蔬菜工廠化育苗新技術(shù)課件

蔬菜工廠化育苗新技術(shù)劉明池北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院蔬菜研究中心2010年7月一、營養(yǎng)液育苗技術(shù)的研發(fā)背景二、營養(yǎng)液育苗技術(shù)三、京郊蔬菜嫁接育苗新技術(shù)目錄穴盤育苗技術(shù)源于美國，歷經(jīng)30余年發(fā)展，美國：50億株/年以上；穴盤育苗是以草炭、蛭石等輕基質(zhì)材料做育苗基質(zhì)，采用機(jī)械化精量播種，一次成苗的現(xiàn)代化育苗體系。美國稱塞子苗，日本稱框穴成型苗，我國稱穴盤苗。一、營養(yǎng)液育苗技術(shù)的研發(fā)背景我國在80年代中期將穴盤育苗技術(shù)正式引進(jìn)，北京蔬菜研究中心專家承擔(dān)技術(shù)設(shè)備引進(jìn)和消化吸收的研究工作，并在京郊花鄉(xiāng)建起了我國第1座穴盤育苗生產(chǎn)場，于1987年正式投產(chǎn)。該育苗場從美國引進(jìn)的設(shè)備主要是穴盤育苗的精量播種生產(chǎn)線，種子丸?；庸ぴO(shè)備，以及72孔和128孔的PS吸塑苗盤。一、營養(yǎng)液育苗技術(shù)的研發(fā)背景育苗溫室配套為培養(yǎng)優(yōu)質(zhì)壯苗提供保證（一）省工、省力；（二）集中育苗，節(jié)省育苗場地及能源；（三）規(guī)范化管理，提供優(yōu)質(zhì)壯苗；（四）定植后緩苗期短；（五）有利于機(jī)械化移栽和遠(yuǎn)距離運(yùn)輸；（六）有利于優(yōu)良品種推廣，減少假冒偽劣種子危害。穴盤育苗的優(yōu)點(diǎn)（一）基質(zhì)調(diào)配和養(yǎng)分調(diào)控難度大

穴盤育苗的基質(zhì)種類很多，不同基質(zhì)的理化性質(zhì)差異很大，基質(zhì)的調(diào)配和營養(yǎng)的調(diào)控難度較大。（二）水分調(diào)控難度大穴盤育苗多采用有機(jī)或者無機(jī)基質(zhì)，不同基質(zhì)透氣保水性能不同，穴盤體積小基質(zhì)水分含量不易調(diào)控。穴盤育苗的缺點(diǎn)（三）基質(zhì)溫度調(diào)控困難幼苗根際環(huán)境溫度變化大。（四）基質(zhì)運(yùn)輸成本高穴盤育苗主要依靠泥炭等輕基質(zhì)，而泥炭資源有限，且大部分集中在東北，因此運(yùn)輸成本高。穴盤育苗的缺點(diǎn)（五）不利于生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)泥炭是一種短期內(nèi)不可再生資源，儲藏的總量有限，不可能無限制地開采。二、營養(yǎng)液育苗技術(shù)的研發(fā)營養(yǎng)液無基質(zhì)育苗出苗營養(yǎng)液無基質(zhì)育苗成苗1、營養(yǎng)液育苗槽2、側(cè)開孔育苗格盤3、播種紙4、覆蓋紙5、營養(yǎng)液溫度調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)（二）系統(tǒng)組成覆蓋紙播種紙穴盤側(cè)孔水位調(diào)節(jié)營養(yǎng)液池營養(yǎng)液育苗系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖P加溫降溫裝置兩種類型：一是淺盤形硬質(zhì)塑料容器，內(nèi)盛營養(yǎng)液，育苗床底部設(shè)置支撐架；二是其他材料砌成的槽子，內(nèi)鋪兩層塑料薄膜，薄膜上放墊料，用于支撐育苗格盤。1、營養(yǎng)液育苗槽硬質(zhì)塑料容器磚槽育苗盤放置于營養(yǎng)液育苗槽內(nèi)的支撐架上，該穴盤的至少一個側(cè)面開有透水孔。2、側(cè)開孔育苗格盤育苗格盤開孔方式對黃瓜秧苗根系生長的影響底部開孔側(cè)部開孔底部開孔側(cè)部開孔3、播種紙覆蓋紙在播種后覆蓋在載有種子的播種紙上。4、覆蓋紙營養(yǎng)液溫度調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)包括育苗床中放置的溫度感應(yīng)探頭和營養(yǎng)液池中的調(diào)溫器，通過直接加熱、冷卻營養(yǎng)液來調(diào)節(jié)苗床的溫度。5、營養(yǎng)液溫度調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)營養(yǎng)液池營養(yǎng)液育苗系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖P加溫降溫裝置1、連接營養(yǎng)液育苗槽或制作栽培槽；（三）營養(yǎng)液育苗的操作方法硬質(zhì)塑料容器磚槽2、加營養(yǎng)液，擺放育苗格盤；（三）營養(yǎng)液育苗的操作方法3、加播種紙；（三）營養(yǎng)液育苗的操作方法4、播種；（三）營養(yǎng)液育苗的操作方法5、加覆蓋紙；（三）營養(yǎng)液育苗的操作方法6、加蛭石；（三）營養(yǎng)液育苗的操作方法7、覆地膜；（三）營養(yǎng)液育苗的操作方法8、補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)液、調(diào)節(jié)pH。（三）營養(yǎng)液育苗的操作方法本育苗系統(tǒng)在大興區(qū)青云店鎮(zhèn)大東農(nóng)業(yè)觀光園區(qū)和長子營鎮(zhèn)佟莊村保護(hù)地設(shè)施瓜菜育苗基地進(jìn)行了示范，效果理想。（四）應(yīng)用效果營養(yǎng)液育苗與穴盤基質(zhì)育苗的對比試驗

青云店大東大棚營養(yǎng)液育苗與穴盤基質(zhì)育苗的對比試驗

長子營北圃州日光溫室（四）應(yīng)用效果圖不同育苗方式對大棚番茄產(chǎn)量的影響青云店大東產(chǎn)量（kg/667m2）+5.7%+36.3%1、本系統(tǒng)根部沒有基質(zhì)，根系直接與營養(yǎng)液接觸。與無土基質(zhì)穴盤育苗相比，不再使用有機(jī)基質(zhì)，避免了現(xiàn)有基質(zhì)育苗的限制和缺點(diǎn)，做到了真正的無土無基質(zhì)育苗；本系統(tǒng)可以精確調(diào)控整個育苗過程中植株生長所需的溫度、水分、養(yǎng)分和氧氣，提高育苗的整齊度、壯苗率、健壯度和早熟豐產(chǎn)性。（五）營養(yǎng)液育苗的優(yōu)點(diǎn)2、營養(yǎng)液配比和濃度可以根據(jù)作物需求做到最優(yōu)化和精確調(diào)控，克服了基質(zhì)育苗養(yǎng)分難以調(diào)控的缺點(diǎn)。3、改變了傳統(tǒng)穴盤育苗的補(bǔ)水方式，水分主要靠根系從營養(yǎng)液直接吸收，克服了傳統(tǒng)穴盤育苗因穴盤體積小，基質(zhì)的水分含量變化大難以調(diào)控缺點(diǎn)；（五）營養(yǎng)液育苗的優(yōu)點(diǎn)4、避免了傳統(tǒng)穴盤育苗中噴水不均勻?qū)ρ砻绲膫?；特別是覆蓋的基質(zhì)處于干燥狀態(tài)，降低了苗床的空氣濕度，減輕病害的發(fā)生。（五）營養(yǎng)液育苗的優(yōu)點(diǎn)5、本系統(tǒng)通過結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計徹底解決了漂浮育苗中基質(zhì)水分含量過高、氧氣不足和基質(zhì)表面鹽漬化的無法克服的三個缺陷；本系統(tǒng)的覆蓋基質(zhì)不與營養(yǎng)液直接接觸，避免了漂浮板育苗中因蒸發(fā)引起的基質(zhì)鹽漬化問題。漂浮板育苗基質(zhì)長期浸泡在水中，容易誘發(fā)根莖部病害；（五）營養(yǎng)液育苗的優(yōu)點(diǎn)6、本系統(tǒng)還特別通過液面高度的控制，使根系部分處于空氣中，部分處于營養(yǎng)液中，使根系既能吸收到水分、養(yǎng)分，又能吸收的充足的氧氣，使根系健壯的生長，為培育壯苗打下了基礎(chǔ)。（五）營養(yǎng)液育苗的優(yōu)點(diǎn)覆蓋紙播種紙穴盤側(cè)孔水位調(diào)節(jié)7、克服了穴盤育苗因穴盤體積小，根系溫度變化大難以調(diào)控缺點(diǎn)。本系統(tǒng)通過對營養(yǎng)液直接加溫或降溫，比常規(guī)的環(huán)境調(diào)溫更直接經(jīng)濟(jì)有效。8、本系統(tǒng)成苗后起苗更方便、快捷，占用空間少，更利于運(yùn)輸。更重要的是避免了常規(guī)育苗起苗對幼苗根系的傷害，定植后緩苗快，有利于早熟高產(chǎn)。（五）營養(yǎng)液育苗的優(yōu)點(diǎn)全根苗

無土栽培技術(shù)是實(shí)現(xiàn)蔬菜高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效的重要途徑，也是蔬菜生產(chǎn)由傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)向現(xiàn)代化、規(guī)模化、集約化轉(zhuǎn)化的新型栽培方式。1、營養(yǎng)液育苗槽2、側(cè)開孔育苗格盤3、播種紙4、覆蓋紙5、營養(yǎng)液溫度調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)組成覆蓋紙播種紙穴盤側(cè)孔水位調(diào)節(jié)營養(yǎng)液池營養(yǎng)液育苗系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖P加溫降溫裝置光濕度溫度CO2水分O2溫度養(yǎng)分（一）茄果類蔬菜嫁接育苗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（二）雙根嫁接育苗（三）異屬嫁接育苗三、京郊蔬菜育苗新技術(shù)采用嫁接換根技術(shù)是解決茄子黃萎病以及番茄根結(jié)線蟲的有效途徑。北京蔬菜研究中心培育的茄果類嫁接砧木果砧一號和茄砧一號兩個新品種在北京郊區(qū)茄果類蔬菜嫁接中發(fā)揮了重要作用。嫁接茄子砧木的育苗時間長，冬季一般從浸種到嫁接生長期為100天左右。在冬季一家一戶分散育苗，存在育苗時間長、育苗費(fèi)用高、砧木種子催芽變溫處理不易掌握等問題。統(tǒng)一集中育砧木苗解決了茄子嫁接育苗的難題，這是推廣茄子嫁接技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵措施。（一）茄果類蔬菜嫁接育苗集中育苗、分散供應(yīng)非嫁接栽培嫁接栽培茄子嫁接的栽培效果（一）茄果類蔬菜嫁接育苗（一）茄果類蔬菜嫁接育苗早熟京茄一號

2005-5-22篩選出兩個主推品種:早熟京茄一號

2005-5-252005-5-252009推廣茄子嫁接栽培面積達(dá)到5000畝以上。嫁接示范區(qū)平均單產(chǎn)比當(dāng)?shù)仄骄a(chǎn)量提高20%以上。2010年僅張福良的砧木子苗加上成品嫁接苗總量達(dá)到了300萬株，全區(qū)其它育苗大戶共育砧木子苗和成苗1000萬株。（一）茄果類蔬菜嫁接育苗試驗地點(diǎn)：大興區(qū)安定鎮(zhèn)于家務(wù)村小區(qū)產(chǎn)量（kg）果砧一號嫁接番茄采收變化曲線（2）水培育苗與基質(zhì)育苗相比，苗子根系發(fā)達(dá)，葉片顏色深綠，植株健壯，長勢整齊，定植后緩苗快，產(chǎn)量高于基質(zhì)育苗。單株苗一次性投資成本0.136元（不包括人工成本），若按照可重復(fù)使用3次計算，則單株成本0.045元。

去年育苗總數(shù)為育苗675.105萬株，實(shí)際銷售613.3302萬株,收入87.5375萬元占銷售90.85%，平均每育苗戶收入7.2948萬元。今年育苗總量935.61萬株，全部售出，而且供不應(yīng)求，銷售收入187.122萬元，較去年增收99.5845萬元，平均每育苗戶收入11萬元，比去年增收3.7052萬元。

5、服務(wù)了農(nóng)民，保障蔬菜生產(chǎn)的正常進(jìn)行去年冬季今年春季氣候異常，低溫使許多農(nóng)戶的苗子受到凍害，不能正常生產(chǎn)。今年所育935.61萬株菜苗，基本上滿足2000戶，4352.5畝生產(chǎn)需求，特別是嫁接數(shù)量的增加使每畝增收1200元以上。

目前多使用單砧木嫁接，存在的問題：不同砧木對逆境的抗性不一樣產(chǎn)量提高，但品質(zhì)下降等問題（二）雙砧木嫁接育苗雙砧木嫁接利用不同品種砧木之間抗病性、抗逆性、生長狀況等差異特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行互補(bǔ)，達(dá)到抗病、抗逆、增產(chǎn)、提高品質(zhì)的目的。（二）雙砧木嫁接育苗抗病、高產(chǎn)、高品質(zhì)雙根嫁接砧木和接穗選擇黃瓜黑籽南瓜：耐低溫，抗病性好，產(chǎn)量高、易徒長京欣砧5號：親和性好，品質(zhì)高（二）砧木和接穗苗的培育播種時期：為了使砧木和接穗的最適嫁接期協(xié)調(diào)一致，應(yīng)從播種期上進(jìn)行調(diào)整。黃瓜嫁接苗(即接穗)的播期要比常規(guī)育苗提早5-10天左右。因采用貼接法，砧木和接穗苗的大小應(yīng)一致。黑籽南瓜和京欣砧5號同時播種，黃瓜接穗提前2天播種。嫁接時期一般接穗播種后10-12天黃瓜第一真葉開始展開，砧木（播種7-9天）的子葉完全展開，第一真葉剛要展開時為嫁接的適期。砧木1砧木2接穗黃瓜（二）雙砧木嫁接育苗

嫁接處理的單株產(chǎn)量、單株瓜數(shù)均顯著高于自根處理，各處理中黑籽南瓜處理表現(xiàn)最好，其次是雙砧處理，但嫁接處理之間差異不顯著。與其它處理相比雙砧嫁接顯著增加單果重。處理第一雌花節(jié)位單株產(chǎn)量單株瓜數(shù)單果重每公頃產(chǎn)量自根處理4.17a1.34b5.71b234.41b70320.0b京欣砧處理4.13a1.77a7.75a228.18b92896.5a雙砧處理3.75a1.90a7.79a243.53a99547.5a黑籽南瓜砧處理4.00a1.99a8.71a228.14b104313.0a表11不同砧木嫁接對黃瓜果實(shí)生長和產(chǎn)量的影響對溫室黃瓜果實(shí)外部感官品質(zhì)的影響

嫁接明顯改變了黃瓜果實(shí)的果柄長，雙砧處理的果柄長變短果柄長/縱徑各處理之間均呈現(xiàn)顯著差異性，黑籽＞京欣＞雙砧＞自根與自根苗和同屬嫁接相比異屬嫁接增加了結(jié)果數(shù)、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖，提高了糖酸比；對Vc無影響。（三）異屬嫁接育苗茄砧一號砧木嫁接番茄謝謝！感謝您的下載，特贈送精品文章《體能訓(xùn)練技巧-TRX懸掛訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)》工作之余鍛煉身體，若不需要請刪除后使用，謝謝您的理解，祝您生意興隆，事業(yè)高攀。RX訓(xùn)練帶是源于美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊，剛開始的雛形是以高密度毛巾制成的訓(xùn)練道具，后來，有一名叫蘭迪的美國海豹突擊隊的指揮官，在退役后重新設(shè)計了該套裝備和訓(xùn)練計劃，變成民用的健身課程-------“TRX懸掛訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)”，整套裝備的主要部分是寬

1.5英寸，額定張力為

1250磅的尼龍繩子，長度范圍從

6英尺調(diào)整至

12英尺，橡膠把手更適應(yīng)雙手抓縛或是雙腳懸掛等地面訓(xùn)練動作，扣鎖由曾用于卡賓槍的材料制成，且易于調(diào)整，其自用不到

2磅，1分鐘就能懸掛妥當(dāng)，裝在袋子里便于攜帶到任何地方，可固定在單杠上或卡在門縫里，或系在樹枝上，適合絕大多數(shù)的訓(xùn)練環(huán)境，如果加上啞鈴或健身球一起鍛煉，可增加更高階的難度。

??懸掛訓(xùn)練：用練習(xí)者自身體重做負(fù)重，能夠允許肌肉在多個平面上做運(yùn)動，同時保證更多的肌肉和關(guān)節(jié)參與，能夠打造更加結(jié)實(shí)的肌肉，穩(wěn)定靈活的關(guān)節(jié)，堅固的核心力量和正確的體態(tài)，幫助在任何運(yùn)動項目上獲得更佳的運(yùn)動表現(xiàn)，TRX還是運(yùn)動康復(fù)的重要手段之一TRX動作解讀：??增加阻力：1.身體角度越大，阻力越大

2.抬起一邊大腿，有助于鍛煉更多平衡力3.離支點(diǎn)越遠(yuǎn)，越吃力，對穩(wěn)定性要求越高減低難度：一腿向前踮地，有助于身體減重1.chestpress/flycombo(推胸飛鳥組合)：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向前，用胸肌發(fā)力慢慢打開雙手并讓它彎曲到

90度停下，再慢慢還原，然后雙手打開做飛鳥，同時一腳往前踮地，再還原，交替練習(xí)。??2.chestpress(推胸)：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向前，用胸肌發(fā)力慢慢打開雙手并讓它彎曲到

90度停下，再慢慢還原(難度增加：雙腿合并或單腿抬起，或把身體斜度增加)??3.lungefly(弓步飛鳥)：1.手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，挺胸收腹，身體重心微向前傾，雙手打開做飛鳥，同時一腳往前踮地。用胸部發(fā)力，再還原4.chestpress-singlelegextended(推胸-單腿伸展)：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，一腳撐地，一腳向前抬起，身體重心微微向前，用胸肌發(fā)力慢慢打開雙手并讓它彎曲到

90度停下，再慢慢還原.???5.Suspendedinclinepress-legup(懸浮上斜推-抬腳)：雙手撐住地面，一腳勾住繩子，穩(wěn)定腹部，另一腿向上抬靠緊固定腿，然后做俯臥撐。6.Atomicpushup(俯臥撐收腹)：雙手撐住地面，雙腳勾住繩子，穩(wěn)定腹部，一下俯臥撐，還原后，雙腳以腹部力量靠向胸部，再慢慢伸直還原，交替練習(xí)。7.backrow(背部劃船)：手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，以背部發(fā)力，手臂夾緊身體兩側(cè)往后收，肩胛骨向后夾，把繩子拉到小腹，保持住再慢慢還原(難度增加：雙腿合并或單腿抬起，或把身體斜度增加)????8.elevatedbackrow(高位劃船)：手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，加大身體斜度，以背部發(fā)力，手臂夾緊身體兩側(cè)往后收，肩胛骨向后夾，把繩子拉到小腹，保持住再慢慢還原??9.powerpull-singlearm(力量拉伸-單臂)：雙腿分開與肩同寬，單手抓住繩子，張開身體，另一邊手臂繞身體旋轉(zhuǎn)

180度觸摸繩子，完后慢慢還原。10.lowdeltoidfly(低位三角肌飛鳥)：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，直手向下向后滑，慢慢還原。11.‘’T’’deltoidfly(‘t‘型三角肌飛鳥)：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，張開雙手與身體呈‘T’型，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)12.‘Y’deltoidfly(‘Y’型三角肌飛鳥)：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，張開雙手與身體呈‘Y’型，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)13.‘W’deltoidfly(‘W’型三角肌飛鳥)：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，張開雙手與身體呈‘W’型，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)14.Hightricepspress(高位肱三頭肌彎曲)：人背向繩子，手臂向前握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向前，然后把肘部彎曲，肱三頭肌發(fā)力，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)15.Dips(臂屈伸)：手臂在身體兩側(cè)，雙手握住繩子，雙腿呈箭步姿勢，然后肱三頭肌和胸肌發(fā)力，雙臂彎曲成

90度再慢慢還原(難度增加：把一只腿往后抬或兩腿前放或抬高)16.Highbicepcurl(高位肱二頭肌彎曲)：手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，以肱二頭肌發(fā)力，彎曲手臂，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyoujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhyouwanttobe,becauseyouhaveonlyonelifeandonechancetodoallthethingsyouwanttodo.?Mayyouhaveenoughhappinesstomakeyousweet,enoughtrialstomakeyoustrong,enoughsorrowtokeepyouhuman,enoughhopetomakeyouhappy?Alwaysputyourselfinothers’shoes.Ifyoufeelthatithurtsyou,itprobablyhurtstheotherperson,too.?Thehappiestofpeopledon’tnecessarilyhavethebestofeverything;theyjustmakethemostofeverythingthatcomesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thosewhohurt,thosewhohavesearched,andthosewhohavetried,foronlytheycanappreciatetheimportanceofpeoplewhohavetouchedtheirlives.Lovebeginswithasmile,growswithakissandendswithatear.Thebrightestfuturewillalwaysbebasedonaforgottenpast,youcan’tgoonwellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches.?Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatwhenyoudie,you'retheonewhoissmilingandeveryonearoundyouiscryig.Pleasesendthismessagetothosepeoplewhomeansomethingtoyou,tothosewhohavetouchedyourlifeinonewayoranother,tothosewhomakeyousmilewhenyoureallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseethebrightersideofthingswhenyouarereallydown,tothosewhoyouwanttoletthemknowthatyouappreciatetheirfriendship.Andifyoudon’t,don’tworry,nothingbadwillhappentoyou,youwilljustmissoutontheopportunitytobrightensomeone’sdaywiththismessage.Sincewewenttoschool,wehaveaccesstoEnglishallthetime,becauseitisoneofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butnowcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEnglish.Herearesomesuggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.ThepurposeoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecareabout.WhatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabilitytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenwelistentothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.PresidentTrump,asheoftendoes,hadafewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingeringgrievances,makemultiplefalseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialmarketsandhisparty’sleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpoolof本文為

Word版資料，可以任意修改編輯。如果你看到我上傳的資料這個后綴，請刪除后使用。高效學(xué)習(xí)方法和技巧學(xué)習(xí)需要方法，找到適合自己的方法，學(xué)習(xí)才能事半功倍。接下來，我結(jié)合我自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況，給大家總結(jié)的高效學(xué)習(xí)《五部曲》一、預(yù)習(xí)是學(xué)習(xí)的重要環(huán)節(jié)上課前充分預(yù)習(xí)，考試前充分地復(fù)習(xí)，與“打有準(zhǔn)備之仗”有同曲之道。預(yù)習(xí)效果好，聽課才能有針對性；聽課有針對性，復(fù)習(xí)才能順利進(jìn)行；復(fù)習(xí)深刻，作業(yè)、考試才能得心應(yīng)手。所以說預(yù)習(xí)是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過程中一個必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)。???二、掌握好高效的聽課方法課上集中精力聽課，是掌握知識的捷徑。聽講時，思想上必須與老師講解的思路保持一致，聽老師對事物是怎樣分析、推理；聽老師解決問題是用什么方法、技巧；聽老師對問題有哪些提問和解釋。這樣才能把握住聽課的重點(diǎn)。聽講中，要把自己在預(yù)習(xí)中的理解，和老師講解的相比較，看自己和老師有哪些相同點(diǎn)和區(qū)別點(diǎn)。???三、合理安排復(fù)習(xí)時間很多科學(xué)家通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有幾個時間段有利于鞏固記憶：一是學(xué)習(xí)后最初幾分鐘內(nèi)，電生理活動引起蛋白質(zhì)的合成；二是學(xué)習(xí)后在

48小時內(nèi)復(fù)習(xí)；三是一周之后腦突觸發(fā)生永久性變化。根據(jù)人在學(xué)習(xí)過程中這一生理變化，采用復(fù)習(xí)加強(qiáng)記憶就顯得特別重要了。如果我們能夠在學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容即將忘記時進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)，那么復(fù)習(xí)的效果最好，效率也最高。著名的心理學(xué)家艾賓浩斯通過實(shí)驗發(fā)現(xiàn)了人的記憶與遺忘規(guī)律。實(shí)驗證明：在學(xué)習(xí)僅過了

20分鐘后，就忘記記憶內(nèi)容的

42%，1天后忘卻量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了

66%，到了第

31天，忘卻量高達(dá)79%。他根據(jù)實(shí)驗結(jié)果，畫成了著名的遺忘曲線。并表明遺忘的規(guī)律是“先快后慢”。這條規(guī)律提示我們，—定要盡早、及時地對所學(xué)知識進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)，以便在知識還在大腦內(nèi)時就加深印記，否則大腦中已經(jīng)沒有痕跡了，只能再費(fèi)精力重學(xué)。合理安排復(fù)習(xí)時間特別重要并且必要，制定復(fù)習(xí)計劃，嚴(yán)格按精英特計劃執(zhí)行，并力求形成習(xí)慣，是我們每一位學(xué)生都應(yīng)該力求努力做到。?我們?yōu)槭裁匆獜?fù)習(xí)呢？因為我們記憶效果沒有那么好，不可能過目不忘，所以需要重復(fù)、增強(qiáng)記憶。同時，復(fù)習(xí)的進(jìn)展也有利于學(xué)習(xí)效率的提高。???四、做作業(yè)的科學(xué)方法這里有七種做作業(yè)的技巧：??1、先復(fù)習(xí)后做作業(yè)。復(fù)習(xí)是做好作業(yè)的關(guān)鍵，只有復(fù)習(xí)得好，作業(yè)才能做得好。做作業(yè)前先把老師這一節(jié)課所講的內(nèi)容認(rèn)真地看一看，弄清楚基本原理和概念后再去做作業(yè)，作業(yè)才能做得既快又好。??2、認(rèn)真審題。

做作業(yè)最關(guān)鍵的—步就是審題，連題都判斷錯了，作業(yè)內(nèi)容就全錯了。首先第—步要弄清楚題目的內(nèi)容，所給的條件，什么要求，需要聯(lián)系哪些知識等等；其次是考慮好解題思路、方法、步驟，要善于把—道題分成幾部分，化大為小、化難為易、分清其中的已知和未知，弄清各部分的聯(lián)系，設(shè)計好整個解題步驟，—定要讓自己做到不明白題意不做題，不清楚方法步驟不下筆。??3、細(xì)心的做題。

做題是表達(dá)思路的全過程，這個過程要求既動腦、又動手。做題的關(guān)鍵是要保證“規(guī)范”、“準(zhǔn)確”。要做到這兩點(diǎn)就要求學(xué)生認(rèn)真的抄好題，書寫格式必須正確、規(guī)范，嚴(yán)格按照各類題的解題要求，仔細(xì)演算解題的每—步，得出正確的結(jié)果。只有平時做題認(rèn)真細(xì)致，步驟完整，思路正確，表達(dá)嚴(yán)密，準(zhǔn)確無誤，考試時才能按照這種良好的習(xí)慣進(jìn)行??五、重視錯題積累在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中，同學(xué)們可能遇到過一錯再錯的現(xiàn)象究其原因，多數(shù)是由于在學(xué)習(xí)中不求甚解，不注意總結(jié)積累所致。那么，該怎么辦呢？實(shí)踐證明，自編一本“易錯題集”是避免做題一錯再錯的最好辦法。錯題本的復(fù)習(xí)方法：1、每周把該周錯題本中記錄的題目快速瀏覽一遍；2、每月把該月錯題本中記錄的題目再快速瀏覽一遍；3、每個季度把錯題本中三個月記錄的題目再快速瀏覽一遍；4、大考前把該錯題本中的所有題目認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)一遍，確保題不二錯↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜≧ɑ←‰ɡ?≥←‰???↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜↓×√㎜↓←②￥←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰??↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜↓×√㎜↓←②￥←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√精編資料

歡迎下載Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyoujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhatyouwanttobe,becauseyouhaveonlyonelifeandonechancetodoallthethingsyouwanttodo.?Mayyouhaveenoughhappinesstomakeyousweet,enoughtrialstomakeyoustrong,enoughsorrowtokeepyouhuman,enoughhopetomakeyouhappy?Alwaysputyourselfinothers’shoes.Ifyoufeelthatithurtsyou,itprobablyhurtstheotherperson,too.?Thehappiestofpeopledon’tnecessarilyhavethebestofeverything;theyjustmakethemostofeverythingthatcomesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thosewhohurt,thosewhohavesearched,andthosewhohavetried,foronlytheycanappreciatetheimportanceofpeoplewhohavetouchedtheirlives.Lovebeginswithasmile,growswithakissandendswithatear.Thebrightestfuturewillalwaysbebasedonaforgottenpast,youcan’tgoonwellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches.?Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatwhenyoudie,you'retheonewhoissmilingandeveryonearoundyouiscryig.Pleasesendthismessagetothosepeoplewhomeansomethingtoyou,tothosewhohavetouchedyourlifeinonewayoranother,tothosewhomakeyousmilewhenyoureallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseethebrightersideofthingswhenyouarereallydown,tothosewhoyouwanttoletthemknowthatyouappreciatetheirfriendship.Andifyoudon’t,don’tworry,nothingbadwillhappentoyou,youwilljustmissoutontheopportunitytobrightensomeone’sdaywiththismessage.Sincewewenttoschool,wehaveaccesstoEnglishallthetime,becauseitisoneofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butnowcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEnglish.Herearesomesuggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.ThepurposeoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecareabout.WhatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabilitytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenwelistentothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.PresidentTrump,asheoftendoes,hadafewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingeringgrievances,makemultiplefalseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialmarketsandhisparty’sleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpoolofreportersandphotographers,membersofhisCabinet,ostensiblycalledtotheWhiteHouseforameeting,satquietlyaroundalongconferencetable.TrumpdefendedhisdecisionlastmonthtowithdrawU.S.troopsfromSyriaandsharplycutthedeploymenttoAfghanistan,movesthatdisturbedRepublicanalliesinCongressandpromptedtheresignationofDefenseSecretaryJamesN.Mattis.Indoingso,hecontradictedhisownrecentclaimthattheU.S.hadachieveditsobjectivesoftotalvictoryoverIslamicStatemilitantsinSyria.“Look,wedon'twantSyria,”hecontinued.“We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath.That'swhatwe'retalkingabout.We'renottalkingaboutvastwealth.We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath,”hesaid,seeminglycontrastingthewar-wrackedcountrywithIraqanditsvastoilreserves.Iran“candowhattheywantthere,frankly,”headded,acommentlikelytounnerveofficialsinIsrael,whohaveworriedthataU.S.withdrawalfromitspositionsineasternSyriawouldallowIrantoexpanditsinfluencethere.“It’snotmyfault,”hesaid.“Ididn’tputusthere.”TrumpofferedlittlefurtherclarityontheU.S.withdrawalfromSyria,whichheinitiallysaidwouldtakeplacein30days,sayingnowthatthepulloutwill“takeplaceoveraperiodoftime.”Later,inalongriffaboutAfghanistan,TrumpseemedtoendorseMoscow’s1979invasionofthecountry—anactthattheU.S.viewedasanattempttospreadcommunismandwagedalong,covertoperationtocombatduringtheCarterandReaganadministrations.“ThereasonRussiawasinAfghanistanwasbecauseterroristsweregoingintoRussia,”Trumpsaid,makingacasetoleavethepolicingofhotspotsintheMideastandCentralAsiatocountriesintheregion.“Theywererighttobethere.Theproblemisitwasatoughfight.”TheSovietUnioneventuallywasbankruptedbyitsAfghanwar,Trumpadded.“RussiausedtobetheSovietUnion.AfghanistanmadeitRussia,becausetheywentbankruptfightinginAfghanistan.”HistoriansgenerallyagreethattheRussianinvasionandsubsequentoccupationofmuchofAfghanistanwasoneofseveralfactorsthatcontributedtothecollapseoftheSovietUnion,althoughthecountryneverwentbankrupt.Foryears,RepublicanshavecreditedPresidentReaganwithbringinganendtotheSovietUnionbyhisaggressiveincreaseinU.S.militaryspending.Trump’scommentsstoodinstarkcontrasttotheviewMattisespousedintheresignationletterhepresentedlastmonthafterfailingtoconvincethepresidenttoholdoffonwithdrawingfromSyria.“Wemustdoeverythingpossibletoadvanceaninternationalorderthatismostconducivetooursecurity,prosperityandvalues,andwearestrengthenedinthiseffortbythesolidarityofouralliances,”Mattiswrote.Mattis’commentsclearlystungTrump,whorespondedlastmonthwithcriticismofhisformerPentagonchief.OnWednesday,hesteppedthatup,claimingthathefiredMattis.“What'shedoneforme?HowhadhedoneinAfghanistan?Nottoogood,”Trumpsaid.“Asyouknow,PresidentObamafiredhim,andessentiallysodidI.”O(jiān)bamadidnotfireMattis,althoughthegeneraldidretireseveralmonthsearlyin2013fromhispositionastheheadofthemilitary’sCentralCommandafterdissentingfromObamaadministrationpolicydecisions.TuesdaywasMattis’finaldayatthePentagon.Trump,inafitofpiqueaftertheresignationletterbecamepublic,hadmovedupMattis’terminationdateInadditiontohisforeignpolicycomments,TrumpalsodownplayedDecember’sstockmarketlosses,whicherasedallpositivegainsfortheyear,as“alittleglitch”andasserted—wrongly—thatthereare“probably30-35million”immigrantsintheU.S.illegally.ThenonpartisanPewResearchCenterestimatesthatasof2016,therewere10.7millionunauthorizedimmigrantslivinginthecountry,anumberthathasdeclinedinrecentyears.TrumprepeatedhiscallforDemocratstoagreeto$5.6billioninfundingforaborderwall,andexpressedsurprisenottohavereceivedoverturesfromthemovertheholidaystonegotiateanendtothegovernmentshutdown.“IwasintheWhiteHouseallbymyselfforsixorsevendays,”hesaid.“Itwasverylonely.MyfamilywasdowninFlorida.Isaid,‘Staythereandenjoyyourself.’IfeltIshouldbeherejustincasepeoplewantedtocomeandnegotiatethebordersecurity.”Trump,whometlaterinthedaywithcongressionalleadersawayfromTVcameras,hasalreadydismissedafundingproposalfromHouseDemocraticleaderNancyPelosithatincludes$1.3billioninbordersecurityfunding.Whileleavingthedooropentoacompromise,Trumpcontinuedtoarguefortheimportanceofawall,pointingtootherexamplesofbarriers.HeincorrectlyassertedthatObama’sWashingtonresidenceissurroundedbya10-footwallandcitedtheVatican,whichhesaid“hasthebiggestwallofthemall.”“Whentheysaythewallisimmoral,thenyoubetterdosomethingabouttheVatican,”hesaid.“Wallswork.”AsTrumpspoke,a“GameofThrones”-stylemovieposterteasingIransanctions—“SANCTIONSARECOMING,”itread—layunfurledacrossthetabledirectlyinfrontofhim.Buthemadenoremarksonthesubject.Hedid,however,commentonSen.-electMittRomneyofUtah,whowroteintheWashingtonPostonTuesdaythathewastroubledbyTrump’s“deepdescentinDecember”andthathisdeficitin“presidentialleadershipinqualitiesofcharacter…h(huán)asbeenmostglaring.”“IwishMittcouldbemoreofateamplayer,”Trumpsaid.“Andifhe’snot,that’sOKtoo.”SeemingtowarnRomneyaboutthefatethatliesaheadforRepublicanlawmakerswhovocallycriticizehimandhispresidency,Trumpboastedthathe“gotridof”formerSens.JeffFlakeofArizonaandBobCorkerofTennessee,bothofwhomoptednottoseeknewtermslastyear.Accusingbothmenofseekingpublicityintakingstandsagainsthim,TrumpsuggestedthatFlakewouldbeseekingajobasapaidcablenewscontributor—orperhapsinanotherprofessionthatTrumphimselfonceplied.“JeffFlakeisnowsellingrealestateorwhateverhe’sdoing,”hesaiddismissively.Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyoujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhatyouwanttobe,becauseyouhaveonlyonelifeandonechancetodoallthethingsyouwanttodo.?Mayyouhaveenoughhappinesstomakeyousweet,enoughtrialstomakeyoustrong,enoughsorrowtokeepyouhuman,enoughhopetomakeyouhappy?Alwaysputyourselfinothers’shoes.Ifyoufeelthatithurtsyou,itprobablyhurtstheotherperson,too.?Thehappiestofpeopledon’tnecessarilyhavethebestofeverything;theyjustmakethemostofeverythingthatcomesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thosewhohurt,thosewhohavesearched,andthosewhohavetried,foronlytheycanappreciatetheimportanceofpeoplewhohavetouchedtheirlives.Lovebeginswithasmile,growswithakissandendswithatear.Thebrightestfuturewillalwaysbebasedonaforgottenpast,youcan’tgoonwellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches.?Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatwhenyoudie,you'retheonewhoissmilingandeveryonearoundyouiscryig.Pleasesendthismessagetothosepeoplewhomeansomethingtoyou,tothosewhohavetouchedyourlifeinonewayoranother,tothosewhomakeyousmilewhenyoureallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseethebrightersideofthingswhenyouarereallydown,tothosewhoyouwanttoletthemknowthatyouappreciatetheirfriendship.Andifyoudon’t,don’tworry,nothingbadwillhappentoyou,youwilljustmissoutontheopportunitytobrightensomeone’sdaywiththismessage.Sincewewenttoschool,wehaveaccesstoEnglishallthetime,becauseitisoneofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butnowcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEnglish.Herearesomesuggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.ThepurposeoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecareabout.WhatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabilitytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenwelistentothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.PresidentTrump,asheoftendoes,hadafewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingeringgrievances,makemultiplefalseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialmarketsandhisparty’sleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpoolofreportersandphotographers,membersofhisCabinet,ostensiblycalledtotheWhiteHouseforameeting,satquietlyaroundalongconferencetable.TrumpdefendedhisdecisionlastmonthtowithdrawU.S.troopsfromSyriaandsharplycutthedeploymenttoAfghanistan,movesthatdisturbedRepublicanalliesinCongressandpromptedtheresignationofDefenseSecretaryJamesN.Mattis.Indoingso,hecontradictedhisownrecentclaimthattheU.S.hadachieveditsobjectivesoftotalvictoryoverIslamicStatemilitantsinSyria.“Look,wedon'twantSyria,”hecontinued.“We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath.That'swhatwe'retalkingabout.We'renottalkingaboutvastwealth.We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath,”hesaid,seeminglycontrastingthewar-wrackedcountrywithIraqanditsvastoilreserves.Iran“candowhattheywantthere,frankly,”headded,acommentlikelytounnerveofficialsinIsrael,whohaveworriedthataU.S.withdrawalfromitspositionsineasternSyriawouldallowIrantoexpanditsinfluencethere.“It’snotmyfault,”hesaid.“Ididn’tputusthere.”TrumpofferedlittlefurtherclarityontheU.S.withdrawalfromSyria,whichheinitiallysaidwouldtakeplacein30days,sayingnowthatthepulloutwill“takeplaceoveraperiodoftime.”Later,inalongriffaboutAfghanistan,TrumpseemedtoendorseMoscow’s1979invasionofthecountry—anactthattheU.S.viewedasanattempttospreadcommunismandwagedalong,covertoperationtocombatduringtheCarterandReaganadministrations.“ThereasonRussiawasinAfghanistanwasbecauseterroristsweregoingintoRussia,”Trumpsaid,makingacasetoleavethepolicingofhotspotsintheMideastandCentralAsiatocountriesintheregion.“Theywererighttobethere.Theproblemisitwasatoughfight.”TheSovietUnioneventuallywasbankruptedbyitsAfghanwar,Trumpadded.“RussiausedtobetheSovietUnion.AfghanistanmadeitRussia,becausetheywentbankruptfightinginAfghanistan.”HistoriansgenerallyagreethattheRussianinvasionandsubsequentoccupationofmuchofAfghanistanwasoneofseveralfactorsthat