參考教案各章to organic chemistry

Chapter1313.113.1Organiccontaincarbonatoms -, Thecompoundcontaincarbonandhydrogen13.213.2RepresentingorganicTheempiricalformula最簡式 showthesimplestwhole-numberratioofthedifferentatomsinthemoleculesCH2Themolecularformula分子式----showtheactualnumberofeachatomsinamolecule.Thestructuralformula:（結(jié)構(gòu)式----Thisisashorthandformofthe yed.Theformulaearewrittenwithoutshowingthecarbon-hydrogenbonds.Eachcarboniswrittensepara y,withtheatomsorgroupsthatareattachedtoit.The ----thisshoweveryatomandeverybondinthemoleculesinglebondis—,doublebondis﹦,triplebondis≡eeTheskeletalformula:（骨架式Weshowonlythecarbonskeletonasstraightlines,eachofwhichrepresentsaC-Cbond,plusanyfunctionalgroupsThecarbonskeletonhasnocarbonorhydrogenatomswrittenThereisacarbonatomateachendandacarbonwherethelinesmeetThereareenoughhydrogenatomstomakesurethateverycarbonformsfourbondsTheskeletonisdrawntogivearoughimpressionofbondangles.Inasaturatedcarbonchaintheseare109.5°thegeneralmaywrittenforeachseriesofcompoundsCnH2n+2,StructureoffunctionalStructureoffunctionalGeneralNameofanStructuralformulaoftheexample (X=F,Cl,Br,I)Alcohols,-Carboxylicacids,EthanoicAmines,-Nitriles,-13.3Namingtheorganiccompoundsmetheth乙，propbut丁，penthex-heptoct辛，non壬，decSuffix（后綴）-ane-ene-anol,醇， ,醛anoateHow Hydrocarbonside-chain:-

-anone-anoicacidRuleThenumberofcarbonatomsinthelongestchainprovidethestemofthename，endingwith–ane.（選擇最長的碳鏈作為主鏈，對主鏈進行編號時，RuleForthebranchedchain,thesidechain(支鏈issuffixwithyl.ForexampleCH3ismethyl.（取代基也就是支鏈用yl作為后綴）RuleEachside-chainmustbeincludedinthenameifthereareseveralidenticalside-chain,thenameisprefixedbydi-,tri-,tetra-,etc.forexample2,2,3-trimethyl-indicatestherearethreemethylsgroup,twoonthesecondandoneonthethirdcarbonatomofthelongestchain.（當有多個相同的取代基Notethatnumbersareseparatedbycomma(逗號),anumberandaletterareseparatedbyahyphen(分隔符)（數(shù)字與數(shù)字之間用 隔開，字母與RuleWheredifferentalkylgroupsarepresent,theyare cedinalphabeticalorderasin3-ethyl-2-methylhexane.（當有不同的取代基時按照字母的先后RuleCompoundscontainingaringofcarbonatomsareprefixedbycyclo-.Cyclohexaneis（環(huán)狀的烴類用cyclo-作為前綴RuleIftherearefunctionalgroups,makesurethepositionofthefunctionalgroupisthelowestnumberThenumberwhichshowthepositionofthefunctiongroupis RuleThesimplestarene(芳香烴isbenzeneWhenonealkylgroupisattachedtoabenzenering,anumberisnotneededbecauseallthecarbonatomsareequivalent(相當?shù)?.Twoormoregroupswillrequireanumber（環(huán)狀的芳香烴是苯，對苯RuleHalogencompoundsarenamedinthesamewayasalkyl-substituedalkanesorarenas —————alkoxy-(e.g.methoxy-—N=N—alkyoraryle.g.—RuleAliphaticalcoholsandketonesarenamedinasimilarwaytoRuleAliphaticaldehydeandcarboxylicacidgroupsareattheendofacarbonchain,sotheydonotneedanumberruleNoticethattheacidisnamedbycountingupthetotalnumberofcarbonatomsinthechain-includingtheoneinthe-COOHgroup.So,forexample,CH3CH2COOHispropanoicacid,andCH3CH2COOisthepropanoategroup.13.4FunctionalMostorganiccompoundsaremadeupofahydrocarbonchainthathasoneormorerelativegroupsattached13.4Functional ;Alkenes Carboxylicacids StructureoffunctionalStructureoffunctionalGeneralNameofanStructuralformulaoftheexample (X=F,Cl,Br,I)Alcohols,-Carboxylicacids,EthanoicAmines,-Nitriles,-CompoundswithfunctionalgroupsthatmaybedesignatedasprefixesorsuffixesCompoundswithfunctionalgroupsthatmaybedesignatedasprefixesorsuffixesCarboxylic-oicalkanoicalkylAcyl-oylalkanoylIsomershavethesamemolecularformula,buttheiratomsarearrangeddifferently.StructuralStructuralIsomerswiththeSameFunctionalChainChainChainisomersareisomersthathavedifferentcarbonskeletons.PositionPositionPositionisomersareisomersthathavethesamecarbonskeletonandfunctionalgroup.Theydifferonlyinthepositionofthefunctionalgroup.StructuralIsomerswiththedifferentFunctionalStructuralIsomerswiththedifferentFunctionalalcoholandStereoisomerismGeometricalisomersarestereoisomersthathavedifferentarrangementsoftheiratomsinspaceduetorestrictedrotationaboutacovalentbond.Cis-trans 前提1.（restrictedrotationaboutaC=C2.(twodifferentgroupsoneachsideofOpticalMirrorimageofalefthandisarightOpticalisomerism:ifamoleculecontainsacarbonatomthatisbondedtofourdifferentatoms,thenitcanformtwoopticalButan-2-Identifyingchiralcentresinskeletal 2,3,3-Trichloropentaneisachiralcompound.Thechiralcarbonatomisshownbyanasterisk.TheirenantiomersThereisnochiralcarbonatominthe3-molecule.ThecompoundhasnoNotethatcarbon-3isnotachiralcentrebecauseittwoidenticalgroups(–CH2CH3)bondedto 2-Phenylbutaneisachiralcompound.Thechiralcarbonatomisshownbyanasterisk.TheirenantiomersThereisnochiralcarbonatominthetrans-but-2-molecule.Thecompoundhasno13.5Organicreactions-Reactions-mechanisms:（反應(yīng)機理 inorganicreactionsbysummarizingtheoverallreactioninaseriesofsteps.TwoTwowaysofBreakingCovalentAcurlyarrowwithhalfanarrowhead‘themovementofasingleelectron.

’isusedtoElectricallyneutralatomsorgroupsofatomspossessinganunpairedHighlyreactivebecauseoftheunstableelectronicEnergymust din,eitherinformofheatorirradiationwithe.g.chlorineundergoeshomolysisreadilywhenheated,orwhenirradiatedwithlightofawavelengththatcanbeabsorbedbythemoleculetoformtwochlorineGeneralequationofhomolysisofabondtoe.g.methaneundergoeshomolysistoformamethylradicalandhydrogen’acurlyarrowwithafullarrowhead‘themovementofanelectronpair.’2chargedfragmentsorions

isusedtoHeterolysisofabondrequiresthebondtobepolarized（偏振Thegreaterthedifferenceinelectronegativitybetweentheatoms,thegreateristhepolarizationofthebonds.Theproductofheterolysisofabondtocarbondependsontheelectronegativityoftheatomthatisbondedtothecarbonatom.TypesofReactiveSpeciesinOrganicElectrophilesElectrophilesandtendtoacceptpossessanemptyorbitaltorec