高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧和方法課件

閱讀理解Readingcomprehension1高考大綱中關(guān)于閱讀理解的要求

要求考生讀懂簡易的英語文學(xué)作品、科普文章、公告、說明、廣告以及書、報、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文章并回答相關(guān)問題?？忌鷳?yīng)能：

１、理解主旨要義；２、理解文中具體信息；３、根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；４、作出簡單判斷和理解；５、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；６、理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度；

7、根據(jù)所讀，用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語補全文章提綱、概括關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容或作要詞詞語轉(zhuǎn)換。2主旨大意型事實細(xì)節(jié)型

詞義猜測型命題類因此有關(guān)閱讀理解題目主要有以下四種：推理判斷型3ReadingComprehension-InferenceQuestions閱讀理解專題--推理判斷題41.

推斷隱含意義

2.推斷作者觀點或態(tài)度

3.推斷寫作目的

4.推斷文章出處

5.推斷文脈邏輯關(guān)系閱讀推理判斷題推斷題分類51.Questionforms:Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

.Fromthetextweknowthat…ismostlikely

.Whenthewritertalksabout…,whatthewriterreallymeansis

.Thewritersuggeststhat

.Thestoryimpliesthat

.Wecaninfer[conclude]fromthepassage

這類題干中通常含有infer,suggest,imply,conclude等標(biāo)志性詞語。一、如何推斷隱含意義2.技巧點撥1).全面分析2).忠實原文3).不要選擇表層信息6二、如何推斷作者觀點和態(tài)度：1.Questionforms:Thewriter’sattitudetoward…is______.Thewriterthoughtthat______.Accordingtotheauthor______.2.技巧點撥注意作者表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動詞及所舉的例子，推斷出作者的弦外之音。71.（江西卷）Justascryingcanbehealthy,notcrying—holdingbacktearsofanger,painorsuffering—canbebadforphysical(身體的)health.Studieshaveshownthattoomuchcontrolofemotionscanleadtohighbloodpressure,heartproblemsandsomeotherillnesses.Ifyouhaveahealthproblem,doctorswillcertainlynotaskyoutocry.Butwhenyoufeellikecrying,don’tfightit.It’sanatural—andhealthy—emotionalresponse(反應(yīng)).（2分鐘）●Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Cryingisthebestwaytogethelpfromothers.B.Fightingbacktearsmaycausesomehealthproblems.C.Wewillneverknowourdeepfeelingsunlesswecry.D.Wemustcryifwewanttoreducepressure.82.Whyisn’tyournewspaperreportinganygoodnews？AllIreadaboutismurder,bribery(行賄)，anddeath.Frankly，I’msickofallthebadnews.

Thisauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewspaperreportingisto_____.A.complainB.apologizeC.amuseD.inform9說明文中作者的態(tài)度:objective

neutral在議論文中，有：(1)positive(2)negative(3)neutral(4)approval

(5)disapproval(6)indifferent(7)ironic(8)critical(9)optimistic(10)pessimistic客觀的消極的漠不關(guān)心的贊成的不贊成的樂觀的悲觀的Takingnotes:中立的積極的諷刺的批評的中立的10三、如何推斷寫作目的1.Questionforms:(1)

考查整篇文章的寫作目的A.Thewriter’s

purposeofwritingthispassageisto_____.B.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?C.Inwritingthepassage,theauthorintendsto_____.11(2)

考查某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作意圖A.Thewriterusestheexampleof…toshowthat_____.B.Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_____.C.…arementionedinthefirstparagraphto_____.122.常見的寫作目的歸納不同的文章可能有不同的寫作目的,但寫作目的通常有以下三種：(1)toentertainreaders（娛樂讀者，讓人發(fā)笑）(2)topersuadereaders（說服讀者接受某種觀點）(3)toinformreaders（告知讀者某些信息）常見于故事類的文章。tomakepeoplelaugh;totellaninterestingexperience常見于廣告類的文章。tosellaproductoraservice;toattractmorevisitors/readers/audience多見于科普類﹑新聞報道類﹑文化類或社會類的文章.131.“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.（1.5分鐘）●Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto______.A.testthereaders’knowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereaders’attentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylor’simportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthem142.AyoungmanfromavillagecalledNawalapitiyamarriedayoungwomanfromMaliyuwa,anearbyvillage.Theylivedwiththeman'sbigfamily-hisparents,hisbrothers,theirwivesandchildren.Thefamilykeptanelephant,inwhichtheyoungwomansoontookagreatinterest.Everydayshefeditwithfruitandsugar.Threemonthslaterthewomanwentbacktoherparents'home,havingquarreledwithherhusband.Soontheelephantrefusedtoeatorwork.Itappearedtobeillandheart-broken.Onemorningafterseveralweekstheanimaldisappearedfromthehouse.Itwenttothewoman‘shome.Onseeingher,theelephantwaveditstrunkandtouchedherwithit.Theyoungwomanwassomovedbytheactoftheanimalthatshereturnedtoherhusband’shome.（3分鐘）

●Thewriterwrotethestoryinorderto________.A.showthatelephantsareverycleverB.tellhowawomantrainedawildanimalC.showthatwomencaremoreforanimalsthanmendoD.tellhowananimalreunitedahusbandandwife15

1.Questionforms:Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom______.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof___.四、如何推斷文章出處162.解題技巧這類問題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處：(1)報紙：前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點或通訊社名稱

(2)廣告：因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)(3)產(chǎn)品說明：器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數(shù)、藥量等171.（全國卷）Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.Toreducepain,taketwotablets(藥片)withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief(緩解疼痛)taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount(量).Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askyourdoctor’sadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.●Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma______.

（2分鐘）

A.textbookB.newsreel(新聞片)C.doctor’snotebookD.bottleofmedicine182.Morethan30,000driversandfrontseatpassengersarekilledorseriouslyinjured（受傷）eachyear.Ataspeedofonly30milesperhouritisthesameasfallingfromathirdfloorwindow.Wearingaseatbelt（安全帶）saveslives;itreducesyourchanceofdeathorseriousinjurybymorethanhalf.Thereforedriversorfrontseatpassengersover14inmostvehiclesmustwearaseatbelt.Ifyoudonot,youcouldbefinedupto$50.Itwillnotbeuptothedriverstomakesureyouwearyourbelt.Butitwillbethedriver'sresponsibility（責(zé)任）tomakesurethatchildrenunder14donotrideinthefrontunlesstheyarewearingseatbeltofsomekind.However,youdonothavetowearaseatbeltifyouarereversing（倒退）yourvehicleoryouaremakingalocaldelivery（發(fā)送）orcollectionusingaspecialvehicle;orifyouhaveavalidmedicalcertificatewhichexcusesyoufromwearingit.Makesurethesecircumstances（情形）applytoyoubeforeyoudecidenottowearyourseatbelt.Rememberyoumaybetakentocourtfornotdoingso,andyoumaybefinedifyoucannotprovetothecourtthatyouhavebeenexcusedfromwearingit.（3分鐘）

●Thistextistakenfrom_____.

A.amedicalmagazine

B.apolicereportC.anadvertisement（廣告）D.agovernmentinformationbooklet

（小冊子）Morethan30,000…arekilledorseriouslyinjured（受傷）eachyear.youcouldbefinedupto$50Rememberyoumaybetakentocourt…youmaybefined…apolicereport192.解題技巧推測下文的內(nèi)容：根據(jù)作者的思路進(jìn)行推理推測上文的內(nèi)容：關(guān)注第一段，特別是文段開始的幾句話。五．推斷文脈邏輯關(guān)系

1)推斷上下文內(nèi)容1.Questionforms:Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith_______Theparagraphprecedingthisonewouldmostlikelydiscuss______.20Whenearlyhumanshuntedandgatheredfood,theywerenotincontroloftheirenvironment.Theycouldonlyinteractwiththeirsurroundingsaslowerorganismsdid.Whenhumanslearnedtomakefire,however,theybecamecapableofalteringtheirenvironment.Toprovidethemselveswithfueltheystrippedbarkfromtrees,causingthetreestodie.Clearingswereburnedinforeststoincreasethegrowthofgrassandtoprovideagreatergrazingareaforthewildanimalsthathumansfedupon.Thisdevelopmentledtofarmingandthedomesticationofanimals.Firealsoprovidedthemeansforcookingplantswhichhadpreviouslybeeninedible.Onlywhentheprocessofmeetingthebasicneedforfoodreachedacertainlevelofsophisticationwasitpossibleforhumanstofollowotherpursuitssuchasthefoundingofcities.（3分鐘）●Theparagraphfollowingthispassagewouldmostlikelybeabout____________.A.fireB.huntingC.farmingD.urbanization（城市化）212.解題技巧：按段落的組織方法理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)按寫作方法（論證方法）理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)2)推斷篇章組織結(jié)構(gòu)1.Questionforms:Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?Howisthepassageorganized?221.推斷隱含意義,必須吃透相關(guān)文段的意思。2.推斷作者的寫作意圖，應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)注主題句,同時把握文章的體裁也可以推斷作者的寫作目的。3.推斷作者的觀點，應(yīng)當(dāng)全面理解文章的內(nèi)容及文章的中心思想。4.推斷文脈邏輯，必須特別關(guān)注作者的思路和段落組織方法，推斷下文要注意最后一段的內(nèi)容,尤其是最后的兩三句話。總結(jié)23細(xì)節(jié)題解題技巧細(xì)節(jié)題的命題方法很多，如可能是對某個細(xì)節(jié)用同義結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換后進(jìn)行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細(xì)節(jié)（通常是四個）放在一起要求考生判斷是非（選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項）或?qū)讉€細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行排序等。解答這類試題時，一個常用的方法就是運用定位法，即根據(jù)題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，與選項進(jìn)行比較從而確定答案（此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉(zhuǎn)換）?，F(xiàn)在圍繞上述的定位理論，引申出幾個小的技巧：（1）關(guān)鍵信息定位法。這個主要是細(xì)節(jié)題，如涉及到數(shù)字（日期、時間、價格等），就可以在文章中快速圈出數(shù)字，再找出目標(biāo)數(shù)字及相對應(yīng)的細(xì)節(jié)作息，還有人物姓名、地點名詞等等，其他的還包括一些提示情節(jié)發(fā)展，或條綱性關(guān)鍵字眼，如First，Next，F(xiàn)inally等等。

24

Asayounggirlgrowingupinthe1930s，Ialwayswantedto

flyaplane，butbackthenitwasalmostunheardofforawomantodothat.Igotatasteofthatdreamin2011，whenmyhusbandarrangedformetorideinahotairballoonformybirthday.（2011年高考英語北京A篇）

Whathappenedtotheauthorin2011？

A.Sheflewanairplane

B.Sheenteredacompetition

C.Shewentonahotairballoonride

D.Shemovedintoaretirementcommunity

解析：此題屬典型細(xì)節(jié)題，通過題干中的時間in2011不難定位到文中粗體字部分，很容易可以鎖定正解為C。25（2）同義定位法。英文中可以用Paraphrase表示。同義定位就是指問題所用的關(guān)鍵詞和文中的不一致