英文翻譯原文

GRAVITYRETAINING?WALL1.INTRODUCTIONRetainingwallsarestructuresusedtoprovidestabilityforearthorothermaterialwhereconditionsdisallowthemasstoassumeitsnaturalslope,andarecommonlyusedtoholdbackorsupportsoilbanks,coalororepiles,andwater.Retainingwallsareclassified,basedonthemethodofachievingstability,intosixprincipaltypes(Fig.1).Thegravity-walldependsuponitsweight,asthenameimplies,forstability.Thecantileverwallisareinforced-concretewallthatutilizescantileveractiontoretainthemassbehindthewallfromassuminganaturalslope.Stabilityofthiswallispartiallyachievedfromtheweightofsoilontheheelportionofthebaseslab.Acounterfortretainingwallissimilartoacantileverretainingwall,exceptthatitisusedwherethecantileverislongorforveryhighpressuresbehindwallandhascounterforts,whichtiethewallandbasetogether,builtatintervalsalongthewalltoreducethebendingmomentsandsheers.AsindicatedinFig.1c,thecounterfortisbehindthewallandsubjectedtotensileforces.Abuttressedretainingwallissimilartoacounterfortwall,exceptthatthebracingisinfrontofthewallandisincompressioninsteadoftension.Twoothertypesofwallsnotconsideredfurtherarecribwalls,whicharebuilt-upmembersofpiecesofprecastconcrete,metal,ortimberandaresupportedbyanchorpiecesembeddedinthesoilforstability,andsemigravitywalls,whicharewallsintermediatebetweenatruegravityandacantileverwall.Figure.1Typesofretainingwalls:(a)Gravitywallsofstonemasonry,brick,orplainconcrete.Weightprovidesoverturningandslidingstability;(b)cantileverwall;(c)counterfort,orbuttressedwall.Ifbackfillcoverscounterforts,thewallistermedacounterfort;(d)cribwall;(e)semigravitywall(smallamountofsteelreinforcementisused);(f)bridgeabutment.Bridgeabutments(Fig.1f)areoftenretainingwallswithwingwallextensionstoretaintheapproachfillandprovideprotectionagainsterosion.Theydifferintwomajorrespectsfromtheusualretainingwallin:1.Theycarryendreactionfromthebridgespan.2.Theyarerestrainedatthetopsothatanactiveearthpressureisunlikelytodevelop.Foundationwallsofbuildingsincludingresidentialconstructionareretainingwallswhosefunctionistocontaintheearthoutofbasements.Retainingwallsmustbeofadequateproportionstoresistoverturningfor(orexcessivetilting)andslidingaswellasbeingstructurallyadequate.Termsusedinretaining-walldesignareshowninFig.2.Notethatthe“toe”isboththefrontbaseprojectionandtheforwardedge;similarlyforthe“heel”.2.COMMONPROPORTIONSOFGRAVITYWALLRetaining-walldesignproceedswiththeselectionoftentativedimensions,whicharethenanalyzedforstabilityandstructuralrequirementsandarerevisedasrequired.Sincethisatrialprocess,severalsolutionstotheproblemmaybeobtained,allofwhicharesatisfactory.Acomputersolutiongreatlysimplifiestheworkinretaining-walldesignandprovidestheonlypracticalmeanstooptimizethedesign.Gravity-walldimensionsmaybemaybetakenasshowninFig.3.Gravitywalls,generally,aretrapezoidal-shapedbutalsomaybebuiltwithbrokenbacks.Thebaseotherdimensionsshouldbesuchthattheresultantfallswithinthemiddleone-thirdofthebase.Thetopwidthofthestemshouldbeontheorderof0.30m.Iftheheelprojectionisonly100to150mm,theCoulombequationmaybeusedforevaluatingthelateralearthpressure,withthesurfaceofslidingtakenalongthebackfaceofthewall.TheRankinesolutionmayalsobeusedonasectiontakenthroughtheheel.Becauseofthemassiveproportionandresultinglowconcretestresses,low-strengthconcretecangenerallyusedforthewallconstruction.Acriticalsectionforanalysisoftensileflexurestresseswilloccurthroughthejunctionofthetoeportionatthefrontfaceofwall.3.GRAVITYWALLFORCETheforcesonagravitywallareasindicatedinFig.4.TheactiveearthpressureiscomputedbyeithertheRankineorCoulombmethods.IftheCoulombmethodisused,itisassumedthatthereisincipientslidingonthebackfaceofthewall,andthepressureactsattheangleofwallfrictionδtoanormalwiththewall.TheRankinesolutionappliestoPaactingattheangleβonaverticalplanethroughtheheel.ThevectorcanthenbeaddedtotheweightvectorofthewedgeofsoilWbetweentheverticalplaneandbackofthewalltogetthedirectionandmagnitudeoftheresultantPaonthewall.TheverticalresultantRactingonthebaseisequaltothesumoftheforcesactingdownward,andwillhaveaneccentricityewithrespecttothegeometricalcenterofthebase.Takingmomentsaboutthetoe,確sum下of傭ov望ert播urn墻ing執(zhí)mo菜men瘦ts(漠net駱)/R趙毯潛漲If海the姿wi費dth蠅of足th吧eb論ase劑is化B,鉗th忌ee博cce捧ntr睬ici外ty約of鹽the乓ba礙se甲can猴th帆en今be蜂com餡put飼ed跪as叼遭修藥煤苦蛙堆4.嶄STA宗BIL白ITY落OF梳GR斯AVI似TY購WAL隨L糞Ret尤ain騰ing勇wa葉lls奇mu街st棋pro督vid湊ea鉤deq染uat魂es愉tab提ili撓ty個aga粒ins陸ts定lid役ing沒,a吸ss國how薦ni熔nF駝ig.櫻5.偉The矮so鼠il誰in屯fro密nt驢of偉the芳wa袍ll銀pro斬vid蒙es御ap偉ass址ive意-ea圾rth筐-pr破ess擊ure煉房res施ist魂anc耽e,月as尖th燈ew寺all塊te賞nds菠to描sl哭ide不in趣to乳it.悔If朗th練es濕oil慰is限ex位cav舌ate顫do環(huán)re組rod茄ed胃aft陪er猛the芒wa狼ll隱is墻bui濕lt,勾th黃ep襯ass淋ive糠-pr陰ess瓜ure贊co俊mpo搖nen匠ti哥sn說ot供ava景ila竊ble償an救ds溝lid披ing昆in慎sta鄰bil殘ity毀ma爭yo坦ccu攏r.喜If孫the洲r(nóng)e族is透cer科tai謎nty棟of麥no帆lo潔ss兵of謀the倘to引es身oil辜,t拔he胞des噴ign覆er信may抵us兆et便he姜pas披siv鋒ep同res艙sur醬ei親nt枯his絮zo頓ne繪as扛par蔑to殿ft認(rèn)he會sli裂din爪gr仇esi礙sta棵nce填.肝Add冷iti卻ona肆ls獅lid糠ing握st宜abi牽lit絕ym嫁ay貧be偶der呈ive偵df跑rom畜th逐eu偶se照of申ak踩ey造ben屑eat節(jié)ht瞎he途bas對e.集Unl耽ess立th蝦ek呼ey蹦is情qui殖te屠dee團p,勺how缸eve蘆r,戀the算sl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