2020屆高三大二輪復(fù)習(xí)：專題1第3講高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚鎖定主旨大意

第三講高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚鎖定主旨大意名師點(diǎn)撥技能提升 研讀重點(diǎn)明規(guī)律《考試說明》指出：任何一篇文章都會(huì)有一個(gè)主旨要義。有時(shí)從文章的第一個(gè)段落，甚

至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義，通過這一段或這個(gè)句子讀者會(huì)知道文章描述的是誰

或什么(即文章的主題)，亦會(huì)了解作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。有時(shí)，文章的主

旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。這類試題主要考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力，

它對考生的歸納、概括能力有一定的要求。［設(shè)題方式］——知方向主旨大意題常見的命題方式有以下幾種：Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis.Thepassage(orthefirstparagraph)ismainlyabout.Whatisthemainidea/topic/purpose/subjectofthepassage?Thepassagechieflydiscusses/dealswith.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?Thepassagemainlytellsusthat.What'sthefirst/second/third...paragraphconcernedwith?WhatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinParagraph...?［解題技巧］——明方法.歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意。適用于沒有明顯的主題句的文章或段落。.從段落中抓大意。適用于主題句位于文章或段落中間類型的文章。.讀首句抓大意。適用于主題句出現(xiàn)在開頭的文章，如說明文、議論文、科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道。.讀尾句抓大意。適用于主題句出現(xiàn)在段/篇尾的文章。主旨大意題難度較大，屬于區(qū)分度很高的選拔性題目。注意無論此類題目出現(xiàn)在什么位置都要最后做，因?yàn)橥ㄗx全文后才能更好地把握文章主題，且文章中其他題目的解答會(huì)有助于對主題的理解。［干擾特點(diǎn)］——曉陷阱.過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。.以偏概全，主次不分所給選項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別字詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。.移花接木，偷換概念所給選項(xiàng)被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯(cuò)答案。.無中生有，生搬硬套所給選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞語雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。［考場技法］一、仔細(xì)審題，看好范圍。，搞清楚是問某一段還是全文的中心思想。二、使用略讀，迅速將全段或全文瀏覽一遍。，在閱讀中，應(yīng)充分利用有關(guān)信息詞確定主題句的位置，比如在forexample，first，second之前的句中或在allinall，aboveall，therefore，thus，inshort，conclude之后的句子中尋找并確定。三、特別注意全文或所問段落的首句和尾句。，一是因?yàn)樗麄兺w現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因?yàn)槔眠@些信息可以迅速提煉文章結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下的主旨判斷，其準(zhǔn)確性更高。四、了解標(biāo)題的寫作方式。，一般來說，標(biāo)題的寫作方式是：以話題為核心，將控制性概念的詞按一定的語法濃縮為概括主題句句意或中心思想的短語。假若某一文章的中心句為：Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.話題：Coffce控制性概念：isauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.標(biāo)題：CofffceAroundtheWorld［點(diǎn)津2］找主題句的五個(gè)小竅門①段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語（如however，but，infact，actually，while，onthecontrary，incontrast等）時(shí)，其后的句子很可能是主題句。②首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對該問題的回答很可能就是主題句。③作者有意識地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。（主旨句常包含關(guān)鍵詞）④首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設(shè)時(shí)，例子或假設(shè)后面的內(nèi)容可能是主題句。⑤表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論詞語常有therefore，this，inshort，conclude，conclusion等。經(jīng)典案例全景剖析 剖析真題悟方法［識真題］——高考這樣考（2017?高考全國卷甲閱讀理解C）TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10,000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale,andthosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTransitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNewYorkAutoShow.Butdon,texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It,sexpectedtocost$279,000.Anditwon,thelpifyou,restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.Inventorshavebeentryingtomakeflyingcarssincethe1930s,accordingtoRobertMann,anairlineindustryexpert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality.Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.TheTransitionisnowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.MannsaidTerrafugiawashelpedbytheFederalAviationAdministration,sdecisionfiveyearsagotocreateaseparatesetofstandardsforlightsportaircraft,whicharelowerthanthoseforpilotsoflargerplanes.Terrafugiasaysanownerwouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransition,arequirementpilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition..WhyistheTransitionunlikelytoshowupintoomanydriveways?A.Itcausestrafficjams.B.Itisdifficulttooperate.C.Itisveryexpensive.D.Itburnstoomuchfuel..Whatisthegovernment,sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?A.Cautious. B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.31.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?FlyingCaratAutoShowTheTransition,sFirstFlightPilots,DreamComingTrueFlyingCarClosertoReality［師說］高考新動(dòng)向：本篇文章報(bào)道了國外公司研發(fā)飛行汽車的最新進(jìn)展。它讓考生體會(huì)到科學(xué)的趣味和實(shí)際應(yīng)用，促使考生深入思考科技創(chuàng)新在人類生活和發(fā)展過程中起到的重要作用，幫助考生培養(yǎng)科學(xué)精神和人文情懷。［練技能］——題目這樣做Step1：速讀題干，確定主旨大意類題目。UStep2：確定文章的主題詞：通過閱讀文章和對其他題目的解答，確定文章的主題詞。文章通常圍繞主題詞展開，主旨題的正確答案當(dāng)然要包括文章主題詞或主題詞的同義改寫詞。UStep3：確定文章的主題句：開門見山是多數(shù)英文寫作的慣性思維，文章結(jié)構(gòu)也多見“總一分一總”形式。篇首、篇尾是重中之重，誠為必讀。每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句成為本段主題句的概率往往最高，對于確定全文主旨也常不可或缺。UStep4：總結(jié)文章的主旨：根據(jù)文章的主題詞和主題句，概括文章主旨，并與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對比，確定正確答案。如果全文都沒有明確的主題句，那么主題思想要通過各段的主要內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納，這時(shí)考生要閱讀各段的首尾句來進(jìn)行總結(jié)歸納。［現(xiàn)身說法］速讀題干，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)第28題，第31題屬于主旨類題目。.解析：選人。主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中提到飛行汽車的兩個(gè)座位、四個(gè)輪子以及車翼、飛行速度、油耗等情況可知，該段是在介紹飛行汽車Transition的基本數(shù)據(jù)，故選A項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)曲解文意，該段最后三句只是列舉了這款飛行汽車在路上和在空中行駛時(shí)的一些數(shù)據(jù)對比，并沒有提及其優(yōu)勢；C項(xiàng)無中生有，該段并沒有提及這款飛行汽車的潛在市場問題；D項(xiàng)以偏概全，文中確實(shí)提到了飛行汽車的設(shè)計(jì)者，但它不是本段的主要內(nèi)容。.解析：選C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Butdon,texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It,sexpectedtocost$279,000.”可知，此款汽車不能推廣的主要原因是它太貴了，故選項(xiàng)。A、B兩項(xiàng)無中生有，文章并沒有提及這款汽車會(huì)導(dǎo)致交通擁堵和難以操作的問題；D項(xiàng)曲解文意，第一段的最后兩句介紹了飛行汽車的油耗，但沒提及耗油太多。.解析：選B。觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第三段“Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.”中的permit可知，政府對此持支持的態(tài)度，故選B項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎的”，C項(xiàng)“模棱兩可的"，D項(xiàng)“不同意的”。.解析：選D。標(biāo)題歸納題。本文是一則新聞報(bào)道，介紹了一種新型的飛行汽車。新聞報(bào)道的主題句通常是第一句話。本文的第一句中提到了flyingcar和closertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear,由此可知，飛行汽車快要變成現(xiàn)實(shí)了，故選D項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)以偏概全，該項(xiàng)雖然有flyingcar,但出現(xiàn)在汽車展覽會(huì)上是以后的事，并不是文章重點(diǎn)；B項(xiàng)以偏概全，這款飛行汽車在上個(gè)月的飛行只是在第一段提到，并不能概括全文；C項(xiàng)張冠李戴，最后一段雖然提到了飛行員，但開飛行汽車不是他們的夢想。［語篇框架］Para1：Introducetheobject①andits②UPara2：Somepeople③adepositUPara3：Inventors_④makeaflyingcarand⑤contributestothatUPara4：Thedrivershouldmeet⑥__答案：?Transition②basicdate③haveputdown④have been trying to ?government ⑥a分類集訓(xùn)以小博大 短小精悍集中練requirement.標(biāo)題歸納類主旨大意題（2016?高考全國乙卷閱讀?D節(jié)選）Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornnessuneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable；thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap（間隙）withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson,sneeds.ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThapersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied^音示）isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Intheseculturessilenceisacallforreflection.Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.InstillanotherusepersonsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.Nursesandothercaregiversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient,ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing治愈）valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.Q：Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?SoundandSilenceWhatItMeanstoBeSilentSilencetoNativeAmericansSpeechIsSilver；SilenceIsGoldStep1：定位本文是一篇說明文，此類文章層次較為分明，段落比較清晰，具有明確的主題句。為了讓考生對讀的材料有一個(gè)較為清楚的認(rèn)知，主旨句往往在首段即有體現(xiàn)。本文的主旨句是首段中的首句，Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Step2：篩選通讀全文可知，文章介紹了沉默在不同文化里所代表的含義。文章未談及sound,因此A不對；文章雖談父子silencetoNativeAmericans,但只是第二段中的具體信息，不是文章的中心內(nèi)容，故排除C項(xiàng)；另外，文章并未涉及到speechissilver的內(nèi)容，所以D項(xiàng)也不對。［答案］B.概括類主旨大意題（2016?高考北京卷?B）SurvivingHurricaneSandy（颶風(fēng)桑迪）NatalieDoan,14,hasalwaysfeltluckytoliveinRockaway,NewYork.Livingjustafewblocksfromthebeach,Nataliecanseetheoceanandhearthewavesfromherhouse.“It'stheoceanthatmakesRockawaysospecial,“shesays.OnOctober29,2012，thatoceanturnedfierce.Thatnight，HurricaneSandyattackedtheEastCoast，andRockawaywashitespeciallyhard.Fortunately，Natalie,sfamilyescapedtoBrooklynshortlybeforethecity,sbridgesclosed.WhentheyreturnedtoRockawaythenextday，theyfoundtheirneighborhoodinruins.ManyofNatalie,sfriendshadlosttheirhomesandwerelivingfaraway.Allaroundheipeopleweresuffering，especiallytheelderly.Natalie,sschoolwassodamagedthatshehadtotemporarilyattendaschoolinBrooklyn.InthefollowingfewdaysthemenandwomenhelpingRockawayrecoverinspiredNatalie.Volunteerscamewithcarloadsofdonatedclothingandtoys.Neighborsdevotedtheirsparetimetohelpingothersrebuild.Teenagersclimbeddozensofflightsofstairstodeliverwaterandfoodtoelderlypeopletrappedinpowerlesshighrisebuildings.“MymomtellsmethatIcan,tcontrolwhathappenstome，”Nataliesays，“butIcanalwayschoosehowIdealwithit.”Natalie,schoicewastohelp.Shecreatedawebsitepage，matchingsurvivorsinneedwithdonorswhowantedtohelp.NataliepostedinformationaboutaboynamedPatrickwholosthisbaseballcardcollectionwhenhishouseburneddown.Withindays，Patrick,scollectionwasreplaced.Inthecomingmonths，herwebsitepagehelpedlotsofkids：Christopher，whoreceivedanewbasketball;Charlie，whogotanewkeyboard.NataliealsoworkedwithotherorganizationstobringmuchneededsuppliestoRockaway.Hereffortsmadeherafamousperson.LastApril，shewasinvitedtotheWhiteHouseandhonoredasaHurricaneSandyChampionofChange.Today，thescars（創(chuàng)痕）ofdestructionarestillseeninRockaway，buthopeisintheair.Thestreetsareclear，andmanyhomeshavebeenrebuilt.“Ican,timaginelivinganywherebutRockaway，”Nataliedeclares.“Myneighborhoodwillbeback，evenstrongerthanbefore.”Q：Whatdoesthestoryintendtotellus?Littlepeoplecanmakeabigdifference.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.C.Eastorwest，homeisbest.D.Technologyispower.Step1：定位本文屬于敘事性閱讀材料。此類文章往往沒有明確的主題句，需要讀者進(jìn)行詳細(xì)閱讀然后進(jìn)行主旨概括。本文的主人公一一14歲的女孩娜塔莉一一主動(dòng)參與重建遭受颶風(fēng)重創(chuàng)的家鄉(xiāng)。她建立了一個(gè)網(wǎng)站，為外界的捐贈(zèng)者和家鄉(xiāng)需要幫助的人結(jié)對，同時(shí)幫助很多孩子實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的夢想。她應(yīng)邀到白宮，并被授予榮譽(yù)稱號。Step2：篩選本題給出的四句諺語的含義依次為：“小人物也有大作為”；“患難之友才是真正的朋友”；“金窩銀窩不如自己的狗窩”；“技術(shù)就是力量”。本文介紹的是14歲的小女孩娜塔莉如何幫助家鄉(xiāng)的重建工作，因此選A。3.段落大意類主旨大意題（2016?浙江高考閱讀?C節(jié)選）Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psych