperiodoftime.Thenwhathappensduringtheprocess?Whatkindsoffactorsinfluenceinterpreterandfinallyhisperformance?Throughstudyinthisessay,wecanaccesstosomefactorsofthepathwayinfluencingorevenleadingtotheinterpreter'sdecisions.Duringthewholeprocess,factorsthatshouldbeaccountedislistedbelowbaseonthe"3P''model:Phase1(preparing)languageskills:basicskillsforaqualifiedinterpreterPsychologicalquality:qualifyofinterpretingundergreatpressurebusinessknowledgeandvocabulary:basicneedsinbusinessinterpretingcross-culturalawareness:behavedecentlyundercross-culturalenvironmentPhase2(performing)thefeaturesofspokenlanguagethestyleofthespeechaccentsofthespeakersthespeakers'purposeofthespeecheducationalbackgroundofthespeakersidiomaticphrasesequivalentwordsqualityofnotetakingPhase3(packaging)assessmentbyoneselfsummaryThebook<PossibilitiesandLimitsofTranslationCriticism>putforwardamodeloftranslationcriticismbasesonthefunctionalrelationshipbetweensourceandtargettexts.Theauthorstillheldtotheequivalenceprincipleandsohertheoryisbasesonthefunctionalequivalencebetweensourceandtargettexts.OneofherstudentsnamedVermeergaveupthesource-text-centeredlinguistictranslationtheoryaltogether.Basesonactiontheory,hedefinedtranslationasapurposefulhumanactivitythattakesaplaceinagivensituation.Heputforward"skopostheorie"whichservesasfunctionoffunctionalisttranslationtheory."Skopos"isaGreekwordfor"purpose",and"skospostheorie"meansthetheoryofthepurposefulaction.Skostheorietheoryincludesthreeprincipalrules.Thatis,theskoposrule,thecoherencerule,andthefidelityrule.Thereisnodoubtthattheseformertheoriesorruleswillstillaffectinterpreters'decisionsinanindirectbutprofoundway..Thebook<FieldInterpreting>(includingTeacher'sEditionandStudent'sEdition)teachesstudentshowtodealwithfieldinterpretingfordifferentactivities,especiallyforbusinessactivities.Interpretingatthetoplevelisanextraordinarilydemandingtask.Absoluteaccuracyisjustthestartingpoint;thereallyskilledinterpreteralsohastoconveythenuancesandsubtleties,thethoughtsbehindthewords,themoodandcharacterofthespeaker,allwithoutintrudinghispersonalityorviews.Hemustbeabletocopewiththeinterpreter'sworstnightmare,theuntranslatablejokeorpun.AndwheninterpretingChinese,hehastobridgecultureaswellaslinguisticdivide.Aboveall,hehastogivepersonbeinginterpretedtheconfidencethathismessageisgettingacrosstohiscounterpartinallitsaspects.Itisahighlyresponsibleroleandfewinterpretersaspiretoperformitattheveryhighestlevel.Thebookteacheshard-coreinterpretingskillsratherthanacademictheoriessuchasthe"skopostheorie"above.TheauthorinhabitsinGreatBritain.Inmakingthisknowledgeandexpertisewidelyavailabletoothersinthisway,theauthorisperforminganinvaluablepublicservice.ThecontactbetweenChinaandBritainareexpandingrapidlyineveryfield.OntheChinesesidestheyrangefromthegreatcitiesoftheeasternseaboardwiththeirlonghistoryofcontactswiththeoutsideworldtothepreviousremoteprovincesandcitiesoftheinterior.StandardofspokenEnglishareindeedimprovingrapidlyinChina.Eventhoughwestillneedmanyhighqualityinterpreterstomeetfutureneed.Thebook<TranslatingCultures—anIntroductionforTranslators,InterpretersandMediators>discusseswhatthedifferencesarebetweentranslationand

interpretation,whatinfluencesthesedifferencesleadtoonthetranslatororinterpreter.Andwhat'smoreimportantisthequestionthathowthedifferenceswillmakeitsaffectonthedecisionofthetranslatororinterpreter.Translationisthefaithfulrepresentationinonelanguageofwhatiswritteninanotherlanguage.Astointerpretation,itmeansitmeansanextemporeoralreproductioninonelanguageofwhatissaidinanotherlanguage.Theybothhavecharacteristicsincommonwhilewiththeirprospectivecharacteristics.Thebookislaunchedonthebasicknowledgeoftranslationandinterpretation,Analysistheirprospectivecharacteristicsfromthetheory,category,learningskills,etc.Otherwise,thisbookalsopointoutsomelittletipswhichshouldberecognizedininterpretationandtranslationlearning,andputforwardsomerecommendationsonhowtoimprovethetranslationandinterpretationabilitiesbetter.WeakPointsofPreviousStudiesThereareseveralachievementshavetakenplaceinChina,amongwhichstandstheXiamenmodel.XiamenUniversityisfamousthroughoutChinaforitsachievementsininterpretationstudy.Itisillustratedasfollows.ThetrainingmodelforinterpretationofXiamenUniversity,Xiamen,FujiangProvinceA(D+CC)(discourse+cross-culturalcommunication)C(SL+K)(comprehensioninsourcelanguage+knowledge)R(TL+K)(reconstructionintargetlanguage+Knowledge)S+P(skill+professionalstandard)AlthoughachievementshavebeenmadeininterpretationfieldinthepastdecadesinChina,researchesoninterpretationarestillnotsofruitfulwhencomparewiththosegreatachievementsmadeintranslationfield.Furthermore,thereislittleresearchconcentrateoninterpretingprocessAsweknow,translationhastwonatures:theproductsoftranslationandtheprocessoftranslation.Studyontheprocessoftranslationcangainusthekeytothesuccessfultranslationproduct.MyImprovement3P'' modelrefersto3phasesforinterpretation,thatis:Preparing(pre-interpretingpreparation),Performing(interpretingperformance),Packaging(post-interpretingpackaging).Infieldinterpretingforbusiness,weshouldalsosparenoeffortineveryphase.Inpreparingphase,weshouldpayattentiontolanguageproficiency,specialknowledgeandvocabulary,cross-culturalawareness.Whileinthephaseofperforming,weshouldconcentrateonthedecoding,memorizing,encodingandcooperating.Forimproveourskillsforinterpretation,wemustmakeasummeryandanassessmentinthepost-interpretingpackagingphase.Inthebook<BasicConceptsandModelsforInterpreterandTranslatortraining>,theauthorGileproposedtwomodelsasconsecutiveinterpreting(Phase1:CI=L+N+M+C,Phase2:CI=R+R+P,CI=consecutiveinterpreting,L=listeningandanalysis,N=note-taking,M=short-termmemory,C=coordination,1stR=remembering,2ndR=note-reading,P=production)andsimultaneousinterpreting(SI=L+M+P+C,SI=simultaneousinterpreting,L=listeningandanalysis,M=short-termmemoryeffort,P=speechproduction,C=coordination).Bothofthemsubjectto3P''modelastheyaredifferentformsofinterpretation.BibliographyDavid,K.2004.TranslatingCultures—anIntroductionforTranslators,InterpretersandMediators[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPressKevin,Lin.2004.FieldInterpreting[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.Nida,E.A.&Taber,C.R.2004.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Nord,C.2001.TranslatingasaPurposefulActivityFunctionalistApproachesExplained[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Reiss,K.1971.PossibilitiesandLimitsofTranslationCriticism[M].Amsterdam&Philadelphia:JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany.ResearchProposalResearchBackgroundThedistinctionbetweenthetwolanguagesandthecomplexityandextensivenessofbusinessactivitiesmakeitbynomeansaneasytasktomakeaninterpretingperfectly.Suchfactorsasrhyme,tunepunsandanecdotescannotbeparaphrasedexactlyevenintheoriginaldiscourse,letalonebeexplainedfaithfullyinthetargetlanguage.Therefore,thereisalwayssomelossofinformationinitstransmission.Thus,weshouldfindamodelthatspecializedforminimizethepossibilityoflosinginformationininterpretation.Owingtodifferentformstheytake,interpretationandtranslationareassumedtobetwodifferentkindsofprocesses,thoughbothrefertothesameactofproducinginatargetlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesourcetext.Bothinterpretationandtranslationinvolvecarefulanalysisofsense,meaning,andfunctionofaspeechwithinspecificcontextitoccurs,aswellasthewriter'sorthespeaker'sintentioninextra-linguisticaspectofcommunication.Thesignificanceliesin,asNidahaspointedout,thespeechwithwhichaninterpretermustmakedecisions,theenormoustensiontokeepuptherapidflowofspokenlanguage,thebackgroundknowledgenecessaryforinstantrecall,andthewillingnesstoproducesomethingthatmaynotperfect.SignificanceoftheResearchBusinessactivitiesarebecominginternationalizedinvarioussectorswiththerapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomyandexpansionofcross-culturalexchanges.ItisunderthissituationthatIpickoutthetopicformythesis, Englishisplayingamoreimportantroleintheprocessofabusinessactivitythanbefore.Somepeoplemayholdthatitisoflittlesignificancetomakeresearchonthistopic,becauseverylimittimeisattheinterpreters'disposalbeforetheyproduceinterpretedversions.Andthereisnotenoughtimetoconsidertranslationtheoriessuchasinformationequivalenceorothersimilarprinciples.Somemayevenbelievethatsomedeficiencyininformationtranslationshouldbeallowed.Itistruethatmakingsomemistakesininterpreting,whichallowslittletimeforthinking,isinevitableorevenreasonable.OursupervisorLiuBingconsidersinterpretationasaregretfulart,.However,sometimesaslightmistakeininformationtransmissionmaymakesadifferenceintheoutcomeofabusinessactivity.Thisthesisisintendstoputsometheoriesintopracticewiththeaimofdiscoveringsomebettermodelsforinterpreterstofollowandmakethemachieveahigherlevelininterpretingworks.ResearchCreativityInthe3P''model,bothpreparing(pre-interpretingpreparation),performing(interpretingperformance)andpackaging(post-interpretingpackaging)processneedattentions.Inpreparingphase,weshouldpayattentiontolanguageproficiency,specialknowledgeandvocabulary,cross-culturalawareness.Whileinthephaseofperforming,weshouldconcentrateonthedecoding,memorizing,encodingandcooperating.Forimproveourskillsforinterpretation,wemustmakeasummeryandanassessmentinthepost-interpretingpackagingphase.Thismodelmayamongthosebestmodelsofinterpretingprocess.ABriefOutlineoftheResearchProcessInthepreviousmodels,theauthorsalwaysgiveprioritytothecomprehensionduringinterpreting.Thecomprehensionmodeliscomprehension=knowledgeforthelanguage+extralinguisticknowledge+analysis''.Whileintheinnovation3P''model,wegiveprioritytothewholeprocess,thisrelatestotheequivalencebetweenthetargetversionandoriginalversion.Inthefirstsection,saypreparingsection,wetalkaboutthewaystoimproveourlanguageskillstoadapttopressingbusinessinterpretationenvironment,tobroadenourknowledgeandtoenlargevocabularyonbusinessandtoenhanceourcross-culturalawareness.Inthesecondsection,sayperformingsection,wetalkaboutdecodingwithoutbeinginterruptedbyobjectfactorsandsubjectfactors,aboutusingnotesandotherthingstoensureourinstantmemory,aboutencodingavoiddisturbedbyotherfactors.Inthelastsection,saypackagingsection,wemoveontoassessmentandsummaryofthebusinessfieldinterpretation.Thispaperalsoreferstothefactors,whichinfluencetheprocessofbusinessinterpretationfromdifferentviews.Theyarefactorsoflanguage,factorsofculture,andfactorsofpsychologyandfactorsofenvironment.Inlanguage,thefeaturesofspokenlanguage,linguisticrepertoireofspeakersaremajorfactorsthatinfluencetheprocessofinterpretation.Idiomaticphrasesformsofdiscourse,businesstermsandequivalentwordsincultureaswellasthestance,attentionandmoodoftheinterpreterinpsychologycanalsoinfluencetheprocess.ResearchApproachThisthesisintroducesabriefreviewofaninterpretingprocessunder"3P''modelincludingthedefinition,theadvantagesofthemodel,focusesonthewholebusinessinterpretingprocess,anddiscusseswaystoensuretheinformationequivalence.ThecollectionofmaterialsisbymeansofreferringtosomebooksinthelibraryandsurfingontheInternetandothermethods.Withregardtothemethodusedinthethesis,someexampleshavebeengiven,whichisusedtodescribe,compare,orexplainthespecificofbusinessinterpretation.Thesurveysalsoinvolvedsettingobjectivesforinformationcollection,designingresearchandsoon.Theywereconductedtogetageneralviewofthe"3P''modelinbusinessinterpreting.ResearchGoalBoththeinterpreterhi